谷倬宇 李思源 肖智偉 周 婷 李 軍△
姜黃素的抗胰腺癌作用及相關(guān)機(jī)制研究
谷倬宇1,2李思源2肖智偉1,2周 婷1李 軍1,2△
目的 探討姜黃素(curcumin)的抗胰腺癌作用及其可能的機(jī)制。方法采用免疫組化法檢測(cè)35例胰腺癌組織及相鄰非癌組織中Smad4、Jab1的表達(dá)情況,并從中抽取21例胰腺癌組織測(cè)定Jab1與Smad4染色的陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞百分比,分析兩者相關(guān)性。將人胰腺癌細(xì)胞系PANC-1細(xì)胞分為PANC-1對(duì)照組(不做處理)和PANC-1 curcumin組(含10 μmol/L姜黃素的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液處理),采用Western Blot檢測(cè)姜黃素對(duì)腫瘤抑制物p53、Smad4及細(xì)胞循環(huán)抑制劑p27蛋白表達(dá)的影響。將人胚腎細(xì)胞系293T細(xì)胞分為293T對(duì)照組(不做處理)、293T curcumin組(含10 μmol/L姜黃素的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液處理)和293T Jab1組(轉(zhuǎn)染HA-Jab1質(zhì)粒),采用免疫共沉淀法檢測(cè)姜黃素對(duì)β-TrCP1與Smad4結(jié)合的蛋白表達(dá)影響。結(jié)果與相鄰非癌組織比較,胰腺癌組織中Smad4呈低表達(dá),Jab1呈高表達(dá)(均P<0.01),Jab1與Smad4的表達(dá)呈負(fù)相關(guān)(n=21,r=-0.71,P=0.007)。姜黃素可增加PANC-1細(xì)胞中Smad4、p53 和p27蛋白表達(dá)的水平,降低293T細(xì)胞中β-TrCP1與Smad4結(jié)合的蛋白表達(dá)水平;Jab1可增加293T細(xì)胞中β-TrCP1與Smad4結(jié)合的蛋白表達(dá)水平(均P<0.05)。結(jié)論姜黃素可能通過(guò)上調(diào)Smad4、p53和p27的蛋白表達(dá)進(jìn)而起到抗胰腺癌作用,其上調(diào)Smad4表達(dá)的機(jī)制可能與其抑制Smad4蛋白的泛素化進(jìn)程有關(guān),而Jab1也可能通過(guò)參與Smad4的泛素化進(jìn)程影響Smad4蛋白降解。
胰腺腫瘤;姜黃素;Smad4蛋白質(zhì);腫瘤抑制蛋白質(zhì)p53;周期素依賴激酶抑制劑p27;泛素化;Jab1
姜黃素(curcumin)是一種天然植物提取物,在中國(guó)及印度已被用作藥物來(lái)治療疾病,具有廣泛的藥理作用,包括抗感染、抗腫瘤、抗氧化及促進(jìn)傷口愈合等[1],其抗腫瘤機(jī)制在于它能作用于轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)因子、黏附分子、凋亡基因、血管生成調(diào)節(jié)因子及細(xì)胞信號(hào)分子等[2-3]。姜黃素作為Jab1相關(guān)激酶抑制劑,已有研究證實(shí)其在肝癌、胃癌、結(jié)腸癌等多種腫瘤中存在抗腫瘤作用[4-5],然而其在胰腺癌中的作用及作用機(jī)制尚不明確。有研究顯示在胰腺癌細(xì)胞系中Smad4蛋白低表達(dá)[6],但Jab1蛋白的表達(dá)情況尚少見(jiàn)報(bào)道。本研究通過(guò)檢測(cè)胰腺癌組織中Smad4、Jab1的蛋白表達(dá)情況,探討二者在胰腺癌中的相關(guān)性,觀察并分析Jab1相關(guān)激酶抑制劑姜黃素對(duì)胰腺癌細(xì)胞系中腫瘤抑制物Smad4、p53和細(xì)胞循環(huán)抑制劑p27蛋白表達(dá)的影響,旨在探討姜黃素對(duì)胰腺癌的作用及相關(guān)機(jī)制。
1.1 材料 35例胰腺癌冰凍及石蠟包埋組織來(lái)自于我院病理科臨床資料完整的胰腺癌手術(shù)患者,其中男21例,女14例,年齡60~81歲,平均(70.41±6.32)歲。正常對(duì)照組織來(lái)自于胰腺癌相鄰非癌組織。人胰腺癌細(xì)胞系PANC-1和人胚腎細(xì)胞系293T購(gòu)自中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海細(xì)胞庫(kù)。pMSCVneo/ HA-Jab1、pMSCVneo/Flag-Smad4逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒質(zhì)粒由美國(guó)阿拉巴馬伯明翰大學(xué)惠贈(zèng)。兔抗人Jab1多克隆抗體、鼠抗人Smad4單克隆抗體、p27抗體、p53抗體、β-TrCP1抗體購(gòu)自Santa Cruz公司,β-actin抗體、Flag抗體、姜黃素購(gòu)自Sigma公司,HA抗體購(gòu)自CRP公司。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)、分組處理及轉(zhuǎn)染 293T細(xì)胞、PANC-1細(xì)胞用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)基,在37℃、5%CO2的培養(yǎng)箱中進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)。細(xì)胞貼壁生長(zhǎng),每3 d傳代1次,取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期細(xì)胞進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。將PANC-1細(xì)胞分為2組,不做任何處理的細(xì)胞為PANC-1對(duì)照組,含10 μmol/L姜黃素的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液處理的細(xì)胞為PANC-1 curcumin組。293T細(xì)胞長(zhǎng)至80%密度時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)染Flag-Smad4質(zhì)粒,轉(zhuǎn)染24 h后收獲細(xì)胞,采用完全隨機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)方法將細(xì)胞分為3組,不做任何處理的細(xì)胞為293T對(duì)照組,含10 μmol/L姜黃素的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液處理的細(xì)胞為293T curcumin組,再次轉(zhuǎn)染HA-Jab1質(zhì)粒的細(xì)胞為293T Jab1組。
1.2.2 免疫組化染色 將4 μm的貼鄰切片脫蠟水化后,用新鮮配制的3%雙氧水室溫封閉10 min,PBS洗后滴加正常的山羊血清封閉液20 min,甩去多余液體。4℃滴加一抗過(guò)夜,一抗稀釋1∶100的比例,37℃復(fù)溫45 min,室溫下滴加生物素化二抗30 min,鏡下控制DAB顯色后用自來(lái)水清洗,蘇木素復(fù)染。在未知病理資料情況下,由2名病理科醫(yī)生判定,結(jié)果一致可判斷為陽(yáng)性。從35例胰腺癌標(biāo)本中隨機(jī)抽取21例測(cè)定同一張切片上Jab1與Smad4染色的陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞百分比,分析Jab1與Smad4的關(guān)系。
1.2.3 Western Blot檢測(cè) PANC-1細(xì)胞處理24 h后,預(yù)冷PBS洗滌,加入細(xì)胞裂解液,冰上裂解30 min,12 000×g 4℃離心,收集上清后加入100 μL 1×SDS上樣緩沖液,煮沸10 min使蛋白質(zhì)變性,用10%SDS-PAGE凝膠電泳分離蛋白質(zhì),轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF膜上,5%脫脂奶粉室溫封閉1 h,分別加入Smad4、p53、p27及β-actin一抗4℃過(guò)夜,過(guò)夜后加入辣根過(guò)氧化物酶標(biāo)記的相應(yīng)二抗室溫孵育1 h,然后于Bio-Rad凝膠成像儀中進(jìn)行顯影,條帶灰度值用Bio-Rad凝膠成像系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行圖像分析,重復(fù)3次。
1.2.4 免疫共沉淀反應(yīng) 293T細(xì)胞處理6 h后,預(yù)冷PBS洗滌加入細(xì)胞裂解液,冰上裂解30 min,12 000×g 4℃離心,收集上清,加入β-TrCP1抗體,4℃緩慢搖動(dòng)過(guò)夜,次日加入30 μL protein G beads,4℃緩慢搖動(dòng)2 h,1 000×g 4℃離心5 min,用不含PMSF的細(xì)胞裂解液洗滌beads 3次,加入100 μL 1×SDS上樣緩沖液,煮沸10 min,離心取上清做Western Blot檢測(cè)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 18.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,2組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間多重比較采用LSD-t法;相關(guān)分析行Pearson相關(guān)。計(jì)數(shù)資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 Smad4、Jab1在胰腺癌及相鄰非癌組織中的表達(dá) Smad4在胰腺癌組織中的陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率明顯低于相鄰非癌組織,Jab1在胰腺癌組織中的陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率明顯高于相鄰非癌組織(均P<0.01),見(jiàn)表1。21例胰腺癌標(biāo)本中Jab1陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞百分比與Smad4陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞百分比呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.71,P=0.007),見(jiàn)圖1。
2.2 姜黃素對(duì)胰腺癌細(xì)胞中Smad4、p53及p27蛋白表達(dá)的影響 與PANC-1對(duì)照組相比,姜黃素可明顯增加PANC-1細(xì)胞中Smad4、p53及p27蛋白的表達(dá)水平(P<0.01),見(jiàn)圖2、表2。
Tab.1 Protein expressions of Smad4 and Jab1 in PC tissues and pericarcinomatous tissues表1 Smad4、Jab1在胰腺癌及相鄰非癌組織中的表達(dá)例(%)
Fig.1 The correlation of Smad4 expression with Jab1 expression in pancreatic cancer tissues圖1 胰腺癌組織中Smad4與Jab1表達(dá)的相關(guān)性
Fig.2 Protein expression levels of Smad4,p53 and p27 in two groups圖2 2組細(xì)胞中Smad4、p53及p27蛋白的表達(dá)水平
Tab.2 Comparison of protein expression levels of Smad4,p53 and p27 between two groups表2 2組細(xì)胞中Smad4、p53及p27蛋白的相對(duì)表達(dá)水平比較 (n=3,±s)
Tab.2 Comparison of protein expression levels of Smad4,p53 and p27 between two groups表2 2組細(xì)胞中Smad4、p53及p27蛋白的相對(duì)表達(dá)水平比較 (n=3,±s)
**P<0.01
組別PANC-1對(duì)照組PANC-1 curcumin組t Smad4 0.42±0.05 0.71±0.04 61.537**p53 0.24±0.04 0.52±0.03 94.080**p27 0.35±0.06 0.93±0.02 252.300**
2.3 姜黃素對(duì)293T細(xì)胞中泛素化連接酶β-TrCP1 與Smad4相互作用的影響 與293T對(duì)照組相比,293T curcumin組中β-TrCP1與Smad4結(jié)合的蛋白表達(dá)水平明顯降低,293T Jab1組中β-TrCP1與Smad4結(jié)合的蛋白表達(dá)水平明顯升高(均 P<0.05)。見(jiàn)圖3、4。
Fig.3 The protein expression levels of the combination of β-TrCP1 and Smad4 in three groups圖3 3組細(xì)胞中β-TrCP1與Smad4結(jié)合的蛋白表達(dá)水平
Fig.4 Comparison of protein expression levels of the combination of β-TrCP1 and Smad4 in three groups圖4 3組細(xì)胞中β-TrCP1與Smad4結(jié)合的蛋白表達(dá)水平比較
胰腺癌是一個(gè)多基因、多步驟的發(fā)展過(guò)程,涉及多個(gè)原癌基因和抑癌基因的突變,其中最主要的是K-ras、p53、p16、DPC4/Smad4基因。近年來(lái)的研究證實(shí)抑癌基因Smad4/DPC4與胰腺癌的發(fā)病機(jī)制密切相關(guān)[7]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,在胰腺癌組織中,Smad4蛋白表達(dá)明顯降低,此結(jié)果與國(guó)外研究結(jié)果一致[8]。Jab1即CSN5,是COP9信號(hào)復(fù)合物(CSN)的第5個(gè)組分,已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Jab1在多種腫瘤中高表達(dá),包括胰腺癌[9],但具體機(jī)制不明。本研究中Jab1在胰腺癌組織中呈高表達(dá),與Smad4的表達(dá)呈負(fù)相關(guān),提示Jab1高表達(dá)及Smad4低表達(dá)與胰腺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展可能密切相關(guān),二者可能是胰腺癌發(fā)病機(jī)制的一個(gè)重要組成部分。
姜黃素作為Jab1相關(guān)激酶抑制劑,已證實(shí)在許多腫瘤中具有抗腫瘤活性[10],有研究表明其作用機(jī)制可能與Notch-1及核因子(NF)-κB信號(hào)途徑及其下游基因相關(guān)[11],但具體機(jī)制不明。He等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),姜黃素可通過(guò)上調(diào)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞中p53的表達(dá)進(jìn)而加速癌細(xì)胞的凋亡,p53的表達(dá)很可能是姜黃素的一個(gè)重要調(diào)控點(diǎn)。Maher等[13]在宮頸癌細(xì)胞中也證實(shí)了姜黃素可通過(guò)調(diào)控p53蛋白表達(dá)參與宮頸癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展。Aggarwal等[14]在人乳腺癌細(xì)胞和前列腺癌細(xì)胞中也發(fā)現(xiàn)姜黃素可通過(guò)上調(diào)細(xì)胞中的p53 及p27的表達(dá),從而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖。本研究結(jié)果顯示,姜黃素可上調(diào)胰腺癌細(xì)胞中腫瘤抑制物Smad4、p53和細(xì)胞循環(huán)抑制劑p27的蛋白表達(dá),提示姜黃素可能通過(guò)上調(diào)胰腺癌細(xì)胞中Smad4、p53 及p27的表達(dá)進(jìn)而起到抗胰腺癌作用。
泛素-蛋白酶體途徑是主要調(diào)節(jié)蛋白降解的系統(tǒng)之一,研究表明泛素化連接酶β-TrCP1在Smad4蛋白的泛素化及進(jìn)一步降解中起著重要作用[15]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,293T curcumin組中β-TrCP1與Smad4結(jié)合的蛋白表達(dá)水平明顯低于對(duì)照組,提示姜黃素可抑制β-TrCP1與Smad4的相互結(jié)合,從而可能通過(guò)抑制Smad4的泛素化,進(jìn)而減少Smad4作為底物被泛素-蛋白酶體系統(tǒng)降解,使其蛋白的穩(wěn)定性及表達(dá)增加。而 293T Jab1組中β-TrCP1與Smad4結(jié)合的蛋白表達(dá)水平明顯高于對(duì)照組,提示Jab1可能通過(guò)促進(jìn)Smad4的泛素化,使Smad4蛋白的穩(wěn)定性及表達(dá)下降,結(jié)合胰腺癌組織中Jab1與Smad4的蛋白表達(dá)呈負(fù)相關(guān),也進(jìn)一步提示Jab1與Smad4的不穩(wěn)定密切相關(guān),姜黃素可能通過(guò)抑制Smad4的泛素化進(jìn)程進(jìn)而抑制其降解,從而上調(diào)Smad4表達(dá)起到抗胰腺癌作用。
綜上所述,姜黃素作為Jab1相關(guān)激酶抑制劑可能通過(guò)上調(diào)Smad4、p53和p27的蛋白表達(dá)進(jìn)而起到抗胰腺癌作用,其上調(diào)Smad4表達(dá)的機(jī)制可能與其抑制Smad4蛋白的泛素化進(jìn)程有關(guān),而Jab1也可能通過(guò)參與Smad4的泛素化進(jìn)程影響Smad4蛋白降解。
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(2014-05-09收稿 2014-08-12修回)
(本文編輯 陳麗潔)
The Anti-Tumor Effect and Mechanism of Curcumin in Pancreatic Cancer
GU Zhuoyu1,2,LI Siyuan2,XIAO Zhiwei1,2,ZHOU Ting1,LI Jun1,2△
1 First Affiliated Hospital,Medical College of Shihezi University,Shihezi 832002,China;2 Medical College of Shihezi University,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education,Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases
△
E-mail:xjlijun@163.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the anti-tumor effect and mechanism of curcumin in pancreatic cancer(PC).MethodsSmad4 and Jab1 expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry in tumor tissues and pericarcinomatous tissue from 35 PC cases,and the correlation of Smad4 and Jab1 were analyzed based on the percentage of positive staining intissues from 21 random selected PC cases.The effect of curcumin on expressions of tumor suppressors p53,Smad4 and cell cycle inhibitor p27 were examined by Western Blotting after human pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1 were divided into PANC-1 control group(no treatments were given)and PANC-1 curcumin group(treated with cell culture medium containing 10 μmol/L curcumin).The effect of curcumin on expressions of combination of β-TrCP1 and Smad4 was examined by Co-Immunoprecipitation after human embryonic kidney cell line 293T were divided into 293T control group(no treatments were given),293T curcumin group(treated with cell culture medium containing 10 μmol/L curcumin)and 293T Jab1 group(transfected by HA-Jab1 plasmid).ResultsCompared with expressions in pericarcinomatous tissues,Smad4 was down regulated while the expression of Jab1 was upregulated in PC tissues(P<0.01),and the expression of Smad4 was negatively correlated with the expression of Jab1(n=21,r=-0.71,P=0.007).After treated with curcumin,the protein expression of p53,Smad4and p27 was increased in PANC1 cell,and the protein expression of the combination of β-TrCP1 and Smad4 was decreased in 293T cell(P<0.05).After transfected by HA-Jab1 plasmid,the protein expression of the combination of β-TrCP1 and Smad4 was increased in 293T cell(P<0.05).ConclusionCurcumin may have suppression effect of PC through increasing the protein expression of p53,Smad4 and p27,and the mechanism of Smad4 upregulation may be related with the inhibition of Smad4 ubiquitination process,while Jab1 may be also involved in Smad4 degradation through ubiquitination.
pancreatic neoplasms;curcumin;Smad4 protein;tumor suppressor protein p53;cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27;ubiquitination;Jab1
R735.9
A
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9896.2014.12.003
新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)國(guó)際合作基金資助項(xiàng)目(2011BC005)
1石河子大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院(郵編832002);2石河子大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院,新疆地方與民族高發(fā)病教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室
△通訊作者 E-mail:xjlijun@163.com