潘孔寒 周建倉 俞文橋 趙鴻琛
DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2014.08.032
作者單位:310016 杭州,浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬邵逸夫醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科;潘孔寒與周建倉為共同第一作者
通信作者:周建倉,Email: jiancangzhou@hotmail.com
ICU是醫(yī)院危重患者集中搶救的核心。隨著全球人口老齡化,醫(yī)療技術(shù)的發(fā)展以及預(yù)期壽命的延長,預(yù)期會(huì)有越來越多的患者需要ICU的加強(qiáng)治療。在美國,盡管1985至2000年間醫(yī)院總床位出現(xiàn)大幅削減,但I(xiàn)CU床位增加了26.2%[1]。然而,各國各地ICU的組織架構(gòu)、人員構(gòu)成差異很大[2-3],已有不少研究指出ICU醫(yī)療人員的構(gòu)成與患者預(yù)后直接相關(guān),本文將就這一主題做一綜述如下。
1ICU人員配置的模式
ICU的人力配備是始終是一個(gè)ICU建設(shè)中的重要問題,世界上存在很多ICU的組建及人員配置模式[4]。比如根據(jù)??漆t(yī)生/ICU醫(yī)生誰來負(fù)責(zé)危重患者轉(zhuǎn)入、轉(zhuǎn)出,以及ICU期間的治療可分為開放或封閉的ICU;根據(jù)有無intensivist(高年資ICU專職醫(yī)生)多少及治療決策中的作用分為High-intensity和low-intensity ICU。專科ICU往往附屬于某一??疲室话銇碚f對(duì)本??茊栴}有較強(qiáng)的處理能力;部分時(shí)間服務(wù)的ICU通常僅在正常工作時(shí)間有專職人員負(fù)責(zé),其他時(shí)間則由患者原所在科的值班人員處理,這種ICU可以減少ICU專業(yè)人員的配備??梢?,ICU人員配置的強(qiáng)度是指整個(gè)ICU治療環(huán)境,而不是對(duì)某個(gè)特定患者安排了多少個(gè)醫(yī)生。調(diào)查表明[2],1997年美國26%的ICU屬于high-intensity 的ICU,而73%為low-intensity。在周末,只有約20%的ICU有專職醫(yī)生值班,而在晚上,甚至只有約10%的ICU有專職醫(yī)生值班。
2 是否配置intensivist及數(shù)量對(duì)患者預(yù)后的影響
理論上來說,ICU配置專職、專業(yè)的醫(yī)生會(huì)改善患者預(yù)后。20世紀(jì)90年代前后的多項(xiàng)研究也已證實(shí)ICU配置專職醫(yī)生改善患者預(yù)后。此后,大部分ICU均有了自己專職醫(yī)生——intensivist。據(jù)估計(jì),ICU設(shè)置專職醫(yī)生在美國每年約可以多挽救53 850個(gè)患者[5]。令人意外的是,2008年內(nèi)科學(xué)年鑒上發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)納入美國123個(gè)ICU,共101 832的回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[6],接受重癥醫(yī)生治療的患者病死率更高;這一結(jié)論當(dāng)時(shí)引起了很大的反響。進(jìn)一步亞組分析顯示接受重癥醫(yī)生治療患者疾病更為危重,接受了更多的有創(chuàng)操作。而且校正其他混雜因素后發(fā)現(xiàn),病情較輕患者由重癥醫(yī)生治療時(shí)病死率更高,對(duì)真正病情危重的患者重癥醫(yī)生并不顯著增加病死率。因此,可能是潛在的某些未校正的因素導(dǎo)致了以上的意外結(jié)果。筆者認(rèn)為,部分病情較輕的患者由ICU醫(yī)生管理時(shí)病死率上升可能是ICU有創(chuàng)操作多、交叉感染等引起并發(fā)癥機(jī)會(huì)多等相關(guān),這也說明需嚴(yán)格把握ICU的收治指征,過輕的患者收治ICU可能并不一定會(huì)獲益。同時(shí),Higgins等[7]認(rèn)為,缺乏專職的ICU醫(yī)生是住院時(shí)間延長的預(yù)測(cè)因素。因此,目前大部分單位條件允許的情況下均傾向多配置ICU醫(yī)生。 24 h持續(xù)專職ICU醫(yī)生在場(chǎng)會(huì)更好地遵守循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù),減少并發(fā)癥及住院時(shí)間,同時(shí)提高員工滿意度[8-9]。然而,是否有一個(gè)最佳的ICU醫(yī)生/床位比尚無定論,而且相關(guān)研究不多。Dara等[10]在一內(nèi)科ICU根據(jù)不同時(shí)期的ICU醫(yī)生/床位比,比較了當(dāng)ICU醫(yī)生/床位比為1∶7.5, 1∶9.5, 1∶12, 及 1∶15時(shí)對(duì)患者預(yù)后的影響,盡管四種配置比對(duì)患者病死率無明顯影響,但1∶15的醫(yī)生/床位比明顯延長住院時(shí)間。因此,給ICU醫(yī)生分配過多患者是不合適的。
3ICU其他人員對(duì)患者預(yù)后的影響
盡管筆者上述說的ICU 人員配置模式的分類主要根據(jù)醫(yī)生的配置情況來劃分,實(shí)際上,ICU中的其他人員的配置也與患者的預(yù)后相關(guān)。特別隨著ICU人員短缺情況越來凸顯,輪轉(zhuǎn)住院醫(yī)生、執(zhí)業(yè)護(hù)士和醫(yī)生助手也越來越作為主要力量被納入ICU危重患者的管理與治療中來。由于這些輔助人員的教育水平及專業(yè)知識(shí)相對(duì)較弱,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低年資住院醫(yī)生管理的危重患者較高年資住院醫(yī)生的病死率明顯升高[11-12]。最近一項(xiàng)研究比較了住院醫(yī)生(1-2年級(jí))及執(zhí)業(yè)護(hù)士/醫(yī)生助手管理患者,結(jié)果顯示兩種人員配置對(duì)患者住院時(shí)間,病死率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[13]。提出其他輔助人員(執(zhí)業(yè)護(hù)士/醫(yī)生助手)白天作為傳統(tǒng)以醫(yī)生配置主導(dǎo)的ICU的治療人員也是可行和安全的。而且,執(zhí)業(yè)護(hù)士/醫(yī)生助手與輪轉(zhuǎn)的住院醫(yī)師相比還有以下優(yōu)勢(shì):首先,輪轉(zhuǎn)住院醫(yī)生流動(dòng)性大,執(zhí)業(yè)護(hù)士/醫(yī)生助手作為ICU持續(xù)穩(wěn)定的輔助人員,可以減少流動(dòng)性,改善與其他ICU人員的溝通交流,進(jìn)而能更好地理解融入ICU的安全文化;而且,幾乎所有的ICU操作都是熟能生巧,相對(duì)固定的執(zhí)業(yè)護(hù)士/醫(yī)生助手比輪轉(zhuǎn)的住院醫(yī)生有更多的機(jī)會(huì)練習(xí)各項(xiàng)操作,隨著在ICU時(shí)間的延長,通過耳濡目染,他們的重癥醫(yī)學(xué)的理念和專業(yè)修養(yǎng)也會(huì)越來越高[14]。因此,國外部分醫(yī)院的step-down病房已雇用高年資ICU專業(yè)的護(hù)士作為主要的力量管理患者,部分解決了ICU專業(yè)醫(yī)生短缺的問題,而且效果良好。
4非正常工作時(shí)間收治ICU對(duì)患者安全的影響及ICU人員配置的調(diào)整
由于需收治ICU的危重患者多存在器官功能不全或生理異常,多需高度復(fù)雜及時(shí)的診斷治療。這些診斷及處理措施在患者病情不穩(wěn)定的早期顯得尤為關(guān)鍵。雖然危重患者收治入ICU的時(shí)間可以在任意時(shí)刻,但由于大多數(shù)ICU在非正常工作時(shí)間人力物力的配置相對(duì)較弱,容易出現(xiàn)問題。英國最近一項(xiàng)全國性的調(diào)查表明,約20%的重大不良事件發(fā)生在ICU,其中47%發(fā)生在非正常工作時(shí)間,且這其中約61%導(dǎo)致患者死亡或永久性的神經(jīng)損傷[15]?;颊叩氖罩螘r(shí)間對(duì)結(jié)局影響的研究結(jié)果有一定的爭(zhēng)議,一些研究認(rèn)為在非正常工作時(shí)間收治ICU增加患者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[16-18],而一旦配有ICU醫(yī)生在場(chǎng)治療,即使非正常工作時(shí)間收治也并不增加患者病死率[19-20];另一些認(rèn)為這類患者風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并不增加[21-22]。可見,收治時(shí)間可能并不一定是關(guān)鍵問題,相反,醫(yī)院及ICU的組織結(jié)構(gòu),醫(yī)療的輸送方式更可能影響治療的過程及患者預(yù)后。Gajic等[8]一項(xiàng)單個(gè)內(nèi)科ICU為期2年的前瞻性研究比較了ICU醫(yī)生強(qiáng)制24 h或按需(on-demand)在病房對(duì)治療質(zhì)量及患者結(jié)局的影響。結(jié)果顯示,盡管強(qiáng)制ICU醫(yī)生在病房醫(yī)療過程更規(guī)范標(biāo)準(zhǔn),提高了患者滿意度,減少了并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及住院時(shí)間,但對(duì)ICU及總住院病死率無影響。2009年一項(xiàng)納入10個(gè)關(guān)于ICU收治時(shí)間與病死率關(guān)系研究的薈萃分析[23]顯示,周末收治ICU較非周末收治與病死率增加相關(guān)(OR=1.08,95% CI: 1.04~1.13,P<0.001),而夜間收治ICU較白天并不升高病死率(OR=1.00,95% CI: 0.87~1.17,P=0.956)。最近新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)雜志發(fā)表一項(xiàng)北美的關(guān)于夜間ICU人員配置與患者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的大型回顧性研究,通過多因素回歸分析,校正患者的疾病嚴(yán)重程度,以及所收治ICU白天醫(yī)療人員的配置等情況,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于白天人員配置比較薄弱的ICU(low-intensity daytime staffing),夜間配置專業(yè)intensivist與病死率下降相關(guān)(OR=0.62,95% CI: 0.39~0.97,P=0.04);相反,對(duì)于白天人員配置已經(jīng)充足的ICU,夜間繼續(xù)安排高年資醫(yī)生值班對(duì)患者病死率并沒有額外獲益(OR=1.08,95% CI: 0.63~1.84,P=0.78)[24]。當(dāng)然,單憑這一項(xiàng)回顧性研究就認(rèn)為ICU 24 h持續(xù)高年資醫(yī)生配置不必要顯然為時(shí)尚早。此外,24 h配置高年資ICU專職醫(yī)生也有利于年輕醫(yī)生的培養(yǎng)教育[25-27],進(jìn)一步提高治療水平。有趣的是,Banerjee 等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)強(qiáng)制要求24 h高年資ICU專職醫(yī)生隨時(shí)到診后,危重患者的住院時(shí)間縮短并減少住院費(fèi)用;但對(duì)病情較輕的患者并不能明顯減少費(fèi)用。這與前述內(nèi)科學(xué)年鑒的文獻(xiàn)有相似之處,ICU只會(huì)使真正有需要的危重患者獲益,而無明確ICU收治指征的患者收入ICU并無益處,反而可能增加病死率。
5 夜間配置高年資ICU專職醫(yī)生的策略可能的弊端
盡管配置更多ICU專職醫(yī)生可以更好地管理危重患者,減少患者病死率聽起來合情合理。作為這項(xiàng)改革中的主要涉及者和執(zhí)行者,ICU醫(yī)生可能有一些負(fù)面的情緒。要求24 h配置高年資ICU專職醫(yī)生意味著醫(yī)生要上更多的夜班,對(duì)他們的生活習(xí)慣以及工作—生活的平衡會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的影響。Garland 等[29]一項(xiàng)前瞻交叉設(shè)計(jì)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),24 h配置高年資ICU專職醫(yī)生醫(yī)院的ICU醫(yī)生更容易產(chǎn)生職業(yè)倦怠。另一項(xiàng)研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),ICU醫(yī)生過長時(shí)間連續(xù)工作與職業(yè)倦怠,工作—家庭失衡顯著相關(guān)[30]??梢?,在目前沒有很多循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)的情況下,一味推行24 h配置ICU高年資專職醫(yī)生可能會(huì)受到部分醫(yī)生的反對(duì),這也解釋了盡管各大協(xié)會(huì)都推薦ICU24 h配置高年資專職醫(yī)生,實(shí)際上符合條件的ICU寥寥無幾。
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(收稿日期:2014-01-22)
(本文編輯:沈惠云)
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