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    羅哌卡因腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉在剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)中的應(yīng)用

    2014-11-15 10:45:08陳磊
    中外醫(yī)療 2014年19期
    關(guān)鍵詞:布比卡因腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉羅哌卡因

    陳磊

    [摘要] 目的 探討羅哌卡因腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉(CSEA)在剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)中的有效性和安全性。 方法 選擇行剖宮產(chǎn)患者80例,40例采用0.75%羅哌卡因1.5 mL +10%葡萄糖1.0 mL(A組);40例采用0.75%布比卡因1.5 mL+10%葡萄糖1.0 mL(B組)。用改良Bromage評(píng)定阻滯及觀察其不良反應(yīng)。 結(jié)果 羅哌卡因組感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯起效時(shí)間和最大運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯時(shí)間分別為(54.8±31.5)s,(166.0±81.5)s,(14.1±3.8)s,明顯長(zhǎng)于布比卡因組(P<0.05);運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)時(shí)間為(1.91±0.45),明顯短于布比卡因組(P<0.05)。羅哌卡因組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率為25.0%,明顯低于布比卡因組的42.5%(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 羅哌卡因CSEA用于剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)是一種安全、有效的麻醉方法。

    [關(guān)鍵詞] 羅哌卡因;布比卡因;腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉;阻滯

    [中圖分類號(hào)] R4 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-0742(2014)07(a)-0094-02

    新型長(zhǎng)效局麻藥羅哌卡因是一種酰胺類麻醉藥物,具有中樞神經(jīng)、心臟毒性小和感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)分離阻滯等特點(diǎn)而應(yīng)用于臨床[1]。腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉是婦產(chǎn)科麻醉的方向,綜合腰麻和硬膜外麻醉,具備藥物用量少和并發(fā)癥少等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[2]。選取2012年2月—2014年2月來(lái)該院行剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)的80例育齡婦女,旨在比較腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉下羅哌卡因與布比卡因在剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)中的有效性和安全性,為剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)篩選更為理想的局麻藥物,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

    1 資料與方法

    1.1 一般資料

    來(lái)該院行剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)的80例育齡婦女,均為初次單胎,年齡21~38歲,平均年齡(27.6±5.4)歲,體重為39~110 kg,ASA為Ⅱ級(jí),隨機(jī)雙盲法將患者分成羅哌卡因和布比卡因治療兩組,各組40例。排除術(shù)前對(duì)局麻藥過(guò)敏及其它不良反應(yīng)、局部系統(tǒng)性疾病的患者。羅哌卡因組的平均年齡(27.2±4.8)歲,體重為(63±8.9)kg;羅哌卡因組的平均年齡(28.0±4.5)歲,體重為(64±7.9)kg,兩組患者在年齡、體重上差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

    1.2 方法

    羅哌卡因和布比卡因治療均采用等比重給藥:0.75%羅哌卡因1.5 mL +10%葡萄糖1.0 mL;0.75%布比卡因1.5 mL+10%葡萄糖1.0 mL?;颊呗樽砬伴_通靜脈通道,20 min內(nèi)輸注乳酸鈉林格氏液10 mL/min快速擴(kuò)容?;颊呷∽髠?cè)臥位,選L3~4間隙穿刺入蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔抽取腦脊液,1 min內(nèi)緩慢注射完麻藥2.5 ml,再向頭側(cè)方向置硬膜外導(dǎo)管2~3 cm后退出穿刺針,固定后取仰臥位并搖手術(shù)床使身體保持輕度左斜位測(cè)試麻醉平面。麻醉啟動(dòng)后測(cè)1次血壓/min,術(shù)中1次血壓/5 min,若收縮壓<90 mmHg靜脈注射麻黃素5~ 15 mg;若心率<60次/min,靜注阿托品0.25~0.5 mg。

    1.3 臨測(cè)指標(biāo)

    采用改良Bromage評(píng)定運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯和觀察患者的不良反應(yīng)。給藥5 min內(nèi)測(cè)定1 次/min,5 min后測(cè)定1 次/5 min到手術(shù)結(jié)束:感覺(jué)阻滯起效時(shí)間(患者出現(xiàn)下肢發(fā)麻,發(fā)脹等感覺(jué)的時(shí)間)、運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯起效時(shí)間(患者出現(xiàn)下肢沉重,無(wú)力抬腿的時(shí)間)、最大阻滯時(shí)間(患者出現(xiàn)下肢無(wú)知覺(jué)的時(shí)間)、最大運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯時(shí)間(患者出現(xiàn)完全不能抬腿的時(shí)間)、運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)時(shí)間(患者恢復(fù)能自主抬腿的時(shí)間)。患者不良反應(yīng)的觀察:血壓下降,心率減慢,惡心嘔吐,術(shù)后頭痛等不良反應(yīng)。

    1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)方法

    計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,兩兩比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),用SPSS 16.0軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。

    2 結(jié)果

    2.1 羅哌卡因組與布比卡因組感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯比較

    兩組患者麻醉效果均較滿意,能滿足手術(shù)要求。與布比卡因組比較,羅哌卡因組的感覺(jué)阻滯起效時(shí)間,運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯起效時(shí)間和最大運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯時(shí)間明顯延長(zhǎng)(P<0.05),運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)時(shí)間明顯縮短,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。在最大阻滯時(shí)間比較,羅哌卡因組與布比卡因組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。

    3 討論

    腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉是一種兼有腰麻和硬膜外麻醉優(yōu)點(diǎn)的新椎管內(nèi)麻醉技術(shù),具有藥量少、起效時(shí)間迅速、作用效果好、肌松良好、無(wú)手術(shù)時(shí)間限制、平面可控性強(qiáng),生命體征平穩(wěn)及術(shù)后便于鎮(zhèn)痛等特點(diǎn)。無(wú)論是在起效時(shí)間和阻滯情況均優(yōu)于兩者的單獨(dú)采用,提高術(shù)中麻醉質(zhì)量,保證了較好的安全性[3]。

    目前臨床上廣泛使用的酰胺類局麻藥布比卡因具有麻醉強(qiáng)度大,作用時(shí)間長(zhǎng),運(yùn)動(dòng)和感覺(jué)阻滯分離良好等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但最大不足是其具有中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和心臟毒性,可引起低血壓、心血管抑制、室性心動(dòng)過(guò)速、房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯、室顫、室性自搏心律和危及生命的心律失常,并且其毒性呈突然性[4]。羅哌卡因是最新研制的一種新型長(zhǎng)效酰胺類局麻醉藥,是以丙基代替布比卡因哌啶環(huán)的第3位氮原子,是布比卡因的S-映像體。通過(guò)靜脈輸注式試驗(yàn)證實(shí)其中樞神經(jīng)和心臟毒性明顯低于布比卡因,其作用持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng),代謝通過(guò)芳香羥基化作用排出體外[5]。有研究表明羅哌卡因的心肌毒性低微,可能與抑制鈉離子通道而降低心肌的興奮性與傳導(dǎo)有關(guān),因此在臨床上有羅哌卡因有替代布比卡因的趨勢(shì),但超大劑量也會(huì)引起不良反應(yīng)[6]。羅哌卡因在離體動(dòng)物研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)感覺(jué)阻滯與運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯高度分離,高濃度下也可產(chǎn)生深度的感覺(jué)和運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)阻滯,低濃度時(shí),幾乎只產(chǎn)生感覺(jué)神經(jīng)阻滯[7]。羅哌卡因相對(duì)布比卡因脂溶性較低,各研究中使用的局部麻醉藥劑量不一,但均未出現(xiàn)毒性反應(yīng),該研究應(yīng)用0.75%羅哌卡因1.5 mL也未發(fā)現(xiàn)患者出現(xiàn)毒性反應(yīng)。該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)羅哌卡因組的感覺(jué)阻滯起效時(shí)間和最大運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯時(shí)間分別為(54.8±31.5)s,(166.0±81.5)s,(14.1±3.8)s,晚于布比卡因組(P<0.05);運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)時(shí)間為(1.91±0.45),明顯短于布比卡因組(P<0.05)。羅哌卡因組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率為25.0%,明顯低于布比卡因組的42.5%(P<0.05)。與國(guó)外報(bào)道一致[8],能使麻醉后運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)阻滯較輕,使平面肌肉保持適當(dāng)張力,以減少靜脈回流對(duì)心輸出量的影響[8];而運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于布比卡因,有利于患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)活動(dòng)。從不良反應(yīng)來(lái)看,羅哌卡因組不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率明顯低于布比卡因組,與低于國(guó)內(nèi)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,可能與對(duì)象選擇和病情有關(guān)[9]。endprint

    綜上所述,羅哌卡因與布比卡因相比具有感覺(jué)-運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯分離程度高、心血管毒性低、不良應(yīng)少,在CSEA下用于剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)是一種安全、有效的局麻藥。

    [參考文獻(xiàn)]

    [1] Cai XY, Xiong LM, Yang SH, et al. Comparison of toxicity effects of ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine on rabbit intervertebral disc cells in vitro[J]. Spine J, 2014, 14(3): 483-490.

    [2] Lonner J. Role of liposomal bupivacaine in pain management after total joint arthroplasty[J]. J Surg Orthop Adv, 2014, 23(1): 37-41.

    [3] Bleckner L, Solla C, Fileta BB, et al. Serum free ropivacaine concentrations among patients receiving continuous peripheral nerve block catheters: is it safe for long-term infusions[J]. Anesth Analg, 2014, 118(1): 225-229.

    [4] Fritsch G, Danninger T, Allerberger K, et al. Dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine extends the duration of interscalene brachial plexus blocks for elective shoulder surgery when compared with ropivacaine alone: a single-center, prospective, triple-blind, randomized controlled trial[J]. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2014, 39(1): 37-47.

    [5] Wilson SH, Auroux AS, Eloy JD, et al. Ropivacaine 0.1% versus 0.2% for continuous lumbar plexus nerve block infusions following total hip arthroplasty: a randomized, double blinded study[J]. Pain Med, 2014, 15(3): 465-72.

    [6] Thomassen BJ, Touw D, van der Woude P, et al. Safety of blood reinfusion after local infiltration analgesia with ropivacaine in total knee arthroplasty[J]. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2014, 52(2): 135-142.

    [7] Niknam F, Saxena A, Niles N, et al. Does irrigation of the subdiaphragmatic region with ropivacaine reduce the incidence of right shoulder tip pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy A prospective randomized, double-blind, controlled study[J]. Am Surg, 2014, 80(1): E17-E18.

    [8] Yoshida T, Fujiwara T, Furutani K, et al. Effects of ropivacaine concentration on the spread of sensory block produced by continuous thoracic paravertebral block: a prospective, randomised, controlled, double-blind study[J]. Anaesthesia, 2014, 69(3): 231-239.

    [9] 何鞠穎, 閔龍秋, 李守莉,等. 不同濃度羅哌卡因等比重腰麻用于剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)的比較[J]. 實(shí)用婦產(chǎn)科雜志, 2009, 25(2): 100-102.

    (收稿日期:2014-04-01)endprint

    綜上所述,羅哌卡因與布比卡因相比具有感覺(jué)-運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯分離程度高、心血管毒性低、不良應(yīng)少,在CSEA下用于剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)是一種安全、有效的局麻藥。

    [參考文獻(xiàn)]

    [1] Cai XY, Xiong LM, Yang SH, et al. Comparison of toxicity effects of ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine on rabbit intervertebral disc cells in vitro[J]. Spine J, 2014, 14(3): 483-490.

    [2] Lonner J. Role of liposomal bupivacaine in pain management after total joint arthroplasty[J]. J Surg Orthop Adv, 2014, 23(1): 37-41.

    [3] Bleckner L, Solla C, Fileta BB, et al. Serum free ropivacaine concentrations among patients receiving continuous peripheral nerve block catheters: is it safe for long-term infusions[J]. Anesth Analg, 2014, 118(1): 225-229.

    [4] Fritsch G, Danninger T, Allerberger K, et al. Dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine extends the duration of interscalene brachial plexus blocks for elective shoulder surgery when compared with ropivacaine alone: a single-center, prospective, triple-blind, randomized controlled trial[J]. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2014, 39(1): 37-47.

    [5] Wilson SH, Auroux AS, Eloy JD, et al. Ropivacaine 0.1% versus 0.2% for continuous lumbar plexus nerve block infusions following total hip arthroplasty: a randomized, double blinded study[J]. Pain Med, 2014, 15(3): 465-72.

    [6] Thomassen BJ, Touw D, van der Woude P, et al. Safety of blood reinfusion after local infiltration analgesia with ropivacaine in total knee arthroplasty[J]. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2014, 52(2): 135-142.

    [7] Niknam F, Saxena A, Niles N, et al. Does irrigation of the subdiaphragmatic region with ropivacaine reduce the incidence of right shoulder tip pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy A prospective randomized, double-blind, controlled study[J]. Am Surg, 2014, 80(1): E17-E18.

    [8] Yoshida T, Fujiwara T, Furutani K, et al. Effects of ropivacaine concentration on the spread of sensory block produced by continuous thoracic paravertebral block: a prospective, randomised, controlled, double-blind study[J]. Anaesthesia, 2014, 69(3): 231-239.

    [9] 何鞠穎, 閔龍秋, 李守莉,等. 不同濃度羅哌卡因等比重腰麻用于剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)的比較[J]. 實(shí)用婦產(chǎn)科雜志, 2009, 25(2): 100-102.

    (收稿日期:2014-04-01)endprint

    綜上所述,羅哌卡因與布比卡因相比具有感覺(jué)-運(yùn)動(dòng)阻滯分離程度高、心血管毒性低、不良應(yīng)少,在CSEA下用于剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)是一種安全、有效的局麻藥。

    [參考文獻(xiàn)]

    [1] Cai XY, Xiong LM, Yang SH, et al. Comparison of toxicity effects of ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine on rabbit intervertebral disc cells in vitro[J]. Spine J, 2014, 14(3): 483-490.

    [2] Lonner J. Role of liposomal bupivacaine in pain management after total joint arthroplasty[J]. J Surg Orthop Adv, 2014, 23(1): 37-41.

    [3] Bleckner L, Solla C, Fileta BB, et al. Serum free ropivacaine concentrations among patients receiving continuous peripheral nerve block catheters: is it safe for long-term infusions[J]. Anesth Analg, 2014, 118(1): 225-229.

    [4] Fritsch G, Danninger T, Allerberger K, et al. Dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine extends the duration of interscalene brachial plexus blocks for elective shoulder surgery when compared with ropivacaine alone: a single-center, prospective, triple-blind, randomized controlled trial[J]. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2014, 39(1): 37-47.

    [5] Wilson SH, Auroux AS, Eloy JD, et al. Ropivacaine 0.1% versus 0.2% for continuous lumbar plexus nerve block infusions following total hip arthroplasty: a randomized, double blinded study[J]. Pain Med, 2014, 15(3): 465-72.

    [6] Thomassen BJ, Touw D, van der Woude P, et al. Safety of blood reinfusion after local infiltration analgesia with ropivacaine in total knee arthroplasty[J]. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2014, 52(2): 135-142.

    [7] Niknam F, Saxena A, Niles N, et al. Does irrigation of the subdiaphragmatic region with ropivacaine reduce the incidence of right shoulder tip pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy A prospective randomized, double-blind, controlled study[J]. Am Surg, 2014, 80(1): E17-E18.

    [8] Yoshida T, Fujiwara T, Furutani K, et al. Effects of ropivacaine concentration on the spread of sensory block produced by continuous thoracic paravertebral block: a prospective, randomised, controlled, double-blind study[J]. Anaesthesia, 2014, 69(3): 231-239.

    [9] 何鞠穎, 閔龍秋, 李守莉,等. 不同濃度羅哌卡因等比重腰麻用于剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)的比較[J]. 實(shí)用婦產(chǎn)科雜志, 2009, 25(2): 100-102.

    (收稿日期:2014-04-01)endprint

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