邁克爾·諾伊布格 X東方藝術(shù)大家：信任與安全—自由與控制

費(fèi)婷

平衡點(diǎn)

文/白江峰

交通是信息傳送的鏈條，在縱橫交錯(cuò)、快速高效的對(duì)接中，相對(duì)于一些顯而易見(jiàn)的注意事項(xiàng)，某種心理層次的危險(xiǎn)往往被視而不見(jiàn)。比如信任，

查爾斯·蒂利認(rèn)為政治的基礎(chǔ)就是“信任”，若失去這種信任，一切都將無(wú)從談起。信任是進(jìn)入交通系統(tǒng)邁出的第一步。

信任也輻射于其他事物之中，不存在沒(méi)有信任基礎(chǔ)的事物，個(gè)體與公共的關(guān)系就是信任與安全的關(guān)系。

在交通信任關(guān)系中，信任建立在陌生人身上，雙方之間不存在制約性；也許存在某種制約性，那就是道德和良心。這種基礎(chǔ)上的信任是盲目的。

秩序就是在信任基礎(chǔ)上應(yīng)運(yùn)而生的。秩序可以增加個(gè)人在交通關(guān)系中個(gè)人信任指數(shù)和安全指數(shù)的提升，交通常識(shí)和駕照就是對(duì)個(gè)人交通行駛中的自由所做的基本控制。自由和控制，不存在沒(méi)有限制的自由，亦不存在沒(méi)有明文的控制，他們兩者的制衡可以滿(mǎn)足信任和安全的基本條件。但是，即便如此，信任和安全還是無(wú)法完全保證。在信任與安全的關(guān)系中，信任是公共的，安全是個(gè)人的；而把這種關(guān)系放在秩序中，自由是個(gè)人的，控制是公共的。

邁克爾·諾伊布格的作品《思想是自由的》和《兇兆警報(bào)》則把這種“信任與安全—自由與控制”的關(guān)系通過(guò)膨化而詭異的表情與交通關(guān)系中顏色屬性的預(yù)支交叉了起來(lái)。綠色的正常通行與紅色的禁止通行、藍(lán)色的提示與橙色的警報(bào)。

而作品《世俗城市——儀式場(chǎng)所》則是對(duì)交通信任危機(jī)的內(nèi)因做了基本辯證。城市化進(jìn)程是人們需求改變的標(biāo)志，從生理需求轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榘踩枨?，生理需求的矛盾?huì)被安全需求的矛盾暫時(shí)雪藏起來(lái)。這些安全需求可以通過(guò)一些城市化的場(chǎng)所體現(xiàn)，他們是矛盾的，他們與生理需求沖突，但這些矛盾并不妨礙這些場(chǎng)所如機(jī)械化般運(yùn)行，人們熱衷于其中，如某種儀式一般，忘乎所以、不可自拔。

什么是城市？

城市是互動(dòng)的物質(zhì)及概念框架。它是高速度、高效率共生的法則。若無(wú)城市，人類(lèi)及其文化將無(wú)法想象。

什么是交通？

交通不僅局限于物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸，還意味著運(yùn)動(dòng)的控制（你不能以最高時(shí)速駛進(jìn)你鄰居的花園）。各種各樣的信息都是交通。物體的位移以及我們接收、計(jì)算或散布的任何信息都是交通。如果我們以城市交通來(lái)形容城市的生命，那么交通規(guī)則限定了城市系統(tǒng)及其安全級(jí)別。城市系統(tǒng)的未來(lái)發(fā)展取決于當(dāng)下的（交通）規(guī)則。

交通是城市系統(tǒng)的靈魂。

什么是馬赫？

從步行到音速再到光速。

與汽車(chē)的行駛速度相比，馬赫似乎非?？?。這是如何運(yùn)作的？物體雖無(wú)移動(dòng)但它隨信息的散發(fā)而搖擺（猶如搖擺中的空氣分子運(yùn)輸著聲音）。以音速擴(kuò)散的信息是工作城市的秘密之一，并且它是數(shù)千年的限制器。當(dāng)信息以光速超越城市的邊界時(shí)，世界便處在了所有城市成為一體的全球狀態(tài)。

What is City？

City is the physical and conceptual frame of interaction. It is the rule set for living together at high speed and high efficiency. Mankind and its culture is not imaginable without city.

What is Traffic？

Traffic goes far beyond physical transportation. Traffic means controlled movement （You cannot drive your car top speed through your neighbors garden）. All kind of information is traffic. Displacement of physical objects as well as any information we receive， compute or distribute is traffic. If we describe a citys life by its traffic， the traffic rules define the system as well as the security level of the system. The future development of the system depends on the present （traffic） rules.

Traffic is the systems soul.

What is Mach？

From walking to sonic speed to the speed of light.

Compared to the speed of a car， Mach seems to be very fast. How does this work？ Physical objects do not move but swing while distributing information （like swinging air molecules transport sound）. Spreading information at sonic speed is one of the secrets of working cities and it was a limiter for thousands of years. As information now is available beyond the citys boundaries at light speed， the world is in a status of global merging of all cities. The speed of information / traffic changes the applicability of the traffic rules.

About my work：

Sometimes people call me an architectural photographer. This is ridiculous. I never picture buildings. My interest is focused on places – places of social interaction. The city is the universal place as human culture cant be imagined without. More than 50% of humans worldwide living in cities nowadays and dynamics accelerated - in the mechanical age and now in the communicational / informational age.

In my work， I never approach humans directly， as this would limit the possibilities of the beholder substantially. Thats why I show cities crowded places often without people or only in a distant way. My new portrait technique （Monoliths / Thoughts are free） provides the ability to explore peoples faces but keeping their unity instead of freezing / “killing” them.

Trust and Security – Freedom an Control

Thoughts are free is a statement and a postulation. It is also the title of an old German song addressing the topic.

Threat Alert shows calm places in big cities. While looking peaceful， people feel a little bit uncomfortable as cities could be and have been attacked easily. As security is the primary demand in Maslows hierarchy of needs beyond physical needs it is fundamental to people.

Put it together and you will find that the balance of freedom and control is crucial. Thats a constant in all human societies over all ages.

Secular Cities – Ritual Places

It is all about fetishes. All the pictured places show “temples” of human fetishes like life， death， sex， advertising， 24/7， communication， mobility， commuting， etc. It is a technique of the appropriate exposure to discover the fetishes in these places.

Citism

How does the concept of “city” form in our minds as a picture？ I started to analyze the ways how the global memory of pictures is developed.

When I was young and I traveled to unknown places I developed an idea of how it would look like – and I was always proven wrong. Nowadays I am no longer surprised visiting unknown places， as the places images are always faster in my mind as I physically travel. 矛盾是不同需求間的紐帶，在城市化、高效率、機(jī)械化的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中，紐帶常常糾結(jié)于城市角落的一隅；當(dāng)然，最初的單項(xiàng)需求轉(zhuǎn)為雙向需求，使得人們的內(nèi)心產(chǎn)生了極大的反差，矛盾也在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中升級(jí)。而這種變化我們始料未及，我們無(wú)法追溯他的過(guò)去，因?yàn)樗倪^(guò)去在另一個(gè)矛盾的夾層里。這種癲狂的儀式不再是單純的迷戀，而是一種“主義”。

由交通信任和安全締結(jié)出的交通秩序中，解決制約與平衡的問(wèn)題就是解決信任與安全、自由與控制和矛盾與變化的問(wèn)題。很多時(shí)候，人們天真地相信，制約的力度越大，平衡也就會(huì)越接近；結(jié)果是制約變大，矛盾也變大，平衡無(wú)從談起。如何找到一個(gè)平衡點(diǎn)，適度地調(diào)整制約與矛盾的關(guān)系，不使得兩者的差距擴(kuò)大，是當(dāng)務(wù)之急。

關(guān)于我的作品：

有時(shí)，人們稱(chēng)我為建筑攝影師。這很荒謬。我從未拍攝建筑物。我的興趣主要集中在場(chǎng)所—社會(huì)互動(dòng)場(chǎng)所。城市是普遍場(chǎng)所，因?yàn)槿祟?lèi)文化沒(méi)有它將難以想像。當(dāng)今，50%以上的人口居住在世界各地的城市，并且還在持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)—人們生活在機(jī)械時(shí)代，如今更是通訊/信息時(shí)代。

我的作品從未直接指向人類(lèi)，因?yàn)檫@會(huì)限制觀者的基本可能性。這就是我為何要展示城市中擁擠無(wú)人或只是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)拍攝場(chǎng)所的原因。我的新的肖像技術(shù)（磐石/思想是自由的[Monoliths / Thoughts are free]）可以探究人們的臉，但保留了他們的完整性而非凍結(jié)/“殺死”他們。

信任與安全—自由與控制

《思想是自由的》是一種陳述和假定。同時(shí)，它又是德國(guó)一首老歌的歌名，歌唱著（自由的）主題。

《兇兆警報(bào)》（Threat Alert）展示的是大城市中寧?kù)o的場(chǎng)所。這些場(chǎng)所看起來(lái)很平靜，但是人們能覺(jué)察到一絲不安，因?yàn)槌鞘幸资艿酵鈦?lái)的襲擊。當(dāng)馬斯洛需求層次理論中的安全需求成為主要需求時(shí)，它便超越了人們的基礎(chǔ)需求，即生理需求。

將這一切聯(lián)想起來(lái)，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自由和控制之間的平衡是多么的至關(guān)重要。那是所有時(shí)代中人類(lèi)社會(huì)的永恒。

世俗城市—儀式場(chǎng)所

這個(gè)系列都與拜物有關(guān)。所有被拍攝的場(chǎng)所都體現(xiàn)了人類(lèi)拜物的“神廟”，譬如生命、死亡、性、廣告、24/7（譯注：一天24小時(shí)，一星期7天的縮寫(xiě)，即全天候提供服務(wù)年終無(wú)休的意思）、通訊、流動(dòng)性、通勤等。恰當(dāng)?shù)钠毓饧夹g(shù)能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)這些場(chǎng)所的拜物。

城市主義

我們的腦海里是如何形成“城市”概念的？我開(kāi)始分析照片中全球性記憶的形成方式。

當(dāng)我年輕之時(shí)，我去了許多未知場(chǎng)所，我開(kāi)始想它將來(lái)會(huì)是什么樣子—而我總是猜錯(cuò)。如今，我不再為來(lái)到未知場(chǎng)所而感到驚訝，因?yàn)檫@些場(chǎng)所的形象總比我腦海中曾留下過(guò)的印象變化得快。

About my work：

Sometimes people call me an architectural photographer. This is ridiculous. I never picture buildings. My interest is focused on places – places of social interaction. The city is the universal place as human culture cant be imagined without. More than 50% of humans worldwide living in cities nowadays and dynamics accelerated - in the mechanical age and now in the communicational / informational age.

In my work， I never approach humans directly， as this would limit the possibilities of the beholder substantially. Thats why I show cities crowded places often without people or only in a distant way. My new portrait technique （Monoliths / Thoughts are free） provides the ability to explore peoples faces but keeping their unity instead of freezing / “killing” them.

Trust and Security – Freedom an Control

Thoughts are free is a statement and a postulation. It is also the title of an old German song addressing the topic.

Threat Alert shows calm places in big cities. While looking peaceful， people feel a little bit uncomfortable as cities could be and have been attacked easily. As security is the primary demand in Maslows hierarchy of needs beyond physical needs it is fundamental to people.

Put it together and you will find that the balance of freedom and control is crucial. Thats a constant in all human societies over all ages.

Secular Cities – Ritual Places

It is all about fetishes. All the pictured places show “temples” of human fetishes like life， death， sex， advertising， 24/7， communication， mobility， commuting， etc. It is a technique of the appropriate exposure to discover the fetishes in these places.

Citism

How does the concept of “city” form in our minds as a picture？ I started to analyze the ways how the global memory of pictures is developed.

When I was young and I traveled to unknown places I developed an idea of how it would look like – and I was always proven wrong. Nowadays I am no longer surprised visiting unknown places， as the places images are always faster in my mind as I physically travel.