陳永利 許靜 劉園園 楊世誠 叢洪良 付乃寬
DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2014.09.016
基金項目:天津市衛(wèi)生局科技基金重點攻關(guān)項目(10KG122)
作者單位:300051 天津,天津市胸科醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科
通信作者:付乃寬,Email:drfnk2013@163.com
【摘要】目的 探討低水平高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C)與冠心病患者經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入術(shù)(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)后對比劑誘導的急性腎損傷(contrast induced-acute kidney injury, CI-AKI)的關(guān)系。
方法 選取天津市胸科醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科2009年1月至2011年5月行PCI術(shù)的冠心病患者共1500例,于術(shù)前及術(shù)后72 h內(nèi)測定其血肌酐水平。入選標準:均為漢族人群,年齡及性別不限;排除標準:既往有惡性腫瘤、泌尿系統(tǒng)感染、腎臟切除手術(shù)、腹膜或血液透析治療或術(shù)前兩周內(nèi)曾應用過對比劑。CI-AKI定義為應用對比劑后24~72 h血清肌酐水平較原有基礎(chǔ)升高超過25%或絕對值升高44.2 μmol/L以上,并排除其他影響腎功能的原因。低水平HDL-C定義為HDL-C< 1.04 mmol/L。應用單因素分析及多元Logistic回歸分析確定CI-AKI及低水平HDL-C的危險因素。
結(jié)果 在1500例行PCI術(shù)的冠心病患者中,共有246例(16.4%)發(fā)生了CI-AKI,低水平HDL-C組與正常水平HDL-C組的CI-AKI發(fā)病率分別為21.5%和13.3%(P<0.01)。進一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn),伴有慢性腎臟疾病者,CI-AKI發(fā)病率在低水平HDL-C組與正常水平HDL-C組分別為39.8% 和26.5%(P<0.05),而在不伴有慢性腎臟疾病者分別為9.7% 和17.7%(P<0.01),差異均具有統(tǒng)計學意義。多元Logistic回歸分析顯示,低水平HDL-C是冠心病患者PCI術(shù)后CI-AKI發(fā)生的危險因素,超重、吸煙及貧血是該類患者低水平HDL-C的預測因子。
結(jié)論 與HDL-C水平正常者相比,低水平HDL-C者PCI術(shù)后CI-AKI的發(fā)病率顯著升高。無論是否伴有慢性腎臟疾病,低水平HDL-C均是冠心病患者PCI術(shù)后發(fā)生CI-AKI的危險因素。超重、吸煙及貧血是低水平HDL-C的預測因子。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 高密度脂蛋白膽固醇;經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療;急性腎損傷;對比劑
Low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol predicts contrast induced-acute kidney injury after percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with coronary heart disease
Chen Yongli,Xu Jing,Liu Yuanyuan,Yang Shicheng,Cong Hongliang, Fu Naikuan.Department of Cardiology,Tianjing Chest Hospital,Tianjing 300051,China
Corresponding author: Fu Naikuan, Email: drfnk2013@163.com
【Abstract】Objective To investigate the relationship of low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to contrast induced-acute kidney injury(CI-AKI)after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with coronary heart disease.Methods A total of 1500 consecutive patients,who underwent PCI from January 2009 to May 2011,were enrolled in this study. There was no limit on age or sex, and all patients were self-identified as Han ethnic group. Patients were excluded from this study, however, if they had a history of malignant tumor, urinary tract infection, nephrectomy operation, chronic peritoneal or hemodialysis, or if they had been exposed to contrast media within the past 14 days. CI-AKI was defined as an absolute increase in serum creatinine ≥44.2 μmol/L or a relative ≥25% increase in serum creatinine within 72 hours after procedure. Low level of HDL-C was defined as <1.04 mmol/L. Monofactorial and multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors for CI-AKI and low level of HDL-C in these patients. Results Among the 1500 patients with coronary heart disease, CI-AKI occurred in 246 patients after PCI and the overall incidence of CI-AKI was 16.4%. The patients with low level of HDL-C had a higher incidence of CI-AKI than those without it(21.5% vs. 13.3% in total,P<0.01),no matter that they had suffered from chronic kidney disease(39.8% vs. 26.5%,P<0.05)or not(17.7% vs. 9.7%,P<0.01). By multivariate analysis, low level of HDL-C was identified as an independent risk factor for CI-AKI and smoke, great BMI as well as anemia were considered as prediction factors for low level of HDL-C. Conclusion The patients with low level of HDL-C have a higher incidence of CI-AKI after PCI. Low level of HDL-C is one of risk factors for CI-AKI after PCI in patients either with chronic kidney disease or not. Great BMI,smoking as well as anemia are independent predictors for low HDL-C level in these patients.
【Key words】 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Percuta neous coronary intervention; Acute kidney injury; Contrast
對比劑誘導的急性腎損傷(contrast induced-acute kidney injury, CI-AKI)是指應用對比劑后24~72 h血清肌酐水平較原有基礎(chǔ)升高超過25%或絕對值升高44.2 μmol/L以上,并排除其他影響腎功能的原因[1]。文獻報道,CI-AKI已成為繼外科手術(shù)及藥物之后院內(nèi)獲得性腎損害的第三大原因[2]。一旦發(fā)生CI-AKI,患者的住院時間、住院費用、心臟不良事件及病死率將顯著增加,生活質(zhì)量也將受到嚴重影響[3]。有研究表明,高密度脂蛋膽固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C)不但具有顯著的心血管保護作用,還可明顯改善缺血所致的急性腎損傷[4-6]。遺憾的是,HDL-C與冠心病患者經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入術(shù)(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)后CI-AKI關(guān)系如何,國內(nèi)外鮮有報道。因此,本研究將就低水平HDL-C是否為CI-AKI的危險因素進行探討。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取天津市胸科醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科2009年1月至2011年5月行PCI術(shù)的冠心病患者共1500例,于術(shù)前及術(shù)后72 h內(nèi)測定其血肌酐水平。入選標準:均為漢族人群, 年齡及性別不限;排除標準:既往有惡性腫瘤、泌尿系統(tǒng)感染、腎臟切除手術(shù)、腹膜或血液透析治療或術(shù)前兩周內(nèi)曾應用過對比劑。
1.2 治療方案
入選患者接受如下標準水化治療方案:PCI術(shù)前12 h及術(shù)后以1 mL/(kg·h)靜脈點滴0.9%生理鹽水各持續(xù)約12 h。對于左室射血分數(shù)(left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF)< 50%者,則減為0.5 mL/(kg·h)。行急診PCI術(shù)者入院時即應用水化治療。同時,所有患者PCI術(shù)中應用的對比劑均為碘克沙醇320(商品名 visipaque, 瑞典安盛公司)。術(shù)前均給予阿司匹林300 mg、氯吡格雷300 mg作為負荷劑量;PCI后給予低分子肝素0.4~0.6 mL/12 h,皮下注射5~7 d,阿司匹林100 mg/d、氯吡格雷75 mg/d,服用1年。
1.3 資料收集
1.3.1 臨床資料 年齡、性別、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、吸煙史、心肌梗死病史、糖尿病、貧血、LVEF、PCI術(shù)類型(急診或擇期)、慢性腎臟疾?。╟hronic kidney disease, CKD)、利尿劑、鈣離子拮抗劑、β受體阻滯劑、ARB/ACEI等藥物的應用及對比劑劑量等。
1.3.2 生化指標 術(shù)前及術(shù)后24~72 h 血肌酐、術(shù)前腎小球濾過率(estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR)、血常規(guī)、血糖、纖維蛋白原、血尿酸及血脂等。
1.4 診斷標準
1.4.1 CI-AKI 使用對比劑后24~72 h內(nèi),血肌酐水平較原有基礎(chǔ)升高25%或者絕對值升高44.2 μmol/L以上,并排除其他影響腎功能原因。
1.4.2 低水平HDL-C HDL-C <1.04 mmol/L;CKD:eGFR<60 mL/(min·1.73 m2),eGFR[mL/(min·1.73 m2)]= 186.3×(血肌酐/88.4)-1.154×年齡-0.203×(1 男性;0.742 女性);糖尿病:具有典型癥狀,空腹血糖>7.0 mmol/L或餐后血糖>11.1 mmol/L;超重:體質(zhì)量指數(shù)>25 kg/m2;高尿酸血癥:入院時血尿酸含量測定在男性或絕經(jīng)后女性>420 μmol/L或在未絕經(jīng)女性>350 μmol/L。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學方法 采用SPSS 10.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行統(tǒng)計學分析。計量資料采用(x±s)表示,計數(shù)資料采用例(%)表示。計量資料間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗,計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗。應用多元Logistic回歸分析確定CI-AKI及低水平HDL-C的危險因素,以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 低水平HDL-C組與正常水平HDL-C組基本資料比較
與正常水平HDL-C組相比,低水平HDL-C組在超重、吸煙史、心肌梗死病史、LVEF< 50%、貧血等方面具有較高比例,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。而在年齡、性別、糖尿病、CKD、急診PCI、鈣離子拮抗劑、β受體阻滯劑、ARB/ACEI、對比劑應用劑量、高尿酸血癥、術(shù)前血肌酐、血糖、纖維蛋白原、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇以及總膽固醇等方面,兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),結(jié)果見表1、表2。
3 討論
冠心病患者PCI術(shù)后CI-AKI的發(fā)生并不少見,其發(fā)病率在普通人群約為15% [3,7],而腎功能不全者則可高達27%[8]。本研究入選了1500例行PCI術(shù)的冠心病患者,其發(fā)病率為16.4%,提示CI-AKI在該類患者中普遍存在,需引起臨床醫(yī)生高度重視。目前,對于PCI術(shù)后CI-AKI的發(fā)生尚無特殊有效的治療方法。因此,探明其危險因素、篩選高危人群并進行積極預防以降低發(fā)病率則顯得至關(guān)重要。
HDL-C是一類由多種載脂蛋白、脂質(zhì)成分、相關(guān)酶類等組成的異質(zhì)性脂蛋白顆粒,主要介導細胞膽固醇逆向轉(zhuǎn)運,可直接抑制動脈粥樣硬化形成。近期研究表明,HDL-C還具有抗炎、抗氧化作用,在缺血/再灌注引起的急性腎損傷中也具有腎保護作用[6,9]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在行PCI術(shù)的冠心病患者中,低水平HDL-C組與正常水平HDL-C組相比CI-AKI發(fā)病率顯著增高。進一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn),伴有CKD者,CI-AKI發(fā)病率在低水平HDL-C組與正常水平HDL-C組分別為39.8%和26.5%(P<0.05),而在不伴有CKD者分別為17.7%和9.7%(P<0.01),差異均具有統(tǒng)計學意義??梢姡瑹o論是否伴有CKD,低水平HDL-C組PCI術(shù)后CI-AKI的發(fā)生率均顯著增高。經(jīng)多元回歸分析證實,同年齡>75歲、心肌梗死病史、糖尿病、貧血、心功能不全、CKD及對比劑劑量 >200 mL等致病因素一樣,低水平HDL-C也是PCI術(shù)后CI-AKI發(fā)生的危險因素。另外,從表1不難發(fā)現(xiàn),低水平HDL-C組與正常水平HDL-C組相比,有心肌梗死病史、LVEF<50%及貧血者比例較高,而這些因素經(jīng)多元回歸分析證實或文獻報道均為CI-AKI的危險因素[10-12]。由此可見,危險因素的增多也是低水平HDL-C組CI-AKI發(fā)病率增高的重要原因[13-15]。
實驗研究顯示,HDL-C可以如下途徑改善腎功能:(1)通過膽固醇的逆轉(zhuǎn)運來抑制腎血管的動脈粥樣硬化及脂質(zhì)對腎細胞的直接毒性作用;(2)阻止脂蛋白的累積以減少低密度脂蛋膽固醇與腎小球系膜細胞受體的結(jié)合以及腎間質(zhì)的生成[16];(3)抗氧化作用[17];(4)抑制細胞反應性氧基團的生成[18];(5)抑制黏附因子的表達以減少多形核白細胞對腎組織的浸潤及氧化應激反應[19]。不難理解,由于低水平HDL-C可造成其腎保護作用下降,CI-AKI發(fā)生率可顯著增高。
據(jù)報道,在普通人群,吸煙者的血漿HDL-C水平明顯減低,吸煙是低水平HDL-C的獨立預測因子[20-21]。本研究顯示,吸煙也是冠心病患者低水平HDL-C的預測因子。除了吸煙以外,超重及貧血也是低水平HDL-C的預測因子。Lo等[22]也發(fā)現(xiàn),無論是否伴有CKD,血漿HDL-C水平均與體質(zhì)量指數(shù)負相關(guān),體質(zhì)量指數(shù)越高發(fā)生低水平HDL-C的可能性越大。至于貧血與低水平HDL-C的關(guān)系,尚需進一步深入探究。
總之,與HDL-C水平正常者相比,低水平HDL-C者PCI術(shù)后CI-AKI的發(fā)病率顯著升高。回歸分析表明,無論是否伴有CKD,低水平HDL-C均是冠心病患者PCI術(shù)后CI-AKI發(fā)生的危險因素。超重、吸煙及貧血是該類患者低水平HDL-C的預測因子。
參考文獻
[1] McCullough PA.Contrast induced-acute kidney injury[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2008,51(15):1419-1428.
[2] Nash K, Hafeez A, Hou S. Hospital-acquired renal insufficiency[J]. Am J Kidney Dis,2002,39 (5):930-936.
[3] McCullough PA, Wolyn R, Rocher LL, et al. Acute renal failure after coronary intervention: incidence, risk factors, and relationship to mortality[J]. Am J Med,1997,103(5):368-375.
[4] Rallidis LS, Tellis CC, Lekakis J, et al. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) bound on high-density lipoprotein is associated with lower risk for cardiac death in stable coronary artery disease patients: a 3-year follow-up[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2012,60(20):2053-2062.
[5] Sbrana F, Puntoni M, Bigazzi F, et al. High density lipoprotein cholesterol in coronary artery disease: when higher means later[J]. J Atheroscler Thromb,2013,20(1):23-31.
[6] Christoph T, Hristoph T, Espen K,et al. High density lipoprotein reduces renal ischemia/reperfusion injury[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol,2003,14 (7):1833-1843.
[7] Gao F, Zhou YJ, Zhu X, et al. C-reactive protein and the risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention[J]. Am J Nephrol,2011,34(3):203-210.
[8] 嚴紅,張黔桓,靳立軍,等. 碘克沙醇與碘帕醇用于腎功不全患者行冠狀動脈介入術(shù)的腎毒性對比[J]. 中華急診醫(yī)學雜志, 2008,17(1):72-75.
[9] Ansell BJ, Navab M, Watson KE, et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of HDL[J]. Rev Endocr Metab Disord,2004,5(4):351-358.
[10]Abe M, Kimura T, Morimoto T, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for contrast-induced nephropathy after cardiac catheterization in Japanese patients[J]. Circ J,2009,73 (8):1518-1522.
[11] 何飛,張均,盧中秋,等. 冠狀動脈支架植入術(shù)后急性腎損傷的危險因素和預后分析[J]. 中華急診醫(yī)學雜志,2012,21(5):514-518.
[12] Nikolsky E, Mehran R, Lasic Z, et al. Low hematocrit predicts contrast- induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary interventions[J]. Kidney Int,2005,67 (2):706-713.
[13] Mehran R, Aymong E, Nikolsky E, et al. A simple risk score for prediction of CIN after percutaneous coronary intervention: Developmen and innitial Validation[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2004,44(7): 1393-1399.
[14] Maioli M, Toso A, Gallopin M et al. Preprocedural score for risk of contrast induced nephropathy in elective coronary angiography and intervention[J]. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown), 2010,11 (6):444-449.
[15] Fu N, Lia X, Yang S, et al. Risk Score for the Prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy in elderly patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention[J]. Angiology,2012,64 (3):188-194.
[16] Rader DL.Molecular regulation of HDL metabolism and function and implications for novel therapies[J].J Clin Invest,2006,116 (12):3090-3100.
[17] Abrass CK. Cellular lipid metabolism and the role of lipids in progressive renal disease[J]. Am J Nephrol,2004,24(1):46-53.
[18] Robbesyn F, Auge N, Vindis C, et al. High-density lipoproteins prevent the oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced epidermal [corrected] growth factor receptor activation and subsequent matrixmetalloproteinase-2 upregulation[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2005, 25 (6):1206-1212.
[19] Athyros VG, Kakafika AI, Papageorgiou AA, et al. Statin-induced increase in HDL-C and renal function in coronary heart disease patients[J]. Open Cardiovasc Med J,2007,1 (28) :8-14.
[20] Schuitemaker GE, Dinant GJ, van der Pol GA, et al. Relationship between smoking habits and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides in a hypercholes terolemic adult cohort, in relation to gender and age[J]. Clin Exp Med, 2002,2 (2):83-88.
[21] Mizoue T, Ueda R, Hino Y, et al. Workplace exposure to Environmental tobacco smoke and high density lipoprotein cholesterol among nonsmokers[J]. Am J Epidemiol,1999,150 (10):1068-1072.
[22] Lo JC, Go AS, Chandra M, et al. GFR, body mass index, and low high-density lipoprotein concentration in adults with and without CKD[J]. Am J Kidney Dis,2007,50(4):552-558.
(收稿日期:2014-04-15)
(本文編輯:邵菊芳)
P1018-1022