李劍++趙曉宇++吳泰華
【摘要】 目的:探討白三烯受體拮抗劑對(duì)吸煙哮喘患者病情控制的影響。方法:選取2013年3-12月在門(mén)診就診的110例吸煙哮喘患者,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為對(duì)照組54例和觀察組56例。對(duì)照組給予吸入糖皮質(zhì)激素(布地奈德)治療,必要時(shí)吸入β2受體激動(dòng)劑;觀察組在此治療基礎(chǔ)上加用孟魯司特鈉治療,療程4周。觀察比較兩組治療前后哮喘控制測(cè)試(ACT)評(píng)分、哮喘癥狀評(píng)分、晨間及夜間呼氣峰流速(PEF)。結(jié)果:觀察組治療后ACT評(píng)分、晨間及夜間PEF%pred均明顯高于治療前及對(duì)照組,且哮喘癥狀評(píng)分明顯低于治療前及對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。對(duì)照組治療前后各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:白三烯受體拮抗劑能夠使吸煙哮喘患者的病情控制得到改善,可能是治療吸煙哮喘患者的一種有效藥物。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 哮喘; 吸煙; 糖皮質(zhì)激素; 白三烯受體拮抗劑
Impact of Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist on the Disease Control of Smoking Asthmatic Patients/LI Jian,ZHAO Xiao-yu,WU Tai-hua.//Medical Innovation of China,2014,11(16):004-006
【Abstract】 Objective:To investigate the impact of leukotriene receptor antagonist on the disease control of smoking asthmatic patients.Method:110 smoking asthmatic patients in the outpatient clinic from March 2013 to December 2013 were selected.They were randomly divided into the control group for 54 cases and the treatment group for 56 cases according to the random number table method.The control group was treated with inhaled corticosteroid(budesonide),and inhaled β2 agonist when necessary.The treatment group was treated with montelukast sodium for 4 weeks on the basis of the control group.Asthma Control Test (ACT) score,asthma-symptom score and morning and night PEF were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.Result:The ACT score,morning and night PEF%pred of the treatment group after treatment were significantly higher than before treatment and the control group,asthma-symptom score after treatment was significantly lower than before treatment and the control group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).In the control group,the indicators before and after treatment comparison difference had no statistical significance(P>0.05).Conclusion:Leukotriene receptor antagonist can improve the control of disease,may be an effective drug in the treatment of smoking asthmatic patients.
【Key words】 Asthma; Smoking; Corticosteroid; Leukotriene receptor antagonist
First-authors address:Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian University,Dalian 116021,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.16.002
全球成人哮喘患者吸煙情況非常普遍,包括主動(dòng)吸煙和在煙草煙霧環(huán)境中暴露的被動(dòng)吸煙。美國(guó)和歐洲國(guó)家哮喘患者的吸煙率高達(dá)20%~35%,而在急診就診的哮喘患者中就有35%是吸煙者[1-3]。吸煙促進(jìn)白三烯生成與釋放增多,白三烯是哮喘發(fā)病機(jī)制中最重要的炎性介質(zhì)之一,通過(guò)與受體的結(jié)合在哮喘的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起著至關(guān)重要的作用,而且吸煙使哮喘患者對(duì)糖皮質(zhì)激素治療的療效下降,因此吸煙哮喘患者的臨床癥狀更難控制,激素治療效果更差。白三烯受體拮抗劑通過(guò)阻斷白三烯與相應(yīng)受體的結(jié)合而發(fā)揮作用,本文旨在研究白三烯受體拮抗劑(孟魯司特鈉)對(duì)吸煙哮喘患者病情控制的影響,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1 資料與方法
1.3 監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.3.1 ACT評(píng)分 評(píng)估過(guò)去4周中哮喘日間、夜間癥狀,對(duì)日常生活的影響及哮喘急救藥物使用情況等。共有5個(gè)問(wèn)題,每個(gè)問(wèn)題按嚴(yán)重程度分為1~5分,最后相加計(jì)算出ACT總分,達(dá)到25分為完全控制,20~24分之間為部分控制,小于20分為未控制。
1.3.2 哮喘癥狀評(píng)分 患者每日對(duì)過(guò)去24 h中日間、夜間的哮喘癥狀進(jìn)行評(píng)估。(1)日間癥狀:0分:無(wú)任何哮喘癥狀;1分:有1次短暫的氣喘、呼吸困難;2分:有2次或以上短暫的氣喘、呼吸困難;3分:經(jīng)常有氣喘、呼吸困難,不影響日?;顒?dòng);4分:經(jīng)常有氣喘、呼吸困難,影響日?;顒?dòng);5分:哮喘癥狀嚴(yán)重,不能工作、學(xué)習(xí)或日?;顒?dòng)。(2)夜間癥狀:0分:無(wú)任何哮喘癥狀;1分:夜間憋醒1次或早醒;2分:夜間憋醒2次或以上(包括早醒);3分:夜間經(jīng)常憋醒,尚可入睡;4分:夜間呼吸困難嚴(yán)重,無(wú)法入睡。日間癥狀+夜間癥狀為哮喘癥狀得分。
1.3.3 PEF測(cè)定 指導(dǎo)患者正確使用峰流速儀(上海丸博科技有限公司生產(chǎn))的方法,同時(shí)為每位患者確立PEF預(yù)計(jì)值;每日早6:00~7:00時(shí)和晚18:00~19:00時(shí)、應(yīng)用藥物前患者進(jìn)行PEF測(cè)定,須站立測(cè)定,每次測(cè)定3遍,取最大值記錄于哮喘日記。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組治療前后ACT評(píng)分、哮喘癥狀評(píng)分比較 經(jīng)過(guò)4周隨訪后,觀察組治療后ACT評(píng)分明顯高于治療前及對(duì)照組,且哮喘癥狀評(píng)分明顯低于治療前及對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),對(duì)照組治療前后各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 兩組治療前后PEF測(cè)定結(jié)果的比較 觀察組治療后的晨間、夜間PEF%pred均明顯高于治療前及對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而對(duì)照組治療前后晨間、夜間PEF%pred比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
3 討論
哮喘的發(fā)病率和死亡率在全球呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),而且吸煙情況在成人哮喘患者中較為常見(jiàn),吸煙者哮喘患病危險(xiǎn)性增加近3倍[6]。吸煙哮喘患者急性發(fā)作次數(shù)比非吸煙哮喘患者增多,去醫(yī)院急診就診的次數(shù)也相應(yīng)增多,與吸煙的嚴(yán)重程度明顯呈正相關(guān)[7]。
目前哮喘最有效的治療藥物是糖皮質(zhì)激素,吸煙使哮喘患者對(duì)糖皮質(zhì)激素治療的敏感性下降[8-9]。本研究結(jié)果說(shuō)明,對(duì)照組的吸煙哮喘患者吸入糖皮質(zhì)激素治療后,ACT評(píng)分、哮喘癥狀評(píng)分及晨間、夜間PEF測(cè)定結(jié)果均未見(jiàn)顯著改善,說(shuō)明吸煙哮喘患者激素治療效果差。哮喘患者氣道內(nèi)中性粒細(xì)胞增多時(shí),吸入糖皮質(zhì)激素對(duì)過(guò)敏原引起的氣道嗜酸粒細(xì)胞性炎癥的抑制作用明顯減弱。吸煙哮喘患者的氣道炎癥以中性粒細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)為主,且中性粒細(xì)胞凋亡減少,激素受體表達(dá)改變,可能導(dǎo)致了其對(duì)糖皮質(zhì)激素治療不敏感[10-11]。吸煙使哮喘更難以得到控制,且加重肺功能的惡化和增加醫(yī)療資源的使用,吸煙已成為難治性哮喘的誘因之一[12]。
吸煙使哮喘患者肥大細(xì)胞內(nèi)的磷脂酶A2活化,促進(jìn)花生四烯酸的釋放與轉(zhuǎn)移,再通過(guò)激活的5-脂氧酶作用催化花生四烯酸氧化,導(dǎo)致白三烯的生成與釋放增多[13]。白三烯是哮喘發(fā)病中最重要的炎癥介質(zhì)之一,通過(guò)與其受體的結(jié)合,可以使氣道黏膜內(nèi)嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞聚集,導(dǎo)致氣道平滑肌收縮;使微血管通透性增加,導(dǎo)致氣道黏膜水腫,黏液分泌增多;促進(jìn)杯狀細(xì)胞、氣道平滑肌細(xì)胞、氣道上皮細(xì)胞、成纖維細(xì)胞等結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)胞增殖,參與氣道重構(gòu)[14]。
白三烯受體拮抗劑可與支氣管平滑肌等部位上的受體選擇性結(jié)合,從而競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性地阻斷白三烯的作用。本研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組吸煙哮喘患者在孟魯司特鈉聯(lián)合吸入糖皮質(zhì)激素治療后,ACT評(píng)分、晨間PEF及夜間PEF指標(biāo)均明顯高于治療前及對(duì)照組,哮喘癥狀評(píng)分明顯低于治療前及對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),這說(shuō)明吸煙哮喘患者的病情控制、肺功能得到顯著改善。吸煙降低了哮喘患者對(duì)糖皮質(zhì)激素的治療反應(yīng)性,而糖皮質(zhì)激素又不能抑制患者體內(nèi)白三烯的生成與釋放,因此白三烯受體拮抗劑在吸煙哮喘患者的治療中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。白三烯受體拮抗劑應(yīng)用起來(lái)更便捷且與常規(guī)吸入治療一樣有效,在體內(nèi)對(duì)吸煙引起的肺損傷亦具有保護(hù)作用,白三烯受體拮抗劑可能是治療吸煙哮喘患者的一種有效藥物[15-16]。
吸煙哮喘患者的治療原則包括戒煙和藥物控制。一方面呼吸科醫(yī)師應(yīng)加強(qiáng)教育,努力使患者停止吸煙;另一方面對(duì)于戒煙失敗的患者,應(yīng)給予有效的藥物治療措施。本次研究入選樣本量偏少,應(yīng)篩選更多的研究對(duì)象,進(jìn)一步研究白三烯受體拮抗劑在吸煙哮喘患者中的治療效果。
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[12]山曉茵,王慧敏.支氣管哮喘吸煙者的發(fā)病機(jī)制及激素治療效果[J].國(guó)際呼吸雜志,2012,32(20):1591-1593.
[13] Saareks V,Riutta A,Alanko J,et al.Clinical pharmacology of eicosanoids nicotine induced changes in man[J].J Physiol Pharmacol,2000,51(4 pt 1):631-642.
[14]楊琤瑜,楊冬,葉伶,等.吸煙對(duì)成人哮喘控制及氣道炎性反應(yīng)的影響[J].中國(guó)臨床醫(yī)學(xué),2013,20(2):138-140.
[15] Price D,Musgrave S D,Shepstone L,et al.Leukotriene antagonists as first-line or add-on asthma-controller therapy[J].N Engl J Med,2011,364(18):1695-1707.
[16] Yuksel H,Ozbilgin K,Coskun S,et al.Protective effect of leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast on smoking-induced lung injury in Wistar rats[J].Acta Med Okayama,2003,57(1):13-20.
(收稿日期:2014-04-11) (本文編輯:歐麗)
[7] Gallefoss F,Bakke P S.Does smoking affect the outcome of patient education and self-management in asthmatics?[J].Patient Educ Couns,2003,49(1):91-97.
[8] Rider C F,King E M,Holden N S,et al.Inflammatory stimuli inhibit glucocorticoid-dependent transactivation in human pulmonary epithelial cells:rescue by long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists[J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2011,338(3):860-869.
[9]張莉,杜永成,許建英,等.吸煙對(duì)支氣管哮喘患者吸人糖皮質(zhì)激素治療的影響[J].國(guó)際呼吸雜志,2012,32(19):1441-1445.
[10] Adenuga D,Yao H,March T H,et al.Histone deacetylase 2 is phosphorylated,ubiquitinated,and degraded by cigarette smoke[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2009,40(4):464-473.
[11] Li L,Leung D Y M,Martin R J,et al.Inhibition of histone deacetylase 2 expression by elevated glucocorticoid receptor β in steroid-resistant asthma[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2010,182(7):877-883.
[12]山曉茵,王慧敏.支氣管哮喘吸煙者的發(fā)病機(jī)制及激素治療效果[J].國(guó)際呼吸雜志,2012,32(20):1591-1593.
[13] Saareks V,Riutta A,Alanko J,et al.Clinical pharmacology of eicosanoids nicotine induced changes in man[J].J Physiol Pharmacol,2000,51(4 pt 1):631-642.
[14]楊琤瑜,楊冬,葉伶,等.吸煙對(duì)成人哮喘控制及氣道炎性反應(yīng)的影響[J].中國(guó)臨床醫(yī)學(xué),2013,20(2):138-140.
[15] Price D,Musgrave S D,Shepstone L,et al.Leukotriene antagonists as first-line or add-on asthma-controller therapy[J].N Engl J Med,2011,364(18):1695-1707.
[16] Yuksel H,Ozbilgin K,Coskun S,et al.Protective effect of leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast on smoking-induced lung injury in Wistar rats[J].Acta Med Okayama,2003,57(1):13-20.
(收稿日期:2014-04-11) (本文編輯:歐麗)
[7] Gallefoss F,Bakke P S.Does smoking affect the outcome of patient education and self-management in asthmatics?[J].Patient Educ Couns,2003,49(1):91-97.
[8] Rider C F,King E M,Holden N S,et al.Inflammatory stimuli inhibit glucocorticoid-dependent transactivation in human pulmonary epithelial cells:rescue by long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists[J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2011,338(3):860-869.
[9]張莉,杜永成,許建英,等.吸煙對(duì)支氣管哮喘患者吸人糖皮質(zhì)激素治療的影響[J].國(guó)際呼吸雜志,2012,32(19):1441-1445.
[10] Adenuga D,Yao H,March T H,et al.Histone deacetylase 2 is phosphorylated,ubiquitinated,and degraded by cigarette smoke[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2009,40(4):464-473.
[11] Li L,Leung D Y M,Martin R J,et al.Inhibition of histone deacetylase 2 expression by elevated glucocorticoid receptor β in steroid-resistant asthma[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2010,182(7):877-883.
[12]山曉茵,王慧敏.支氣管哮喘吸煙者的發(fā)病機(jī)制及激素治療效果[J].國(guó)際呼吸雜志,2012,32(20):1591-1593.
[13] Saareks V,Riutta A,Alanko J,et al.Clinical pharmacology of eicosanoids nicotine induced changes in man[J].J Physiol Pharmacol,2000,51(4 pt 1):631-642.
[14]楊琤瑜,楊冬,葉伶,等.吸煙對(duì)成人哮喘控制及氣道炎性反應(yīng)的影響[J].中國(guó)臨床醫(yī)學(xué),2013,20(2):138-140.
[15] Price D,Musgrave S D,Shepstone L,et al.Leukotriene antagonists as first-line or add-on asthma-controller therapy[J].N Engl J Med,2011,364(18):1695-1707.
[16] Yuksel H,Ozbilgin K,Coskun S,et al.Protective effect of leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast on smoking-induced lung injury in Wistar rats[J].Acta Med Okayama,2003,57(1):13-20.
(收稿日期:2014-04-11) (本文編輯:歐麗)