摘要 我國區(qū)域間存在廣泛而密切的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系。任何一個(gè)區(qū)域的能源消耗既滿足了本地區(qū)的生產(chǎn)和生活需要,同時(shí)又支撐了其他地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)??茖W(xué)、公平地核算區(qū)域能耗責(zé)任不僅有助于識(shí)別各區(qū)域?qū)θ珖芎牡呢暙I(xiàn),也有利于制定有效的跨區(qū)域能源政策。由于各類經(jīng)濟(jì)主體使用能源的動(dòng)機(jī)是為了獲得各種經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,因此利益原則被普遍認(rèn)為是能耗責(zé)任核算的基本原則。不過,利益原則的具體含義并不是單一的。根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的類型,利益原則可區(qū)分為生產(chǎn)原則、收入原則、消費(fèi)原則等三種基本原則及由它們衍生出來的收入加權(quán)原則、消費(fèi)加權(quán)原則、綜合利益原則及加權(quán)綜合利益原則等四種共擔(dān)責(zé)任原則。鑒于多區(qū)域投入產(chǎn)出(MRIO)模型是刻畫各區(qū)域之間深刻的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)聯(lián)和各種經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的有力工具,本文基于MRIO模型建立了各種利益原則下的區(qū)域能耗責(zé)任核算框架,并將之用于分析中國的省際能源效率和能耗責(zé)任。結(jié)果表明:不同省份同一產(chǎn)業(yè)的能源效率差異顯著。各省在不同原則下的能源效率和能耗責(zé)任也都具有顯著差異。不過,不管采用哪種原則,傳統(tǒng)能源密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)比重較大的省份(如寧夏、貴州、青海、山西和內(nèi)蒙古)總是具有較低的能源效率,而一些沿海省份(如浙江、北京、廣東、上海、江蘇等)的能源效率總是較高。同時(shí),經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模較大的省份(如廣東、江蘇、山東)總是具有較大的能耗責(zé)任,而經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模較小的省份(如海南、寧夏、青海)總是具有較小的能耗責(zé)任。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)具有豐富的政策含義:①寧夏、貴州、青海、山西、內(nèi)蒙古、新疆、甘肅和云南等能源密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)比重較大的省份,以及河北、湖北、湖南、廣西等生產(chǎn)責(zé)任大于其他責(zé)任的省份,其節(jié)能的重點(diǎn)在于優(yōu)化生產(chǎn)方式。②北京、天津、吉林、上海、江蘇、浙江、安徽、福建、江西、廣東、重慶、四川等消費(fèi)責(zé)任或消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任相對于其他責(zé)任較大的省份,其節(jié)能政策重點(diǎn)在于優(yōu)化消費(fèi)模式并盡可能從能源效率更高的地區(qū)調(diào)入同類產(chǎn)品。③黑龍江、海南、山東、陜西、遼寧、河南等收入責(zé)任或收入加權(quán)責(zé)任相對其他責(zé)任較大的地區(qū),應(yīng)在積極優(yōu)化生產(chǎn)方式的同時(shí)更多的向能源效率更高的地區(qū)調(diào)出產(chǎn)品。當(dāng)然,無論那個(gè)區(qū)域的節(jié)能戰(zhàn)略都應(yīng)包含生產(chǎn)、流通、消費(fèi)等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域的措施,只不過它們的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同而已。同時(shí),我國還需要努力打破地方貿(mào)易壁壘,形成統(tǒng)一的國內(nèi)市場,使各地區(qū)能通過公平競爭充分發(fā)揮自己的比較優(yōu)勢,促進(jìn)跨區(qū)域的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化。
關(guān)鍵詞 區(qū)域能耗責(zé)任;區(qū)域能源效率;利益原則;多區(qū)域投入產(chǎn)出模型
中圖分類號(hào) F206 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 1002-2104(2014)09-0075-09
區(qū)域能耗責(zé)任核算是公平、合理地制定各種跨區(qū)域能源政策(如節(jié)能政策)的重要基礎(chǔ),也是協(xié)調(diào)區(qū)域發(fā)展并改善全國能源效率的重要手段。所謂能耗責(zé)任是指相互之間具有緊密聯(lián)系的各經(jīng)濟(jì)主體應(yīng)為其所構(gòu)成的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)的能耗承擔(dān)的相應(yīng)責(zé)任。我國各個(gè)地區(qū)就是相互具有廣泛而緊密經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)聯(lián)性的經(jīng)濟(jì)主體。區(qū)域間的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)聯(lián)性不僅對各區(qū)域的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響,同時(shí)也會(huì)對各區(qū)域的資源消耗、污染排放產(chǎn)生巨大影響。顯然,區(qū)域能耗責(zé)任核算應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮這種由區(qū)域間經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)聯(lián)性所帶來的跨區(qū)域能耗影響。
同時(shí),區(qū)域間能耗責(zé)任核算還需要采用公平、合理的分配原則。許多學(xué)者和政策制定者認(rèn)為,恰當(dāng)?shù)馁Y源消耗或污染排放責(zé)任分配原則應(yīng)是各經(jīng)濟(jì)主體根據(jù)其所獲得的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益及相關(guān)的資源、環(huán)境影響承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的責(zé)任,我們不妨稱之為“利益原則”。從現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)來看,基本的利益原則有三種:生產(chǎn)責(zé)任原則、收入責(zé)任原則和消費(fèi)責(zé)任原則。生產(chǎn)責(zé)任原則又稱領(lǐng)土原則[1],是指經(jīng)濟(jì)主體應(yīng)根據(jù)其生產(chǎn)過程中直接消耗的資源或排放的污染承擔(dān)責(zé)任。收入責(zé)任原則強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)濟(jì)主體要根據(jù)其在生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)中獲得的收益及由此“激活”的下游資源、環(huán)境影響承擔(dān)責(zé)任[2- 3]。消費(fèi)責(zé)任原則意味著經(jīng)濟(jì)主體應(yīng)根據(jù)其消費(fèi)(或提供的最終消費(fèi)品)及由此產(chǎn)生的上游資源、環(huán)境影響承擔(dān)責(zé)任[4]。我們不妨將上述利益原則對應(yīng)的資源消耗或污染排放責(zé)任分別稱為生產(chǎn)責(zé)任、收入責(zé)任和消費(fèi)責(zé)任。
除了基本的利益原則外,近年來還有一類利益原則引起了人們的廣泛關(guān)注,那就是共擔(dān)責(zé)任(shared responsibility)原則。這類原則可以看成上述三種基本原則的組合和拓展。目前已經(jīng)被正式提出的共擔(dān)責(zé)任原則有四種:收入加權(quán)責(zé)任原則、消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任原則、綜合利益責(zé)任原則及加權(quán)綜合利益責(zé)任原則[5]。類似地,我們不妨將這四種原則對應(yīng)的環(huán)境責(zé)任分別稱為收入加權(quán)責(zé)任、消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任、綜合責(zé)任和加權(quán)綜合責(zé)任。收入加權(quán)原則要求經(jīng)濟(jì)主體(收入獲得者)及其產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的購買者共同承擔(dān)其下游資源、環(huán)境責(zé)任;消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任原則主張經(jīng)濟(jì)主體(消費(fèi)者或最終消費(fèi)品提供者)及其上游供貨方共同承擔(dān)其上游資源、環(huán)境責(zé)任[6-8]。將經(jīng)濟(jì)主體收入責(zé)任和消費(fèi)責(zé)任的平均值作為其環(huán)境責(zé)任,這就是綜合利益原則[9]。類似地,如果經(jīng)濟(jì)主體承擔(dān)的環(huán)境責(zé)任是其收入加權(quán)責(zé)任和消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任的平均值,則我們稱此分配原則為加權(quán)綜合利益原則。
有不少學(xué)者[3-4,7]主張將收入責(zé)任原則和消費(fèi)責(zé)任原則引入資源消耗或污染排放責(zé)任核算框架,以彌補(bǔ)基于生產(chǎn)責(zé)任原則的傳統(tǒng)核算體系的不足。特別是消費(fèi)責(zé)任原則已被廣泛應(yīng)用于分析貿(mào)易引起的區(qū)域間隱含能或隱含碳轉(zhuǎn)移問題[10]。在一些學(xué)者[6-7,9,11-12]的努力下,共擔(dān)責(zé)任原則也被成功的引入資源消耗或污染排放責(zé)任核算框架。張友國[13]還從產(chǎn)業(yè)層面對各種責(zé)任分配原則及核算框架進(jìn)行了比較。不過,目前還沒有文獻(xiàn)將共擔(dān)責(zé)任原則引入?yún)^(qū)域間資源消耗或污染排放責(zé)任核算框架。
1 區(qū)域能耗責(zé)任核算框架
區(qū)域能耗責(zé)任核算框架的核心就是要準(zhǔn)確刻畫跨區(qū)域的能耗影響,這可以通過兩種方法來實(shí)現(xiàn):一是基于單區(qū)域投入產(chǎn)出模型的雙邊貿(mào)易含污量(emissions embodied in bilateral trade,EEBT)方法,另一種是多區(qū)域投入產(chǎn)出模型。由于只有多區(qū)域投入產(chǎn)出模型能夠刻畫區(qū)域間的資源和環(huán)境溢出反饋效應(yīng)(spillover and feedback effects),因此我們將基于這種模型來討論跨區(qū)域的能耗責(zé)任核算問題。
為了訴述的方便,我們不妨假定一個(gè)封閉的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系可劃分為k個(gè)區(qū)域,每個(gè)區(qū)域的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)都是由n個(gè)行業(yè)構(gòu)成的。從供給的角度即橫向看,一個(gè)地區(qū)的總產(chǎn)出可分為中間使用和最終使用兩大部分:其中,中間使用可分為本地區(qū)使用和國內(nèi)其他地區(qū)使用兩部分;最終使用可分為兩大部分,即本地區(qū)使用和其他地區(qū)使用。從消費(fèi)的角度即縱向來看,一個(gè)地區(qū)的總投入包括三個(gè)部分:來自本地區(qū)的中間投入、來自其他地區(qū)的中間投入以及增加值(初始投入)。同時(shí)我們把資源消費(fèi)或污染排放作為一種外生的投入。各地區(qū)的最終消費(fèi)則包括兩部分:本地區(qū)和國內(nèi)其他地區(qū)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品。
1.3 區(qū)域環(huán)境責(zé)任核算框架的拓展
以上給出了基本的基于利益原則的區(qū)域環(huán)境責(zé)任核算框架,其基本理論框架是MRIO模型,其應(yīng)用也須采用MRIO表。然而在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,由于投入產(chǎn)出表的編制需要耗費(fèi)大量的人力、物力和時(shí)間,所以我國每隔5年才能
編制一張基于統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查的投入產(chǎn)出表,期間編制一張延長表。而且投入產(chǎn)出表公布的時(shí)點(diǎn)往往滯后于其所反映的經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行時(shí)點(diǎn)2-3年。MRIO表的編制更是如此。因此,基于本文的區(qū)域環(huán)境責(zé)任核算框架,我們只能比較客觀地對編制了MRIO表的年份進(jìn)行實(shí)證分析。為了彌補(bǔ)這一缺陷,我們需要對基本的核算框架進(jìn)行拓展,使我們能夠估計(jì)沒有MRIO表的年份中各區(qū)域的環(huán)境責(zé)任。為此,本文提出如下方法:
首先,假定各區(qū)域的各種經(jīng)濟(jì)利益之間的比值在短期內(nèi)具有穩(wěn)定性。我們?nèi)菀渍业礁鲄^(qū)域每年的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值即收入,從而可以基于這一假定估計(jì)出各區(qū)域的其他經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。
其次,假定各區(qū)域的各種能耗乘數(shù)之間的比值在短期內(nèi)具有穩(wěn)定性。我們?nèi)菀渍业礁鲄^(qū)域每年的能源消耗總量即生產(chǎn)能耗責(zé)任,于是可以根據(jù)上述兩個(gè)假設(shè)條件估計(jì)出各區(qū)域的其他能耗責(zé)任。
其三,無論按那種核算方法,各區(qū)域的能耗責(zé)任合計(jì)值都必須與全國總能耗值相等。據(jù)此,我們可以按同一比例對各區(qū)域除生產(chǎn)能耗責(zé)任之外的其他能耗責(zé)任進(jìn)行修正。
上述方法具有簡潔性和可操作性,當(dāng)然其假定條件也比較強(qiáng)。不過,考慮到我國經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)在短期內(nèi)不可能發(fā)生大的變化,這些假定條件也不失其合理性。當(dāng)然,我們也可以采用傳統(tǒng)的RAS方法來更新MRIO表,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)對本文基本方法的拓展,但這也需要大量的數(shù)據(jù)為支撐,而這些數(shù)據(jù)往往也不易獲取。
2 實(shí)證分析
我們用基本的核算框架估計(jì)了2007年的區(qū)域能耗乘數(shù)和能耗責(zé)任,并則采用拓展的方法初步估計(jì)了2008-2012年各區(qū)域的能耗乘數(shù)和能耗責(zé)任。實(shí)證分析所采用的中國2007年30省區(qū)市區(qū)域間投入產(chǎn)出表是由中國科學(xué)院地理科學(xué)與資源研究所與國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局核算司合作編制的,該表包括30個(gè)部門。為了與分部門的能源數(shù)據(jù)相匹配,本文將30個(gè)部門合并成27個(gè)部門。要說明的是,將各個(gè)區(qū)域從經(jīng)濟(jì)體系外進(jìn)口的中間投入品都計(jì)入其增加值,同時(shí)將各區(qū)域最終消費(fèi)中的進(jìn)口品剔除。同時(shí),我們把各區(qū)域向經(jīng)濟(jì)體系外出口的產(chǎn)品都作為該區(qū)域的經(jīng)濟(jì)主體消費(fèi)的產(chǎn)品,也就是說作為該區(qū)域的消費(fèi)利益處理。我們把表中的“其他”項(xiàng)即誤差項(xiàng)作為一種特殊的最終使用處理,從而計(jì)算出其隱含能。2007年各區(qū)域工業(yè)分行業(yè)的能耗數(shù)據(jù)主要來源各區(qū)域統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒,農(nóng)業(yè)及第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的能源消費(fèi)數(shù)據(jù)來自各省統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒公布的《綜合能源平衡表》。
根據(jù)我國的統(tǒng)計(jì)慣例,分行業(yè)的能源消費(fèi)總量是指各行業(yè)終端消費(fèi)量與各行業(yè)分?jǐn)偟膿p失量和加工轉(zhuǎn)換損失量之和,而不是各行業(yè)分品種能源消費(fèi)量之和。我們不妨把前者稱為能源消費(fèi)總量I,后者稱為能源消費(fèi)總量II。為了統(tǒng)一統(tǒng)計(jì)口徑,本研究采用能源消費(fèi)總量I展開研究。
2008-2012年各區(qū)域的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值來源于《中國統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒2013》,各區(qū)域的能耗值來源于《中國能源統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒2013》。
2.1 省際能源效率
表1顯示了不同原則下各區(qū)域2007年的能耗乘數(shù),它們是各自區(qū)域內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)能耗乘數(shù)的加權(quán)平均值。2008-2012年各區(qū)域的能耗乘數(shù)與2007年的水平相比相差不大。由于無論按那種分配原則核算,傳統(tǒng)能源密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)的能源乘數(shù)總是較大,因此那些產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)中能源密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)比重較大的省份在任何分配原則下也都具有較大的能源乘數(shù)。那些經(jīng)濟(jì)、技術(shù)水平相對欠發(fā)達(dá)的中西部內(nèi)陸省份,如寧夏、貴州、青海、山西和內(nèi)蒙古就是能源密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)比重較大的省份。無論是這些省份的中間投入還是中間產(chǎn)出中,能源密集型產(chǎn)品的比重也都較大。反過來,那些經(jīng)濟(jì)、技術(shù)水平較發(fā)達(dá)的沿海省份,如浙江、北京、廣東、上海、江蘇等,它們的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)中能源密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)比重較小,因而它們的各類能耗乘數(shù)也較小。
進(jìn)一步的結(jié)果表明,不同區(qū)域的同一產(chǎn)業(yè)也具有顯著不同的能源效率。
這個(gè)結(jié)果固然有地區(qū)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的差異,但也可能是各地同一產(chǎn)業(yè)的產(chǎn)品不完全一致所造成的。這是因?yàn)楸疚氖褂玫牟块T分類比較粗,例如金屬冶煉及壓延業(yè)中的金屬至少可分成黑色金屬和有色金屬兩大類,這兩大類金屬還可進(jìn)一步區(qū)分為不同的品種,如有色金屬可分為銅、鋁、鋅、錫等。因此,不同地區(qū)的同一產(chǎn)業(yè)所指代的實(shí)際產(chǎn)品可能有很大的不同,從而表現(xiàn)出明顯不同的能源效率。
以金屬冶煉及壓延業(yè)的直接能源強(qiáng)度為例,其值在浙江、江蘇、重慶、廣東等省份均低于0.5 tce/萬元,在內(nèi)蒙古、貴州、寧夏則超過了2 tce/萬元,在黑龍江和青海更是超過了3 tce/萬元。又如非金屬礦物制品業(yè)的直接能源強(qiáng)度,其值在上海、河南、山東、河北及江蘇等地均為超過0.9 tce/萬元,在貴州、陜西、新疆、寧夏、云南等省份則達(dá)到3-5 tce/萬元。
總的來看,各區(qū)域基于產(chǎn)業(yè)關(guān)聯(lián)的各種能耗乘數(shù)幾乎都大于各自的直接能耗強(qiáng)度,只有內(nèi)蒙古和貴州的消費(fèi)加權(quán)能耗乘數(shù)效應(yīng)它們的直接能耗強(qiáng)度。
各區(qū)域的收入加權(quán)、消費(fèi)加權(quán)和加權(quán)綜合能耗乘數(shù)都分別小于各自的下游、上游和綜合能耗乘數(shù)。進(jìn)一步,大多數(shù)沿海經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)省份(包括北京、天津、上海、江蘇、浙江、福建、廣東)以及個(gè)別非沿海省份(如江西、重慶、吉林、四川)的各種能耗乘數(shù)中,上游能耗乘數(shù)明顯大于其他能耗乘數(shù)。
2.2 省際能耗責(zé)任
表2顯示了各種分配原則下各區(qū)域2012年的能耗責(zé)任。生產(chǎn)責(zé)任較大(超過2.0億tce)的省份包括山東、河北、廣東、江蘇、河南、遼寧以及四川等。這主要是因?yàn)檫@幾個(gè)省份重化工業(yè),特別是金屬冶煉及壓延加工業(yè)、非金屬礦物制品業(yè)以及電力、熱力的生產(chǎn)和供應(yīng)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)規(guī)模(總產(chǎn)出)較大。海南、青海、寧夏、甘肅、北京以及江西由于生產(chǎn)規(guī)模較小,因而其直接生產(chǎn)耗能較少(小于7×107 tce),生產(chǎn)責(zé)任也較小。
與各地區(qū)收入責(zé)任相對應(yīng)的是各地區(qū)的前向(下游)能耗影響。山東、河北、遼寧、河南的增加值和調(diào)整后的增加值總量也較大,加之其下游和收入加權(quán)能耗乘數(shù)也相對較高,故而這幾個(gè)省份的收入責(zé)任和收入加權(quán)責(zé)任都較大。江蘇和廣東的下游和收入調(diào)整能耗乘數(shù)都較小,但它們的增加值和調(diào)整后的增加值總量較大,因而其收入責(zé)任和收入加權(quán)責(zé)任也較大。山西和內(nèi)蒙古的增加值和調(diào)整后的增加值總量不算大,但其下游和收入加權(quán)能耗乘數(shù)較高,因而其收入責(zé)任和收入加權(quán)責(zé)任也較大。而青海、寧夏和甘肅等由于等?。▍^(qū))的下游和收入加權(quán)乘數(shù)都較大,但它們的增加值和調(diào)整后的增加值總量都較小,因而收入責(zé)任和收入加權(quán)責(zé)任也較小。海南、江西和北京的增加值和調(diào)整后的增加值總量以及相應(yīng)的下游和收入加權(quán)能耗乘數(shù)都較低,因而其收入責(zé)任和收入加權(quán)責(zé)任也都較小。
廣東、江蘇、浙江、上海等省(市)的上游和消費(fèi)加權(quán)能耗乘數(shù)都相對較低,但它們的消費(fèi)和調(diào)整后的消費(fèi)總量都位居全國前列,因而這些?。ㄊ校┑南M(fèi)責(zé)任和消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任位居全國前列。山東、四川、遼寧和河北的消費(fèi)和調(diào)整后的消費(fèi)總量也較大,同時(shí)它們的上游和消費(fèi)加權(quán)能耗乘數(shù)都高于平均值,因而它們的消費(fèi)責(zé)任和消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任也較大。同樣,盡管青海、寧夏、甘肅、貴州等?。▍^(qū))的上游和消費(fèi)加權(quán)乘數(shù)都較大,但它們的消費(fèi)和調(diào)整后的消費(fèi)總量都較小,因而它們的消費(fèi)責(zé)任和消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任也都較小。而海南的消費(fèi)和調(diào)整后的消費(fèi)總量以及相應(yīng)的上游和消費(fèi)加權(quán)能耗乘數(shù)都較低,因而其消費(fèi)責(zé)任和消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任也都較小。
此外,海南、青海、寧夏、甘肅、貴州、江西、廣西以及云南的消費(fèi)(加權(quán))責(zé)任和收入(加權(quán))責(zé)任都相對較小,因而它們的(加權(quán))綜合責(zé)任也較小。山東、廣東、江蘇、浙江、河北、遼寧和河南的消費(fèi)責(zé)任和收入責(zé)任都較大,因而它們的綜合責(zé)任也較大。
2.3 各?。▍^(qū)、市)不同核算原則下的能耗責(zé)任差異
不同核算原則下,各省份能耗責(zé)任的合計(jì)值總是等于
全國的生產(chǎn)總能耗。這意味著各種跨區(qū)域的環(huán)境責(zé)任分配方法同樣能避免能耗影響的重復(fù)計(jì)算。同時(shí)各?。▍^(qū)、市)在不同核算方法下的能耗責(zé)任存在顯著差異。下面,我們將比較各?。▍^(qū)、市)在不同核算原則下的能耗責(zé)任。
一個(gè)地區(qū)的各種能耗責(zé)任中,唯一不考慮跨區(qū)域間接能耗影響的是其生產(chǎn)責(zé)任,即對其直接能耗的核算。該地區(qū)的其他責(zé)任相當(dāng)于是在對全國各地區(qū)的生產(chǎn)責(zé)任進(jìn)行再分配的基礎(chǔ)上形成的。雖然各地區(qū)考慮了產(chǎn)業(yè)關(guān)聯(lián)的能耗乘數(shù)一般都要大于其直接能耗強(qiáng)度,但考慮了產(chǎn)業(yè)關(guān)聯(lián)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益一般都會(huì)小于其總產(chǎn)出,因而一個(gè)地區(qū)的生產(chǎn)責(zé)任可能大于、等于也可能小于該地區(qū)的其他責(zé)任。其中,河北、湖北、湖南、廣西、貴州、云南、甘肅、青海以及寧夏等九個(gè)地區(qū)的生產(chǎn)責(zé)任大于所有其他責(zé)任,而北京、天津、上海、黑龍江以及廣東等五個(gè)地區(qū)的生產(chǎn)責(zé)任要明顯小于所有其他責(zé)任。
大部分省份的收入責(zé)任與生產(chǎn)責(zé)任差異顯著,其相對差距介于±15%之間;收入加權(quán)責(zé)任與生產(chǎn)責(zé)任差異也顯著,其相對差距介于±13%之間。消費(fèi)責(zé)任與生產(chǎn)責(zé)任之間的相對差距進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大。例如,天津、廣東、北京、上海及浙江等幾個(gè)沿海經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)省(市)的消費(fèi)責(zé)任比各自的生產(chǎn)責(zé)任高47%-89%;山西、貴州、河北和內(nèi)蒙古等重化工較發(fā)達(dá)省份的消費(fèi)責(zé)任比各自的生產(chǎn)責(zé)任低33%-52%。消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任與生產(chǎn)責(zé)任之間的相對差距也十分明顯。例如,浙江、北京、上海、安徽及天津等?。ㄊ校┑南M(fèi)加權(quán)比各自的生產(chǎn)責(zé)任高44%-131%;河南、河北和內(nèi)蒙古的消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任比各自的生產(chǎn)責(zé)任低30%-70%。
大部分省份的收入責(zé)任與收入加權(quán)責(zé)任之間的相對差距則較?。汉笳吲c前者的差距介于±5%之間;消費(fèi)責(zé)任與消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任之間的相對差距則較大:例如新疆、天津和安徽的消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任比各自的消費(fèi)責(zé)任高35%-69%。綜合責(zé)任是收入責(zé)任和消費(fèi)責(zé)任的平均值,而加權(quán)綜合責(zé)任是收入加權(quán)責(zé)任和消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任的平均值,因此綜合責(zé)任與加權(quán)綜合責(zé)任的相對差距總體上大于收入責(zé)任與收入加權(quán)責(zé)任之間的相對差距,但小于消費(fèi)責(zé)任與消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任之間的相對差距:除天津(32%)和安徽(33%)外,其余省份的綜合責(zé)任與加權(quán)綜合責(zé)任的相對差距介于±15%之間。
各省(區(qū)、市)的收入責(zé)任與消費(fèi)責(zé)任之間的相對差距十分明顯:河北、山西以及內(nèi)蒙古的消費(fèi)責(zé)任比各自的收入責(zé)任低33%-55%;河南、山西、貴州、新疆、黑龍江及遼寧的消費(fèi)責(zé)任比各自的收入責(zé)任低20%-30%;浙江和上海的消費(fèi)責(zé)任分別比各自的收入責(zé)任高98%和55%;江蘇、天津、福建、江西、北京、廣東和重慶的消費(fèi)責(zé)任比各自的收入責(zé)任高20%-48%;余下省份的消費(fèi)責(zé)任與收入責(zé)任的相對差距介于-15%-14%之間。
各?。▍^(qū)、市)的收入加權(quán)責(zé)任與消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任之間的相對差距也十分明顯:山西、河南、河北以及內(nèi)蒙古的消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任比各自的收入加權(quán)責(zé)任低23%-70%;天津和安徽的消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任分別比各自的收入加權(quán)責(zé)任高105%和61%;福建、吉林、北京、上海、江西、重慶和浙江的消費(fèi)責(zé)任比各自的收入責(zé)任高20%-47%;余下省份的消費(fèi)責(zé)任與收入責(zé)任的相對差距介于-13%-17%之間。
3 結(jié)論與建議
地區(qū)的能源效率在很大程度上取決于該地區(qū)的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)。不管采用哪種能耗責(zé)任核算原則,那些傳統(tǒng)能源密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)比重較大的一些中西部省份(如寧夏、貴州、青海、山西和內(nèi)蒙古)總是具有較低的能源效率,而能源密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)比較小的一些沿海省份(如浙江、北京、廣東、上海、江蘇等)總是具有較高的能源效率。同時(shí),同一產(chǎn)業(yè)在不同省份的能源效率具有較大的差異性。
地區(qū)的能耗責(zé)任主要決定于該地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模,例如無論按那種方法進(jìn)行核算,山東、江蘇、廣東等經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模較大的省份都是能耗責(zé)任較大的省份,而寧夏、青海、海南等經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模較小的省份則總是能耗責(zé)任較小的省份。當(dāng)然,地區(qū)能源效率也對地區(qū)能耗責(zé)任產(chǎn)生了一定的影響。例如,在不少核算原則下,河北、河南的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模不如上海,但這兩個(gè)省的能源效率低于上海,因而它們的能耗責(zé)任都大于上海。
各地區(qū)在不同核算原則下的能源效率和能耗責(zé)任存在顯著差異,這意味著核算原則對各地區(qū)的能耗責(zé)任有顯著影響。更重要的是,不同的核算原則實(shí)際上有著不同的政策含義。結(jié)合不同核算原則的政策含義和實(shí)證分析的結(jié)果,本文特提出如下政策建議:
首先,寧夏、貴州、青海、山西、內(nèi)蒙古、新疆、甘肅和云南等能源密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)比重較大的省份,以及河北、湖北、湖南、廣西等生產(chǎn)責(zé)任大于其他責(zé)任的省份,其節(jié)能的重點(diǎn)在于優(yōu)化生產(chǎn)方式,特別是加快金屬冶煉及壓延加工業(yè)、非金屬礦物制品業(yè)以及電力、熱力的生產(chǎn)和供應(yīng)業(yè)等重化工行業(yè)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步、設(shè)備更新和這些行業(yè)落后產(chǎn)能的淘汰工作,從而有效提高這些地區(qū)各部門及整個(gè)地區(qū)的能源效率,并降低生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)的能源消耗。由于這些地區(qū)多為中西部經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展較為落后地區(qū),且為我國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供了大量必不可少的資源型產(chǎn)品,中央政府應(yīng)適當(dāng)對其節(jié)能技術(shù)改造予以補(bǔ)貼,對其產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整予以扶持。
其次,對于北京、天津、吉林、上海、江蘇、浙江、安徽、福建、江西、廣東、重慶、四川等消費(fèi)責(zé)任及消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任相對于其他責(zé)任較大的省份而言,這些地區(qū)一方面應(yīng)通過稅收、補(bǔ)貼及信貸等經(jīng)濟(jì)手段約束當(dāng)?shù)貙δ茉疵芗彤a(chǎn)品的需求并鼓勵(lì)清潔型產(chǎn)品需求,從而優(yōu)化其需求模式并避免浪費(fèi)。另一方面,這些地區(qū)從其他地區(qū)調(diào)入產(chǎn)品時(shí),應(yīng)盡可能從能源效率更高的地區(qū)調(diào)入同類產(chǎn)品,從而激勵(lì)產(chǎn)品調(diào)出地區(qū)的企業(yè)改善能源效率。同時(shí),消費(fèi)責(zé)任及消費(fèi)加權(quán)責(zé)任較大的省份多為沿海發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū),具有較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)基礎(chǔ),這些地區(qū)應(yīng)通過技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移、資金補(bǔ)償、人才培養(yǎng)等對口援助方式,幫助能源效率較低的中西部地區(qū)加快技術(shù)進(jìn)步,從而間接減小自身的消費(fèi)能耗責(zé)任。
其三,對于黑龍江、海南、山東、陜西、遼寧、河南等收入責(zé)任和收入加權(quán)責(zé)任相對其他責(zé)任較大的地區(qū),一方面也應(yīng)積極優(yōu)化生產(chǎn)方式,從而提高其生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)的能源效率并減少相應(yīng)的能耗。另一方面,這些地區(qū)向其他地區(qū)調(diào)出產(chǎn)品時(shí),應(yīng)考慮采取價(jià)格優(yōu)惠等政策以更多的向能源效率更高的地區(qū)調(diào)出產(chǎn)品,從而提高其下游能源效率,降低其收入責(zé)任和收入加權(quán)責(zé)任。同時(shí),這也有利于調(diào)動(dòng)其產(chǎn)品調(diào)入地區(qū)改善能源效率的積極性。
當(dāng)然,上述粗略分類只是為了明確不同地區(qū)的重點(diǎn)節(jié)能政策,但這并不意味著各地區(qū)只采取哪些對本地區(qū)來說相對重要政策而不采取其他政策。換句話說,無論哪個(gè)地區(qū)都要重視從生產(chǎn)、流通、消費(fèi)等多個(gè)途徑實(shí)施節(jié)能戰(zhàn)略,只不過側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同而已。特別是山東、江蘇、廣東等幾個(gè)省份更是要采取多管齊下的節(jié)能戰(zhàn)略和政策,因?yàn)闊o論按那種原則核算,這幾個(gè)省份的能耗責(zé)任都是最大的。
同時(shí),考慮到同類產(chǎn)業(yè)的區(qū)域能源效率差異,我國需要努力打破地方保護(hù)壁壘,形成公平競爭的國內(nèi)統(tǒng)一市場,使各地區(qū)能充分發(fā)揮自己的比較優(yōu)勢,從而起到跨區(qū)域的產(chǎn)業(yè)優(yōu)化作用。同時(shí),也可采用信貸、投資、行政審批等手段鼓勵(lì)在某些產(chǎn)業(yè)上具有能效比較優(yōu)勢的地區(qū)進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮其優(yōu)勢。
最后要提及的是,理論上來看加權(quán)綜合責(zé)任指標(biāo)考慮的因素最全面、最能調(diào)動(dòng)各類經(jīng)濟(jì)主體的節(jié)能積極性,但在具體實(shí)施過程中也存在不易核算的困難。其他責(zé)任指標(biāo)的核算相對容易且可操作性更強(qiáng),但它們往往只針對部分經(jīng)濟(jì)主體,因而難免有失偏頗。因此,中央政府相關(guān)部門在制定相應(yīng)的節(jié)能政策(如分配節(jié)能指標(biāo))時(shí)應(yīng)慎重選取能耗責(zé)任核算原則,并保證地區(qū)節(jié)能任務(wù)與其能耗責(zé)任相匹配。當(dāng)然,這些問題的解決還有待學(xué)術(shù)界和政策制定者的進(jìn)一步探討以及全社會(huì)的共同努力。
(編輯:王愛萍)
參考文獻(xiàn)(References)
[1]Eder P, Narodoslawsky M. What Environmental Pressures Are A Regions Industries Responsible for? A Method of Analysis with Descriptive Indices and Inputoutput Models[J]. Ecological Economics, 1999, 29 (3): 359-374.
[2]Lenzen M, Murray J. Conceptualising Environmental Responsibility[J]. Ecological Economics, 2010, 70 (2): 261-270.
[3]Marques A, Rodrigues J, Lenzen M, et al. Incomebased Environmental Responsibility[J]. Ecological Economics, 2012, 84:57-65.
[4]Munksgaard J, Pedersen K A. CO2 Accounts for Open Economies: Producer or Consumer Responsibility? [J]. Energy Policy, 2001, 29 (4):327-334.
[5]Zhang Y. The Responsibility for Carbon Emissions and Carbon Efficiency at the Sectoral Level: Evidence from China[J]. Energy Economics, 2013, 40: 967-975.
[6]Gallego B, Lenzen M. A Consistent Inputoutput Formulation of Shared Consumer and Producer Responsibility[J]. Economic Systems Research, 2005, 17 (4):365-391.
[7]Lenzen M, Murray J, Sacb F, et al. Shared Producer and Consumer Responsibility:Theory and Practice [J]. Ecological Economics, 2007, 61(1): 27-42.
[8]Lenzen M. Consumer and Producer Environmental Responsibility: A Reply [J]. Ecological Economics, 2008, 66 (2-3): 19-24.
[9]Rodrigues J, Domingos T, Giljum S, et al. Designing an Indicator of Environmental Responsibility[J]. Ecological Economics, 2006, 59(3): 256-266.
[10]Andrew R, Forgie V. A Threeperspective View of Greenhouse Gas Emission Responsibilities in New Zealand[J]. Ecological Economics, 2008, 68(1-2): 194-204.
[11]Ferng J J. Allocating the Responsibility of CO2 Overemissions from the Perspectives of Benefit Principle and Ecological Deficit[J]. Ecological Economics, 2003, 46 (1): 691-701.
[12]Bastianoni S, Federico M, Enzo T. The Problem of Assigning Responsibility for Greenhouse Gas Emissions[J]. Ecological Economics, 2004, 49 (3): 253-257.
[13]張友國.基于經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的產(chǎn)業(yè)間環(huán)境責(zé)任分配[J].中國工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì),2012,(7): 57-69。[Zhang Youguo. Benefit based Interindustrial Environmental Responsibility Allocation[J].China Industrial Economics, 2012,(7): 57-69.]
Abstract There are common and deep economic relationships between regions in China, thus the energy consumption of each region not only satisfies the requirement of production and consumption in each region but also supports economic activities in other regions. Scientifically and fairly accounting regional responsibility for energy consumption is not only helpful for identifying the contributions of each region to total energy consumption in China but also useful for designing efficient interregional energy policies. Because motivations of various economic agents consuming energy consumption are acquiring various kinds of benefit, the benefit principle is commonly regarded as the basic principle of accounting responsibility for energy consumption. However, the specific meaning of benefit principle is not single. According to the types of benefit, the benefit principle can be categorized as three primary principles, including the production principle, the income principle and the consumption principle, and four shared responsibility principles, including the income weighted principle, the consumption weighted principle, the comprehensive principle and the weighted comprehensive principles, which are derived from the primary principles. Considering that the multiregional inputoutput (MRIO) model is a powerful tool for describing the deeply economic relationship between regions and various kinds of benefit, this paper proposes a framework for accounting responsibility for energy consumption at the regional level according to various benefit principles, using the MRIO model, and applies it to analyze the energy efficiency and responsibility for energy consumption at the provincial level in China. The results indicate that the energy efficiencies of the same sector in different provinces are significantly different from each other. For each province, its efficiencies and responsibilities under different principles are significantly different for each other. However, the energy efficiencies of provinces (such as Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia) with high proportions of classical energy intensive industries are always ranked lower, whereas the efficiencies of coastal provinces (such as Zhejiang, Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai and Jiangsu) are always ranked higher, irrespective to the principles. At the same time, the responsibilities of provinces with larger economic sizes (such as Guangdong, Jiangsu and Shandong) are always very large, whereas those of provinces with smaller economic sizes (such as Hainan, Ningxia and Qinghai) are always very small. These findings have abundant policy implications. First, the key point of energy conservation for those regions with higher share of intensive industries, including Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu and Yunnan, and the provinces whose production responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Hebei, Hubei, Hunan and Guangxi, is optimize the mode of production. Second, the major policy for energy conservation in those provinces whose consumption or consumption weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Beijing, Tianjin, Jilin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Chongqing and Sichuan, is optimizing consumption pattern and purchasing products from regions with higher energy efficiency as far as possible. Third, the regions whose income or income weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Heilongjiang, Hainan, Shandong, Shanxi, Liaoning and Henan, should optimize the mode of production as well as sell more products to regions with higher energy efficiency. But of course the energy conservation strategies of each region should cover measures including production, selling and consumption, and they just emphasize different areas. At the same time, China should make efforts to break the regional trade barrier to build a uniform domestic market, enable each province to exert their comparative advantages through fair competition and promote industrial structure optimization across regions.
Key words regional energy consumption responsibility; regional energy efficiency; benefit principle; multiregional input-output model
[7]Lenzen M, Murray J, Sacb F, et al. Shared Producer and Consumer Responsibility:Theory and Practice [J]. Ecological Economics, 2007, 61(1): 27-42.
[8]Lenzen M. Consumer and Producer Environmental Responsibility: A Reply [J]. Ecological Economics, 2008, 66 (2-3): 19-24.
[9]Rodrigues J, Domingos T, Giljum S, et al. Designing an Indicator of Environmental Responsibility[J]. Ecological Economics, 2006, 59(3): 256-266.
[10]Andrew R, Forgie V. A Threeperspective View of Greenhouse Gas Emission Responsibilities in New Zealand[J]. Ecological Economics, 2008, 68(1-2): 194-204.
[11]Ferng J J. Allocating the Responsibility of CO2 Overemissions from the Perspectives of Benefit Principle and Ecological Deficit[J]. Ecological Economics, 2003, 46 (1): 691-701.
[12]Bastianoni S, Federico M, Enzo T. The Problem of Assigning Responsibility for Greenhouse Gas Emissions[J]. Ecological Economics, 2004, 49 (3): 253-257.
[13]張友國.基于經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的產(chǎn)業(yè)間環(huán)境責(zé)任分配[J].中國工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì),2012,(7): 57-69。[Zhang Youguo. Benefit based Interindustrial Environmental Responsibility Allocation[J].China Industrial Economics, 2012,(7): 57-69.]
Abstract There are common and deep economic relationships between regions in China, thus the energy consumption of each region not only satisfies the requirement of production and consumption in each region but also supports economic activities in other regions. Scientifically and fairly accounting regional responsibility for energy consumption is not only helpful for identifying the contributions of each region to total energy consumption in China but also useful for designing efficient interregional energy policies. Because motivations of various economic agents consuming energy consumption are acquiring various kinds of benefit, the benefit principle is commonly regarded as the basic principle of accounting responsibility for energy consumption. However, the specific meaning of benefit principle is not single. According to the types of benefit, the benefit principle can be categorized as three primary principles, including the production principle, the income principle and the consumption principle, and four shared responsibility principles, including the income weighted principle, the consumption weighted principle, the comprehensive principle and the weighted comprehensive principles, which are derived from the primary principles. Considering that the multiregional inputoutput (MRIO) model is a powerful tool for describing the deeply economic relationship between regions and various kinds of benefit, this paper proposes a framework for accounting responsibility for energy consumption at the regional level according to various benefit principles, using the MRIO model, and applies it to analyze the energy efficiency and responsibility for energy consumption at the provincial level in China. The results indicate that the energy efficiencies of the same sector in different provinces are significantly different from each other. For each province, its efficiencies and responsibilities under different principles are significantly different for each other. However, the energy efficiencies of provinces (such as Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia) with high proportions of classical energy intensive industries are always ranked lower, whereas the efficiencies of coastal provinces (such as Zhejiang, Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai and Jiangsu) are always ranked higher, irrespective to the principles. At the same time, the responsibilities of provinces with larger economic sizes (such as Guangdong, Jiangsu and Shandong) are always very large, whereas those of provinces with smaller economic sizes (such as Hainan, Ningxia and Qinghai) are always very small. These findings have abundant policy implications. First, the key point of energy conservation for those regions with higher share of intensive industries, including Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu and Yunnan, and the provinces whose production responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Hebei, Hubei, Hunan and Guangxi, is optimize the mode of production. Second, the major policy for energy conservation in those provinces whose consumption or consumption weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Beijing, Tianjin, Jilin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Chongqing and Sichuan, is optimizing consumption pattern and purchasing products from regions with higher energy efficiency as far as possible. Third, the regions whose income or income weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Heilongjiang, Hainan, Shandong, Shanxi, Liaoning and Henan, should optimize the mode of production as well as sell more products to regions with higher energy efficiency. But of course the energy conservation strategies of each region should cover measures including production, selling and consumption, and they just emphasize different areas. At the same time, China should make efforts to break the regional trade barrier to build a uniform domestic market, enable each province to exert their comparative advantages through fair competition and promote industrial structure optimization across regions.
Key words regional energy consumption responsibility; regional energy efficiency; benefit principle; multiregional input-output model
[7]Lenzen M, Murray J, Sacb F, et al. Shared Producer and Consumer Responsibility:Theory and Practice [J]. Ecological Economics, 2007, 61(1): 27-42.
[8]Lenzen M. Consumer and Producer Environmental Responsibility: A Reply [J]. Ecological Economics, 2008, 66 (2-3): 19-24.
[9]Rodrigues J, Domingos T, Giljum S, et al. Designing an Indicator of Environmental Responsibility[J]. Ecological Economics, 2006, 59(3): 256-266.
[10]Andrew R, Forgie V. A Threeperspective View of Greenhouse Gas Emission Responsibilities in New Zealand[J]. Ecological Economics, 2008, 68(1-2): 194-204.
[11]Ferng J J. Allocating the Responsibility of CO2 Overemissions from the Perspectives of Benefit Principle and Ecological Deficit[J]. Ecological Economics, 2003, 46 (1): 691-701.
[12]Bastianoni S, Federico M, Enzo T. The Problem of Assigning Responsibility for Greenhouse Gas Emissions[J]. Ecological Economics, 2004, 49 (3): 253-257.
[13]張友國.基于經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的產(chǎn)業(yè)間環(huán)境責(zé)任分配[J].中國工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì),2012,(7): 57-69。[Zhang Youguo. Benefit based Interindustrial Environmental Responsibility Allocation[J].China Industrial Economics, 2012,(7): 57-69.]
Abstract There are common and deep economic relationships between regions in China, thus the energy consumption of each region not only satisfies the requirement of production and consumption in each region but also supports economic activities in other regions. Scientifically and fairly accounting regional responsibility for energy consumption is not only helpful for identifying the contributions of each region to total energy consumption in China but also useful for designing efficient interregional energy policies. Because motivations of various economic agents consuming energy consumption are acquiring various kinds of benefit, the benefit principle is commonly regarded as the basic principle of accounting responsibility for energy consumption. However, the specific meaning of benefit principle is not single. According to the types of benefit, the benefit principle can be categorized as three primary principles, including the production principle, the income principle and the consumption principle, and four shared responsibility principles, including the income weighted principle, the consumption weighted principle, the comprehensive principle and the weighted comprehensive principles, which are derived from the primary principles. Considering that the multiregional inputoutput (MRIO) model is a powerful tool for describing the deeply economic relationship between regions and various kinds of benefit, this paper proposes a framework for accounting responsibility for energy consumption at the regional level according to various benefit principles, using the MRIO model, and applies it to analyze the energy efficiency and responsibility for energy consumption at the provincial level in China. The results indicate that the energy efficiencies of the same sector in different provinces are significantly different from each other. For each province, its efficiencies and responsibilities under different principles are significantly different for each other. However, the energy efficiencies of provinces (such as Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia) with high proportions of classical energy intensive industries are always ranked lower, whereas the efficiencies of coastal provinces (such as Zhejiang, Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai and Jiangsu) are always ranked higher, irrespective to the principles. At the same time, the responsibilities of provinces with larger economic sizes (such as Guangdong, Jiangsu and Shandong) are always very large, whereas those of provinces with smaller economic sizes (such as Hainan, Ningxia and Qinghai) are always very small. These findings have abundant policy implications. First, the key point of energy conservation for those regions with higher share of intensive industries, including Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu and Yunnan, and the provinces whose production responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Hebei, Hubei, Hunan and Guangxi, is optimize the mode of production. Second, the major policy for energy conservation in those provinces whose consumption or consumption weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Beijing, Tianjin, Jilin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Chongqing and Sichuan, is optimizing consumption pattern and purchasing products from regions with higher energy efficiency as far as possible. Third, the regions whose income or income weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Heilongjiang, Hainan, Shandong, Shanxi, Liaoning and Henan, should optimize the mode of production as well as sell more products to regions with higher energy efficiency. But of course the energy conservation strategies of each region should cover measures including production, selling and consumption, and they just emphasize different areas. At the same time, China should make efforts to break the regional trade barrier to build a uniform domestic market, enable each province to exert their comparative advantages through fair competition and promote industrial structure optimization across regions.
Key words regional energy consumption responsibility; regional energy efficiency; benefit principle; multiregional input-output model