滕敏敏 韓傳峰 劉興華
摘要 中國(guó)大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施雖然總量上有了較大增長(zhǎng),但往往重?cái)?shù)量輕質(zhì)量,忽視與人口、經(jīng)濟(jì)及社會(huì)發(fā)展相適應(yīng),所帶來(lái)的資源短缺、環(huán)境污染和公共安全等問(wèn)題日益突出。大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)是規(guī)避社會(huì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),保證項(xiàng)目、工程、投資甚至相關(guān)政策順利實(shí)施的有效手段,規(guī)范實(shí)用的指標(biāo)體系是有效評(píng)價(jià)的基本前提。本文分析大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的內(nèi)涵及其社會(huì)影響,基于中國(guó)國(guó)情特征,確定包含61個(gè)主要指標(biāo)的大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)初始指標(biāo)集。結(jié)合調(diào)查問(wèn)卷分析,通過(guò)臨界比值檢驗(yàn)和同質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)將初始指標(biāo)集修正為46個(gè)指標(biāo),經(jīng)過(guò)7輪探索性因子分析,將指標(biāo)集精煉為包含27個(gè)指標(biāo)的指標(biāo)體系,包括個(gè)人與家庭、政治與社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)、項(xiàng)目的直接影響、公共資源、生態(tài)環(huán)境、社會(huì)適應(yīng)性,以及社區(qū)與基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施等7個(gè)類別。系數(shù)檢驗(yàn)顯示:總問(wèn)卷與各個(gè)因子均通過(guò)信度檢驗(yàn);結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型擬合指數(shù)滿足適配標(biāo)準(zhǔn),表明問(wèn)卷結(jié)果結(jié)構(gòu)效度良好,所建立的指標(biāo)體系是科學(xué)有效的。
關(guān)鍵詞 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施;社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià);指標(biāo)體系;探索性因子分析;結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型
中圖分類號(hào) C915;F205文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A文章編號(hào) 1002-2104(2014)09-0170-07
作為公有公用項(xiàng)目,大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資規(guī)模巨大、利益相關(guān)方眾多、與社區(qū)受眾聯(lián)系密切[1],既涉及經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和環(huán)境保護(hù),又涉及公共利益、社會(huì)秩序甚至國(guó)家安全,其規(guī)劃、建設(shè)、運(yùn)營(yíng)和維護(hù)全過(guò)程具有復(fù)雜性和長(zhǎng)期性,不僅要實(shí)現(xiàn)基本功能,更要發(fā)揮廣泛而深遠(yuǎn)的社會(huì)影響,增加社會(huì)綜合效益。社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)(Social Impact Assessment,SIA)是把社會(huì)分析和公眾參與融入到項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施中的一種方法和手段,通過(guò)系統(tǒng)調(diào)查分析影響項(xiàng)目并同時(shí)受項(xiàng)目影響的社會(huì)因素,提出減少或避免項(xiàng)目負(fù)面影響的建議和措施[2]。世界銀行比較了中國(guó)50多項(xiàng)重大投資項(xiàng)目在可行性論證階段預(yù)設(shè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)收益率和運(yùn)行5年后的實(shí)際經(jīng)濟(jì)收益率,發(fā)現(xiàn)做過(guò)社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)的項(xiàng)目中,基本接近或超過(guò)預(yù)設(shè)經(jīng)濟(jì)收益率的比例約為85%,而未做的要低得多[3]。作為一種更加理性、系統(tǒng)、預(yù)警性的制度安排,大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目的社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)有利于社會(huì)公平與穩(wěn)定,而科學(xué)實(shí)用的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系是客觀公正地進(jìn)行社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)的前提,因此,亟需分析把握中國(guó)國(guó)情,探索建立中國(guó)大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系。
1 大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施及其社會(huì)影響
大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施是對(duì)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展起重要支撐作用的生產(chǎn)性基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,形態(tài)與規(guī)模占據(jù)較大空間,影響范圍通常具有區(qū)域性意義,狹義上可分為能源動(dòng)力、水資源、交通運(yùn)輸、郵電通訊、生態(tài)環(huán)境和防災(zāi)減災(zāi)等6類[4]。大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中具有舉足輕重的基礎(chǔ)性地位,如三峽工程、南水北調(diào)工程及港口、機(jī)場(chǎng)、高速公路、鐵路等,影響區(qū)域組成要素及其結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系,改變著區(qū)域形態(tài)。
大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的產(chǎn)出以生產(chǎn)生活的基本功能為主,規(guī)劃、建設(shè)、運(yùn)營(yíng)和維護(hù)全過(guò)程耗費(fèi)的資源與投入的資金規(guī)模龐大,對(duì)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化、環(huán)境的影響多元而深遠(yuǎn),拉動(dòng)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的同時(shí),可能帶來(lái)難以估量的消極后果[5]。大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目會(huì)改變?nèi)藗兊纳罘绞?、社?huì)關(guān)系、組織方式,以及行為準(zhǔn)則、價(jià)值觀和信仰等,其社會(huì)影響包含居民就業(yè)、生活水平、收入狀況、弱勢(shì)群體感受、文教衛(wèi)生和歷史遺留問(wèn)題等多方面。
基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施與經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展通常存在正相關(guān)關(guān)系,但兩者并不總是協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展,可能有所偏離甚至相互制約[6]。中國(guó)大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目投入的人力、物資和信息流呈現(xiàn)規(guī)模超大型化特征,雖然總量上有了較大增長(zhǎng),但往往忽視與人口、經(jīng)濟(jì)及社會(huì)發(fā)展相適應(yīng),所帶來(lái)的工程移民、社會(huì)公平和項(xiàng)目可持續(xù)性等問(wèn)題日益突出。①中國(guó)工程建設(shè)的非志愿移民總數(shù)已超過(guò)4 000萬(wàn)人,由于不適應(yīng)新的生活環(huán)境,心理感受、價(jià)值觀念和生活軌跡徹底改變,原有社會(huì)關(guān)系被破壞,深刻影響社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)的變遷與重構(gòu),導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)期的貧困人口,損害政府公信度;②大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目應(yīng)提供公平的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì),減少地區(qū)發(fā)展的不平衡,同時(shí)充分考慮相關(guān)方的利益訴求,降低人與人間的不平等。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜性不斷增強(qiáng),價(jià)值取向趨于多元,大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目的社會(huì)影響波及范圍愈加廣泛,利益攸關(guān)方日益眾多。對(duì)項(xiàng)目文化可接受性及受影響民眾需求一致性的輕視,引發(fā)利益階層間的矛盾,加劇了社會(huì)階層分化與社會(huì)不平等;
③大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目與當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化、環(huán)境相適應(yīng),才能降低可能的社會(huì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。僅注重單一功能的滿足和短期的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,忽視社會(huì)影響的空間發(fā)散性和時(shí)間持續(xù)性,極大地影響著項(xiàng)目效果的可持續(xù)發(fā)揮。
作為公共投資項(xiàng)目,大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目重新調(diào)整和分配區(qū)域自然、生態(tài)、歷史、文化等公共資源,顯性或隱性的社會(huì)影響具有廣泛性、深刻性和持續(xù)性特征。大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施規(guī)劃建設(shè)不僅要考慮功能安全,更要注重經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)增長(zhǎng)、生態(tài)環(huán)境保持、社會(huì)福利增加,以及人文精神傳承等多方面。以社會(huì)公平和公眾參與為前提,考慮直接或間接影響項(xiàng)目區(qū)域公眾生活的社會(huì)和文化因素,以及項(xiàng)目可能的社會(huì)反應(yīng),厘清不同利益相關(guān)者的成本及收益,綜合度量項(xiàng)目的社會(huì)影響,預(yù)見(jiàn)并避免或及時(shí)修正負(fù)面影響,才能提高決策的透明度與科學(xué)性。
2 社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)概述
社會(huì)影響是公共或私人行為改變?nèi)藗兩?、工作和休閑方式帶來(lái)的后果,以及引導(dǎo)和規(guī)范社會(huì)認(rèn)知的習(xí)俗、價(jià)值觀和信念等的改變,包含就業(yè)、收入、生活方式、文化、社區(qū)參與、政策體系、環(huán)境、健康與財(cái)富等多方面,分為正面影響和負(fù)面影響[7]。對(duì)社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)的定義尚未達(dá)成共識(shí),但公認(rèn)的是,社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)關(guān)注人類發(fā)展問(wèn)題及其解決方案,為整合地方的知識(shí)、文化和價(jià)值觀提供新機(jī)制;保證解決可能造成的社會(huì)影響,或通過(guò)補(bǔ)償居民和社會(huì)損失,增加福利,避免沖突;有助于決策者選擇實(shí)施規(guī)劃或項(xiàng)目的程序,實(shí)現(xiàn)地方、區(qū)域和國(guó)家利益最大化[8]。
社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)始于20世紀(jì)60年代,目前已經(jīng)形成了比較完整的評(píng)價(jià)體系和框架[9],國(guó)際影響評(píng)價(jià)協(xié)會(huì)、世界銀行、亞洲開(kāi)發(fā)銀行、國(guó)際糧農(nóng)組織等國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)都已出版相應(yīng)的社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)指南[10]。美國(guó)多部門(mén)聯(lián)合制定了《社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)的原則與指南》,為工程項(xiàng)目、規(guī)劃和政策提供指導(dǎo)[7]。社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)的研究和實(shí)踐在中國(guó)已有20多年的歷史,90年代初,原國(guó)家計(jì)委投資研究所成立社會(huì)評(píng)價(jià)課題組,出版了投資項(xiàng)目社會(huì)評(píng)價(jià)的指南和方法。水利、民航及鐵路建設(shè)在各自的項(xiàng)目評(píng)價(jià)中增加了社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)的內(nèi)容,森林、煤礦、電力、公路及城市基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)等方面也有相關(guān)的研究,提出了對(duì)應(yīng)的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)和方法。近年來(lái),一些投資項(xiàng)目評(píng)價(jià)指南中也增加了社會(huì)評(píng)價(jià)的部分,如在亞洲開(kāi)發(fā)銀行技術(shù)援助項(xiàng)目支持下出版的《中國(guó)投資項(xiàng)目社會(huì)評(píng)價(jià)指南》[11]。雖然一些大型項(xiàng)目也在邀請(qǐng)專家進(jìn)行社會(huì)影響的咨詢和分析,但社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)的應(yīng)用范圍和效果比較有限。
社會(huì)影響的范圍難以明確界定,在不同類型的規(guī)劃和項(xiàng)目中存在較大差異,因此,評(píng)價(jià)的指標(biāo)存在多種提法。Vanclay[12]對(duì)社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了細(xì)致的描述,列出的條目有17項(xiàng)之多。Taylor等[13]認(rèn)為社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)的基本框架包括人口變化、生活方式、態(tài)度、信仰和價(jià)值、社會(huì)組織等。Burdge[14]提出人口影響、社區(qū)與制度安排、地方居民與移民之間的沖突、對(duì)家庭生活水平的影響和社區(qū)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的需求等5類指標(biāo)。社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)指導(dǎo)原則跨組織委員會(huì)[15]詳細(xì)列出了包括人口特征、社區(qū)與制度結(jié)構(gòu)、政治和社會(huì)資本、個(gè)體和家庭變遷、社區(qū)資源在內(nèi)的5大類32項(xiàng)社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)的指標(biāo)體系。王朝剛等[3]提出社會(huì)評(píng)價(jià)的3個(gè)重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容是對(duì)項(xiàng)目利益相關(guān)者的評(píng)價(jià)、對(duì)項(xiàng)目地區(qū)人口生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)社會(huì)組織的評(píng)價(jià)、對(duì)項(xiàng)目文化可接受性及其預(yù)期收益者需求的一致性評(píng)價(jià)。施國(guó)慶等[16]將其概括為項(xiàng)目區(qū)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)查及初步社會(huì)文化分析、項(xiàng)目利益相關(guān)者分析、脆弱群體分析、項(xiàng)目機(jī)構(gòu)與管理分析、持續(xù)性評(píng)價(jià)和公眾參與分析等6個(gè)方面。國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系的研究多關(guān)注具體項(xiàng)目,李強(qiáng)等[10]提出了比較全面的社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)框架,包括人口和遷移、勞動(dòng)與就業(yè)、生活設(shè)施與社會(huì)服務(wù)、文化遺產(chǎn)和居民心理與社會(huì)適應(yīng)性等。
社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)一般采取定性與定量分析相結(jié)合、多目標(biāo)綜合評(píng)價(jià)的方法。從收集社會(huì)基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)和對(duì)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)具體操作的角度,評(píng)價(jià)方法大致可分為科學(xué)主義方法和參與方法兩大類。無(wú)論哪種方法,都包括了指標(biāo)的評(píng)價(jià)方法和各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的綜合,采用定性和定量?jī)蓷l途徑分別評(píng)價(jià)項(xiàng)目的社會(huì)影響,然后集成評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果,得出最終結(jié)果。
大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)有效的關(guān)鍵在于評(píng)價(jià)體系與項(xiàng)目需求的動(dòng)態(tài)一致性。作為一種“誘導(dǎo)性發(fā)展方式”[10],社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)可提供社會(huì)組織和文化方面的信息,其目標(biāo)、評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和應(yīng)用由發(fā)展觀決定,同時(shí),社會(huì)影響要與人們主觀的價(jià)值判斷相結(jié)合,在一定的制度及組織環(huán)境中調(diào)整。社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)是過(guò)程性評(píng)價(jià),關(guān)注項(xiàng)目的過(guò)程性結(jié)果而非單純的量化指標(biāo),核心在于促進(jìn)政府、社會(huì)、受眾對(duì)項(xiàng)目可能的社會(huì)影響的全面認(rèn)知,并提出改進(jìn)或規(guī)避措施。不同的大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施在功能、建設(shè)過(guò)程、運(yùn)營(yíng)模式等方面存在時(shí)空差異,對(duì)人群與社區(qū)的關(guān)注點(diǎn)不盡相同,同時(shí),評(píng)價(jià)方法受到科學(xué)的實(shí)證主義方法和社會(huì)理論視角的雙重影響?,F(xiàn)有的社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系多借鑒歐美國(guó)家和國(guó)際組織的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),還存在如何適應(yīng)中國(guó)國(guó)情和具體實(shí)施的問(wèn)題。
一方面,大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)的范圍差異很大,評(píng)價(jià)的內(nèi)容界定不清,有的將社會(huì)影響等同于對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的貢獻(xiàn)量,有的將國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)價(jià)及環(huán)境評(píng)價(jià)的內(nèi)容也置于社會(huì)評(píng)價(jià)研究范圍內(nèi),有的甚至將社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)混淆為國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)價(jià)。社會(huì)是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的巨系統(tǒng),很難界定評(píng)價(jià)區(qū)域社會(huì)方面的變化哪些是由社會(huì)發(fā)展直接導(dǎo)致的,大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目的社會(huì)影響尚無(wú)系統(tǒng)的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),且社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系本身需隨經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境的變化而不斷發(fā)展完善。另一方面,社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)需建立在科學(xué)的實(shí)證主義方法基礎(chǔ)上,因此要注重實(shí)證調(diào)查,且要通過(guò)公眾參與和公眾評(píng)價(jià),將社會(huì)成本和社會(huì)效益包括進(jìn)來(lái),即社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)是參與者和觀察者共同推動(dòng)的過(guò)程[17]。評(píng)價(jià)實(shí)施過(guò)程中,指標(biāo)獲取存在一定的片面性和不確定性。在評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系框架下進(jìn)行社會(huì)分析,是社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)的最終目的,可以評(píng)價(jià)項(xiàng)目或行動(dòng)是否滿足社會(huì)目標(biāo),監(jiān)測(cè)項(xiàng)目的可持續(xù)性,并提出相應(yīng)的政策措施。
3 社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)初始指標(biāo)集及修正
3.1 初始指標(biāo)集
社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)的初始指標(biāo)集,需基于中國(guó)大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目社會(huì)影響的特點(diǎn),綜合考慮受影響民眾、投資者、開(kāi)發(fā)者、管理者等利益相關(guān)者的訴求,選取作用時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、影響范圍廣的代表性指標(biāo),從不同角度、不同側(cè)面反映項(xiàng)目的社會(huì)影響。指標(biāo)選取遵循以下原則:①系統(tǒng)性。大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目的社會(huì)影響包括多個(gè)方面,評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)間存在復(fù)雜的相互聯(lián)系,初始指標(biāo)集需系統(tǒng)完備,從多個(gè)層面與維度、宏觀與微觀相結(jié)合,全面反映項(xiàng)目可能帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)變化;②主導(dǎo)性。突出中國(guó)國(guó)情中可能發(fā)生的社會(huì)問(wèn)題,關(guān)注政策等外在干預(yù)的負(fù)面影響,減少貧困、增加福利等社會(huì)目標(biāo),以及項(xiàng)目與地方經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化、環(huán)境等的適應(yīng)性;③參與性。中國(guó)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展不平衡,不同項(xiàng)目的社會(huì)目標(biāo)各異,評(píng)價(jià)的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同,因此,指標(biāo)體系的確定需充分發(fā)揮各方協(xié)同與公眾參與的作用,以保證指標(biāo)集的適用性和靈活性;④可操作性。指標(biāo)體系的作用是進(jìn)行社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià),并提出保證社會(huì)目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)的措施,故指標(biāo)應(yīng)盡可能易觀測(cè)、可獲取,具有較好的時(shí)空連續(xù)性。
基于以上原則,以國(guó)際影響評(píng)價(jià)協(xié)會(huì)、世界銀行、亞洲開(kāi)發(fā)銀行和國(guó)際糧農(nóng)組織等國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)確定的社會(huì)(環(huán)境)影響評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系為基礎(chǔ),結(jié)合國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)論文[18-22],確定中國(guó)大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)初始指標(biāo)集,包含61個(gè)主要指標(biāo),限于篇幅,此處省略具體指標(biāo)。
3.2 調(diào)查問(wèn)卷及數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源
采取調(diào)查問(wèn)卷分析的實(shí)證方法進(jìn)一步修正、篩選和凝練社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。將61個(gè)指標(biāo)制作成調(diào)查問(wèn)卷,采用Likert五點(diǎn)計(jì)分法對(duì)指標(biāo)的重要程度打分,非常不同意、不同意、一般、同意、非常同意分別計(jì)1、2、3、4、5分。
為保證結(jié)果的公平性、代表性和真實(shí)性,調(diào)查問(wèn)卷發(fā)放采取網(wǎng)絡(luò)問(wèn)卷、電子郵件與紙質(zhì)問(wèn)卷相結(jié)合的形式。網(wǎng)絡(luò)問(wèn)卷選取專業(yè)的在線問(wèn)卷調(diào)查平臺(tái)“問(wèn)卷星”,填寫(xiě)對(duì)象為來(lái)自專業(yè)學(xué)術(shù)科研論壇“小木蟲(chóng)”的相關(guān)領(lǐng)域博士和青年教師;電子郵件針對(duì)在社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)、環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)、戰(zhàn)略環(huán)境評(píng)價(jià)等領(lǐng)域發(fā)表過(guò)學(xué)術(shù)論文的研究人員;紙質(zhì)問(wèn)卷以對(duì)大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)管理和社會(huì)(環(huán)境)影響評(píng)價(jià)有深入了解,學(xué)術(shù)水平較高和實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的專家為發(fā)放對(duì)象,包括大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目工程師、政府相關(guān)部門(mén)決策者及決策咨詢專家等。問(wèn)卷發(fā)放的地理范圍覆蓋中國(guó)大陸的22個(gè)省、4個(gè)直轄市和5個(gè)少數(shù)民族自治區(qū),時(shí)間跨度從2013年2月14日到2013年5月14日,共發(fā)放621份,回收457份,剔除填寫(xiě)不完整或同一選項(xiàng)過(guò)多的無(wú)效問(wèn)卷,共得到有效問(wèn)卷429份,回收率為69.08%,符合問(wèn)卷調(diào)查的樣本容量要求。將有效問(wèn)卷隨機(jī)分成數(shù)量基本相等的A組和B組,A組數(shù)據(jù)用來(lái)進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目分析與探索性因子分析,B組數(shù)據(jù)用來(lái)進(jìn)行效度檢驗(yàn),61個(gè)指標(biāo)分別用I1,I2,…,I61表示。
3.3 項(xiàng)目分析
項(xiàng)目分析的主要目的是測(cè)驗(yàn)各個(gè)指標(biāo)的適切性或可靠程度,以此來(lái)修正指標(biāo)集,最常用的判別方法是臨界比值檢驗(yàn)(Critical Ration)和同質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),前者檢驗(yàn)問(wèn)卷的題項(xiàng)能否鑒別不同被調(diào)查者的反映程度,后者檢驗(yàn)問(wèn)卷的題項(xiàng)與問(wèn)卷整體的同質(zhì)性。
臨界比值檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,指標(biāo)I26的顯著性水平為0.060>0.05,未達(dá)到顯著水平,予以刪除。此外,指標(biāo)I9的t值雖達(dá)顯著,但其檢驗(yàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)量過(guò)低(2.112<3.000),表明該指標(biāo)的鑒別度較差,亦予以刪除。同質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,指標(biāo)I1、I2、I3、I4、I5、I6、I7、I9、I12、I15、I17、I19、I24、I26、I39雖已顯著(<0.05),但Pearson相關(guān)系數(shù)均小于0.400[23],與問(wèn)卷總分低度相關(guān),予以刪除。綜合考慮臨界比值檢驗(yàn)和同質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)的結(jié)果,指標(biāo)I1、I2、I3、I4、I5、I6、I7、I9、I12、I15、I17、I19、I24、I26、I39予以刪除,修正后的指標(biāo)集包含46個(gè)指標(biāo)。
4 社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)初始指標(biāo)集精煉
應(yīng)用取樣適當(dāng)性量數(shù)(KMO)值和Bartlett球形檢驗(yàn),判斷各指標(biāo)是否適合進(jìn)行因子分析[24]。KMO取值介于0至1之間,小于0.500,表示不適合進(jìn)行因子分析;介于0.500至0.800之間,表示進(jìn)行因子分析的適切性適中;大于0.800,表示很適合進(jìn)行因子分析。KMO與Bartlett檢驗(yàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果如表1所示。剩余46個(gè)指標(biāo)的KMO值為0.872>0.800,Bartlett球形檢驗(yàn)的近似卡方分布值為4 600.815,自由度為1 035,顯著性概率值0.000<0.05,達(dá)到顯著水平,拒絕凈相關(guān)矩陣不是單位矩陣的假設(shè),表明指標(biāo)間有公共因子存在,適合進(jìn)行探索性因子分析(Exploratory Factor Analysis,EFA)。
指數(shù)(CFI)、增值適配指數(shù)(IFI)、非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適配指數(shù)(TLI)、簡(jiǎn)約標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適配指數(shù)(PNFI)、簡(jiǎn)約比較適配指數(shù)(PCFI)和最小信息準(zhǔn)則(IIC)等,適配標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或臨界值見(jiàn)表4。運(yùn)用AMOS 21軟件,以探索性因子分析所得到的7個(gè)公共因子為潛在變量,27個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)為顯性變量。理論模型與實(shí)際數(shù)據(jù)的適配結(jié)果如表4所示,適配度指標(biāo)值全部滿足適配標(biāo)準(zhǔn),說(shuō)明理論模型的適配度尚佳,模型無(wú)需修正??梢?jiàn),經(jīng)過(guò)探索性因子分析所建立的指標(biāo)體系的適配度指標(biāo)值全部滿足適配標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或臨界值,問(wèn)卷具有較好的結(jié)構(gòu)效度,EFA所得的指標(biāo)體系與問(wèn)卷結(jié)果較為一致。從而,得到中國(guó)大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系,見(jiàn)表5。
6 結(jié) 語(yǔ)
本文基于中國(guó)國(guó)情,提出大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)集,應(yīng)用調(diào)查問(wèn)卷分析的實(shí)證方法,精煉得到最終的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系,涵蓋政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化和生態(tài)等
方面,為中國(guó)大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)提供有效的理論支撐。中國(guó)處于經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長(zhǎng)和社會(huì)深度轉(zhuǎn)型期,過(guò)去三十年重大工程項(xiàng)目所帶來(lái)的社會(huì)變化超過(guò)了此前一百年的總和。許多大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目在規(guī)劃、實(shí)施、運(yùn)營(yíng)過(guò)程中遇到了征地、拆遷、移民、補(bǔ)償?shù)戎T多社會(huì)問(wèn)題,同時(shí)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐馁Y源、生態(tài)、文化等產(chǎn)生了巨大影響,帶來(lái)了環(huán)境破壞、資源流失、貧困、社會(huì)不平等等重大問(wèn)題。社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)可依據(jù)社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)可能存在的問(wèn)題,為監(jiān)測(cè)及策略性調(diào)整提供有效的思路和方法。
(編輯:常 勇)
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[27]Cui C C, Adams E I. National Identity and NATID: An Assessment in Yemen [J]. International Marketing Review, 2001, 19(6): 637-662.
Abstract Chinas largescale infrastructures have greatly increased in the amount, however, more emphasis lies in quantity rather than quality, and the adaptability between the infrastructures and the demographic, economic and social development is usually neglected. As a result, the problems such as resource shortage, environmental pollution and public safety, are becoming more and more prominent. Social impact assessment for largescale infrastructure projects could avoid social risk effectively, and is an essential measure to implement the engineering, investment and even the policy relevant with the projects. The basic premise for effective evaluation is the standardized and practical indicator system. The paper analyzed the fundamental connotation and the social impact of largescale infrastructures, and proposed the initial index set for social impact assessment, including 61 indices. Based on questionnaire analysis, the initial index set was modified to 46 indices through critical ratio test and homogeneity test. Then, we run seven exploratory factor analysis, and refined the index set to 27 indices, covering individuals and families, political and social structures, the projects direct impact, public resources, ecological environment, social adaptation, as well as community and infrastructure. The coefficient test showed that overall questionnaire and each factor both passed the reliability test; structural equation model fitting indices can meet the standard adapter. The results indicate the good construct validity of the questionnaire results, and the effectiveness of the proposed index system.
Key words infrastructure; social impact assessment; index system; exploratory factor analysis; structural equation modeling
[19]徐鶴, 白宇, 朱坦,等. 城市總體規(guī)劃的戰(zhàn)略環(huán)境評(píng)價(jià)研究:以河北省豐南市黃各莊鎮(zhèn)為例 [J]. 中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境, 2003, 13(2): 96-100. [Xu He, Bai Yu, Zhu Tan, et al. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of General Planning and Case Analysis:SEA of Huang Ge Zhuang General Planning [J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2003, 13(2): 96-100.]
[20]陸菊春, 韓國(guó)文, 鄭君君. 城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目社會(huì)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系的構(gòu)建[J]. 科技進(jìn)步與對(duì)策, 2002,(2): 103-104. [Lu Juchun, Han Guowen, Zheng Junjun. Index System of Social Impact Assessment for Urban Infrastructure Projects[J]. Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 2002,(2): 103-104.]
[21]賈廣社, 楊芳軍, 游銳,等. 基于GABP的大型建設(shè)工程社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系研究[J]. 科技進(jìn)步與對(duì)策, 2010, 27(19): 148-152. [Jia Guangshe, Yang Fangjun, You Rui, et al. Research on the Assessment Indicator System of Social Impact of Largescale Construction Project Based on GABP Method [J]. Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 2010, 27(19): 148-152.]
[22]楊慶媛, 張占錄, 楊華均. 土地開(kāi)發(fā)整理項(xiàng)目社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)方法探討[J]. 中國(guó)土地科學(xué), 2006, 20(3): 44-49. [Yang Qingyuan, Zhang Zhanlu, Yang Huajun. Study on SIA Methods of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Project [J]. China Land Science, 2006, 20(3): 44-49.]
[23]Churchill G A. A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Construct [J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 1979,(16): 64-73.
[24]Spicer J. Making Sense of Multivariate Data Analysis [M]. London: Sage, 2005.
[25]Nunnally J. Psychometric Theory [M]. New York: McGrawHill, 1978.
[26]吳明隆. SPSS統(tǒng)計(jì)應(yīng)用實(shí)務(wù):?jiǎn)柧矸治雠c應(yīng)用統(tǒng)計(jì)[M]. 北京:科學(xué)出版社, 2003.[Wu Minglong. SPSS Statistical Application Practices:Questionnaire Analysis and Applied Statistics [M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2003.]
[27]Cui C C, Adams E I. National Identity and NATID: An Assessment in Yemen [J]. International Marketing Review, 2001, 19(6): 637-662.
Abstract Chinas largescale infrastructures have greatly increased in the amount, however, more emphasis lies in quantity rather than quality, and the adaptability between the infrastructures and the demographic, economic and social development is usually neglected. As a result, the problems such as resource shortage, environmental pollution and public safety, are becoming more and more prominent. Social impact assessment for largescale infrastructure projects could avoid social risk effectively, and is an essential measure to implement the engineering, investment and even the policy relevant with the projects. The basic premise for effective evaluation is the standardized and practical indicator system. The paper analyzed the fundamental connotation and the social impact of largescale infrastructures, and proposed the initial index set for social impact assessment, including 61 indices. Based on questionnaire analysis, the initial index set was modified to 46 indices through critical ratio test and homogeneity test. Then, we run seven exploratory factor analysis, and refined the index set to 27 indices, covering individuals and families, political and social structures, the projects direct impact, public resources, ecological environment, social adaptation, as well as community and infrastructure. The coefficient test showed that overall questionnaire and each factor both passed the reliability test; structural equation model fitting indices can meet the standard adapter. The results indicate the good construct validity of the questionnaire results, and the effectiveness of the proposed index system.
Key words infrastructure; social impact assessment; index system; exploratory factor analysis; structural equation modeling
[19]徐鶴, 白宇, 朱坦,等. 城市總體規(guī)劃的戰(zhàn)略環(huán)境評(píng)價(jià)研究:以河北省豐南市黃各莊鎮(zhèn)為例 [J]. 中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境, 2003, 13(2): 96-100. [Xu He, Bai Yu, Zhu Tan, et al. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of General Planning and Case Analysis:SEA of Huang Ge Zhuang General Planning [J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2003, 13(2): 96-100.]
[20]陸菊春, 韓國(guó)文, 鄭君君. 城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目社會(huì)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系的構(gòu)建[J]. 科技進(jìn)步與對(duì)策, 2002,(2): 103-104. [Lu Juchun, Han Guowen, Zheng Junjun. Index System of Social Impact Assessment for Urban Infrastructure Projects[J]. Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 2002,(2): 103-104.]
[21]賈廣社, 楊芳軍, 游銳,等. 基于GABP的大型建設(shè)工程社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系研究[J]. 科技進(jìn)步與對(duì)策, 2010, 27(19): 148-152. [Jia Guangshe, Yang Fangjun, You Rui, et al. Research on the Assessment Indicator System of Social Impact of Largescale Construction Project Based on GABP Method [J]. Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 2010, 27(19): 148-152.]
[22]楊慶媛, 張占錄, 楊華均. 土地開(kāi)發(fā)整理項(xiàng)目社會(huì)影響評(píng)價(jià)方法探討[J]. 中國(guó)土地科學(xué), 2006, 20(3): 44-49. [Yang Qingyuan, Zhang Zhanlu, Yang Huajun. Study on SIA Methods of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Project [J]. China Land Science, 2006, 20(3): 44-49.]
[23]Churchill G A. A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Construct [J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 1979,(16): 64-73.
[24]Spicer J. Making Sense of Multivariate Data Analysis [M]. London: Sage, 2005.
[25]Nunnally J. Psychometric Theory [M]. New York: McGrawHill, 1978.
[26]吳明隆. SPSS統(tǒng)計(jì)應(yīng)用實(shí)務(wù):?jiǎn)柧矸治雠c應(yīng)用統(tǒng)計(jì)[M]. 北京:科學(xué)出版社, 2003.[Wu Minglong. SPSS Statistical Application Practices:Questionnaire Analysis and Applied Statistics [M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2003.]
[27]Cui C C, Adams E I. National Identity and NATID: An Assessment in Yemen [J]. International Marketing Review, 2001, 19(6): 637-662.
Abstract Chinas largescale infrastructures have greatly increased in the amount, however, more emphasis lies in quantity rather than quality, and the adaptability between the infrastructures and the demographic, economic and social development is usually neglected. As a result, the problems such as resource shortage, environmental pollution and public safety, are becoming more and more prominent. Social impact assessment for largescale infrastructure projects could avoid social risk effectively, and is an essential measure to implement the engineering, investment and even the policy relevant with the projects. The basic premise for effective evaluation is the standardized and practical indicator system. The paper analyzed the fundamental connotation and the social impact of largescale infrastructures, and proposed the initial index set for social impact assessment, including 61 indices. Based on questionnaire analysis, the initial index set was modified to 46 indices through critical ratio test and homogeneity test. Then, we run seven exploratory factor analysis, and refined the index set to 27 indices, covering individuals and families, political and social structures, the projects direct impact, public resources, ecological environment, social adaptation, as well as community and infrastructure. The coefficient test showed that overall questionnaire and each factor both passed the reliability test; structural equation model fitting indices can meet the standard adapter. The results indicate the good construct validity of the questionnaire results, and the effectiveness of the proposed index system.
Key words infrastructure; social impact assessment; index system; exploratory factor analysis; structural equation modeling