張陽++張秋霞++金超
摘 要:為探討單側(cè)功能性踝關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)者的單足靜態(tài)平衡能力特征,使用WIN-POD平衡儀對15名單側(cè)功能性踝關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)者和15名正常人進行單足睜眼和單足閉眼狀態(tài)下的靜態(tài)平衡能力測試,測試時間為10 s。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)左側(cè)足睜眼站立時,實驗組包絡(luò)面積和Y軸平均擺幅與對照組間的差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),閉眼站立時,除X和Y軸動搖速度,實驗組其它指標與對照組間的差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);(2)右側(cè)足閉眼站立時,實驗組包絡(luò)面積和Y軸平均擺幅與對照組的差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);(3)實驗組睜眼站立時,患側(cè)足與健側(cè)足間包絡(luò)面積的差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),閉眼站立時,患側(cè)足包絡(luò)面積和Y軸平均擺幅與健側(cè)足間的差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);(4)對照組閉眼站立時,除X和Y軸動搖速度,左足其它指標與右足間的差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)果表明:與正常人相比,單側(cè)功能性踝關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)者患側(cè)足的平衡能力略弱于正常人相應(yīng)側(cè)足,并且也弱于健側(cè)足;而健側(cè)足的平衡能力則由于患側(cè)足平衡能力的缺失,具有了一定的代償功能,使其平衡能力有略好于正常人相應(yīng)側(cè)足的趨勢。
關(guān) 鍵 詞:運動生物力學;功能性踝關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn);平衡能力;單足
中圖分類號:G804.6 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1006-7116(2014)05-0131-05
The single foot static balancing ability of people suffering from
single side functional ankle joint instability
ZHANG Yang1,2,ZHANG Qiu-xia1,JIN Chao1
(1.School of Physical Education,Soochow University,Suzhou 215021,China;
2.School of Physical Education,Hefei Normal University,Hefei 230601,China)
Abstract: In order to probe into the characteristics of the single foot static balancing ability of people suffering from single side functional ankle joint instability, the authors used a WIN-POD balancing instrument to test the static balancing ability of 15 people suffering from single side functional ankle joint instability and 15 normal people in eyes opened and shut single foot standing conditions for 10, and revealed the following findings: 1) in an eyes opened left foot standing condition, the differences in envelop area and axis Y shaking amplitude between the people in the experiment group and the people in the control group were statistically significant (P<0.05); in an eyes shut standing condition, except axes X and Y shaking speeds, the differences in other indexes between the people in the experiment group and people in the control group were statistically significant (P<0.05); 2) in an eyes shut right foot standing condition, the differences in envelop area and axis Y shaking amplitude between the people in the experiment group and the people in the control group were statistically significant (P<0.05); 3) for the people in the experiment group, in an eyes opened standing condition, the difference in envelop area between the ill foot and the healthy one was statistically significant (P<0.05), in an eyes shut standing condition, the differences in envelop area and average axis Y shaking amplitude between the ill foot and the healthy one were statistically significant (P<0.05); 4) for the people in the control group, in an eyes shut standing condition, except axes X and Y shaking speeds, the differences in other indexes between the left foot and the right one were all statistically significant (P<0.05). The said findings indicate the followings: for people suffering from single side functional ankle joint instability, the balancing ability of the ill foot is slightly weaker than that of the corresponding foot of normal people, and also weaker than that of the healthy foot, while the balancing ability of the healthy foot has a certain compensation function due to the lack of balancing ability of the ill foot, which results in that its balancing ability tends to be slightly better that of the corresponding foot of normal people.endprint
Key words: sports biomechanics;functional ankle joint instability;balancing ability;single foot
踝關(guān)節(jié)扭傷是體育運動中最常見的運動損傷[1],大約占運動員總損傷比例的25%,并且其中85%的損傷涉及到踝關(guān)節(jié)單側(cè)韌帶損傷[2],尤其是在籃、排、足球等體育運動中損傷比例更大。人在第一次出現(xiàn)踝關(guān)節(jié)扭傷后人體會出現(xiàn)短暫的結(jié)構(gòu)性不穩(wěn),這種不穩(wěn)會在12周后康復[3],研究同時發(fā)現(xiàn)踝關(guān)節(jié)在第一次扭傷后,大約有30%~78%的人會出現(xiàn)踝關(guān)節(jié)的再次扭傷[4],久而久之形成功能性踝關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)(functional ankle instability,F(xiàn)AI),它的主要表現(xiàn)癥狀為疼痛、肌肉無力以及反復扭傷等。目前,F(xiàn)AI已經(jīng)普遍存在于運動員當中,而FAI對人體平衡能力的影響直接關(guān)系到運動員成績的優(yōu)劣。Ross S等[5]通過單足站立實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)AI者與正常人之間的平衡能力沒有差異性;而Linens S等[6]通過對FAI者和正常人進行20 s單足站立實驗,發(fā)現(xiàn)FAI者的單足平衡能力明顯弱于正常人。這些研究客觀地反映了FAI對人體平衡能力的影響,但是并未得出統(tǒng)一的結(jié)論,其主要原因是測試儀器不同、測試時視覺的控制以及測試過程中是否赤足等原因所致。對單側(cè)FAI者來說,由于患側(cè)足的存在,日常活動中對健側(cè)足的依賴性可能更大,而學者卻未對健側(cè)足進行研究。
有鑒于此,本研究以FAI者與正常人的單足靜態(tài)平衡能力為研究內(nèi)容,采用WIN-POD平衡功能檢測系統(tǒng)對兩者間單足靜態(tài)平衡能力進行測試,通過包絡(luò)面積和平均擺幅等運動學參數(shù)來反映功能性踝關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)對人體平衡能力的影響,為運動損傷的預(yù)防和康復訓練提供理論依據(jù)。
1 研究對象與方法
1.1 研究對象
3 討論
目前,對功能性踝關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)的研究主要集中于本體感覺、肌肉力量、中樞神經(jīng)肌肉控制和平衡能力等方面[8-10],其中,靜態(tài)平衡能力就是平衡能力的一種,它是指人在維持某一特定姿勢時,控制身體重心的能力,如站立姿勢的維持。本研究選用的評價指標主要是包絡(luò)面積、平均動搖速度、X軸動搖速度和Y軸動搖速度等,各指標數(shù)值越大,表明人體的靜態(tài)平衡能力越差。
人體在步行時80%的時間都處于單足支撐的狀態(tài)[11],而且單足支撐的平衡能力比雙足支撐時要差,為此單足站立將更好的挑戰(zhàn)平衡控制系統(tǒng),發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者間潛在的平衡缺失。由表1可知,在左側(cè)足站立時,實驗組大部分指標的值都高于對照組,尤其在閉眼站立時,這說明FAI者患側(cè)足的靜態(tài)平衡能力明顯弱于正常人;同時,由表3和表4組內(nèi)對比發(fā)現(xiàn),對于正常人來說,閉眼時左足的平衡能力明顯好于右足,而對于單側(cè)FAI者,閉眼時患側(cè)足(左足)的平衡能力明顯弱于健側(cè)足(右足),這說明單側(cè)FAI者患側(cè)足平衡能力的缺失是由于該足患有功能性踝關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)造成的。其原因可能在于,踝關(guān)節(jié)的反復損傷致使踝關(guān)節(jié)周圍肌腱、皮膚等結(jié)構(gòu)中的運動感受器受損,破壞其運動感覺功能[12],最終導致人體平衡能力的減弱。Carrie L. Docherty等[13]使用平衡誤差評分系統(tǒng)對30名單側(cè)FAI者和30名正常人進行平衡能力測試,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)單側(cè)功能性踝關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)者在單足閉眼時,其靜態(tài)平衡能力明顯弱于正常者,這也證實本研究的準確性。SCOTT E.ROSS等[5]對14名(7男和7女)功能性踝關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)者和14名無踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷者進行單腿平衡實驗來研究其靜態(tài)平衡能力,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者間的靜態(tài)平衡能力不存在顯著性差異,但是作者認為,實驗過程中受試者的測試時間相對較長和著運動鞋進行測試都影響兩者間的差異;而本文研究過程中則有效地避開了這兩點,更體現(xiàn)了研究的嚴謹性和科學性。Lauren C等[14]通過對20單側(cè)慢性踝關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)者(CAI)和20名無踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷者進行星偏移測試,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)單側(cè)CAI者患側(cè)足的平衡能力不僅弱于正常人,也弱于單側(cè)FAI者的健側(cè)足,而本研究的結(jié)論正好與其一致。綜上所述,對于單側(cè)FAI者患側(cè)足的靜態(tài)平衡能力已基本達成共識:即患側(cè)足的靜態(tài)平衡能力不僅弱于正常人,也弱于單側(cè)FAI者的健側(cè)足。
通過對健側(cè)足站立的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)(表2),在健側(cè)足睜眼站立時,兩組間的平衡能力沒有顯著性差異;而在健側(cè)足閉眼時,發(fā)現(xiàn)FAI者壓力中心所形成曲線的最大閉合面積和在前后方向的平均偏移量明顯小于正常人的相應(yīng)側(cè),并且其它指標的值也都小于正常人的相應(yīng)側(cè),這說明FAI者健側(cè)足的平衡能力有略好于正常人的趨勢。其可能原因是單側(cè)FAI者患側(cè)足的平衡能力缺失使其健側(cè)足具備了一定的代償功能以及閉眼測試時視覺的缺失放大了兩組間平衡能力的差異性。Lauren C等[14]對單側(cè)CAI者和正常人進行星偏移測試,結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)單側(cè)CAI者健側(cè)足的平衡能力與正常人匹配側(cè)足之間無顯著性變化,并且還略有降低的趨勢,而造成這種結(jié)果的原因可能為星偏移測試主要用于動態(tài)平衡能力的評價或者受試者略有不同所致。與此同時,也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),單側(cè)踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷后,患側(cè)的姿勢控制能力明顯降低,而健側(cè)的姿勢控制缺失卻在損傷后的第四周才能發(fā)現(xiàn)[15],并且另有研究證實雙側(cè)的姿勢控制缺失確實存在,只是雙側(cè)的缺失程度不同而已[16]。而本研究結(jié)果與國外研究的不同對單側(cè)踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷者的臨床康復具有一定的啟示作用,即臨床上用健側(cè)肢體的平衡作為正常姿勢控制的參照物應(yīng)當慎重[17],因為雙側(cè)平衡能力的缺失可能掩蓋姿勢控制的障礙;如用健側(cè)的平衡能力作為患側(cè)康復的標準,可能會對病人平衡能力產(chǎn)生不恰當?shù)慕Y(jié)論,進而導致患者提前活動,誘導踝關(guān)節(jié)重復扭傷。所以,臨床上最好用一個健康群體或者是損傷前的平衡能力基線作為恢復的標準。
目前,通過進一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),平衡能力的缺失不僅是運動損傷產(chǎn)生的一個危險因素,而且平衡控制的缺失更有可能導致踝關(guān)節(jié)未來損傷的再次發(fā)生[18]。所以,一些球隊已經(jīng)用賽季前平衡能力的狀況來預(yù)測賽季中運動員新韌帶損傷情況[19],而這些也證明了對功能性踝關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)者進行平衡能力研究的重要性和實用性。但是,本研究依然存在一些不足,如所選單側(cè)FAI者的患側(cè)足全部為左足,受試者相對較單一(都為男性);靜態(tài)平衡測試可能相對較簡單不能很好檢測出單側(cè)FAI者中患側(cè)與健側(cè)之間的差異,并且靜態(tài)平衡控制也不是日常生活動作的最佳選擇[20],而對FAI者進行動態(tài)平衡測試可能更有實用價值;鑒于本研究對單側(cè)FAI者健側(cè)足的研究結(jié)論與國外研究的不一致以及健側(cè)足在單側(cè)踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷者的臨床康復中具有重要參考性的價值,所以,對單側(cè)踝關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)者健側(cè)足的研究尤為重要;而這些亦是未來對功能性踝關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)者平衡能力研究的主要方向。endprint
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[19] McGuine T A,Greene J J,Best T,et al. Balance as a predictor of ankle injuries in high school basketball players[J]. Clin J Sport Med,2000,10(4):239-244.
[20] Jonsson E,Seiger A,Hirschfeld H. One-leg stance in healthy young and elderly adults:a measure of postural steadiness?[J]. Clin Biomech,2004,19(7):688-694.endprint