陶文鴻,郭其鳳,曹永政,曾煒
·心臟介入Cardiac intervention·
單心動(dòng)周期三維超聲評(píng)價(jià)房間隔缺損患者封堵術(shù)前后右室容積和功能
陶文鴻,郭其鳳,曹永政,曾煒
目的采用單心動(dòng)周期三維超聲評(píng)價(jià)房間隔缺損(ASD)患者封堵術(shù)前后右室容積和功能變化。方法2011年7月—2013年10月對(duì)45例單純繼發(fā)孔型ADS患者行介入封堵術(shù)。將患者分為ASD無(wú)肺動(dòng)脈高壓組28例和ASD合并肺動(dòng)脈高壓組17例。應(yīng)用單心動(dòng)周期三維超聲結(jié)合術(shù)中右心導(dǎo)管檢查測(cè)定兩組患者封堵術(shù)前后的右室舒張末容積(RVEDV)、右室收縮末容積(RVESV)、右室每搏量(RVSV)、右室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(RVEF)、肺動(dòng)脈收縮壓(PASP)和肺動(dòng)脈平均壓(mPAP),并計(jì)算右室心輸出量(RVCO)。結(jié)果術(shù)后兩組患者的RVEDV、RVESV、RVSV及RVCO均顯著減低,與術(shù)前相比差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。無(wú)肺動(dòng)脈高壓組的RVEF低于術(shù)前(P<0.05),而伴肺動(dòng)脈高壓組與術(shù)前比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后伴肺動(dòng)脈高壓組的肺動(dòng)脈壓明顯減低(P<0.05)。結(jié)論單心動(dòng)周期三維超聲能快速、準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估右室容積和功能;ASD患者封堵術(shù)后右室容積減低;無(wú)肺動(dòng)脈高壓患者封堵術(shù)后右室功能減低;伴肺動(dòng)脈高壓患者封堵術(shù)后肺動(dòng)脈壓降低而右室功能無(wú)明顯變化。
房間隔缺損;介入封堵術(shù);實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖;右室容積和功能
房間隔缺損(atrial septal defct,ASD)是最常見的先天性心臟病之一[1],經(jīng)導(dǎo)管介入封堵是近年來單純繼發(fā)孔型ASD的首選治療方法。右心室由于形態(tài)復(fù)雜,其容積和功能的評(píng)估一直是個(gè)難點(diǎn)。新近出現(xiàn)的單心動(dòng)周期實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲技術(shù)以其快速、準(zhǔn)確的特點(diǎn)使右心室容積和功能的評(píng)估達(dá)到了前所未有的高度,成為該領(lǐng)域新的里程碑。本研究應(yīng)用單心動(dòng)周期三維超聲技術(shù)結(jié)合術(shù)中右心導(dǎo)管檢查對(duì)ASD患者介入封堵前后右心室容積、功能和肺動(dòng)脈壓的變化進(jìn)行分析,從而更好地評(píng)價(jià)手術(shù)療效和判斷預(yù)后。
1.1 研究對(duì)象
選取2011年7月—2013年10月入我院行介入封堵術(shù)的單純繼發(fā)孔型ASD患者45例,除外其他心臟畸形和肺部疾患。根據(jù)術(shù)中右心導(dǎo)管檢查測(cè)量的肺動(dòng)脈收縮壓(pulmonary artery systolic pressure,PASP)和肺動(dòng)脈平均壓(mean pulmonary artery pressure,mPAP)分為ASD無(wú)肺動(dòng)脈高壓組(PASP<30 mmHg,mPAP<20 mmHg,1 mmHg= 0.133 kp)和ASD伴肺動(dòng)脈高壓組(PASP≥30mmHg,mPAP≥20 mmHg)。兩組患者一般資料及血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo)見表1。
表1 兩組房間隔缺損患者一般資料和血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo)
1.2 手術(shù)及分析方法
兩組患者介入封堵術(shù)前應(yīng)用單心動(dòng)周期三維超聲作右室容積和功能分析。手術(shù)封堵前,兩組患者均行右心導(dǎo)管檢查,測(cè)量PASP及mPAP,之后按常規(guī)操作封堵ASD,封堵器釋放后再行右心導(dǎo)管檢查測(cè)量PASP及mPAP。介入封堵術(shù)后再對(duì)兩組患者作單心動(dòng)周期三維超聲右室容積和功能分析。
1.3 右室容積和功能分析步驟及指標(biāo)
設(shè)備采用西門子ACUSON SC2000型容積超聲成像系統(tǒng),4Z1c瞬時(shí)全容積探頭,探頭頻率1.5~3.5 MHz,三維扇角90°×90°,深度12~16 cm,容積率15~30容積/s。系統(tǒng)自帶右心室自動(dòng)分析軟件(RVA)。
1.3.1 圖像采集受檢者取左側(cè)臥位,常規(guī)接同步心電圖,探頭置于心尖,顯示心尖四腔心切面。四腔心切面必須包括完整的右心室。按“4D”按鈕進(jìn)入容積成像系統(tǒng),調(diào)節(jié)圖像清楚顯示右室腔及心內(nèi)膜邊界。凍結(jié)鍵暫停檢查,回放尋找圖像最佳的心動(dòng)周期,調(diào)整心電圖上采集的起點(diǎn)和終點(diǎn),一般選擇在心電圖的P-P間期獲取1個(gè)心動(dòng)周期的容積圖,采集圖像存盤以備分析。
1.3.2 圖像分析將已采集的圖像導(dǎo)入超聲系統(tǒng)。雙擊選取擬分析的容積圖,選擇RVA分析程序,進(jìn)入右室容積和功能的分析過程。根據(jù)RVA分析軟件的操作提示,逐步完成操作,最后軟件自動(dòng)生成右室容積和功能的相關(guān)參數(shù)。具體操作步驟:①標(biāo)記三尖瓣、二尖瓣及左室心尖區(qū)中點(diǎn):通過旋轉(zhuǎn)容積圖,找到二尖瓣、三尖瓣及左室心尖部的最佳切面,在右心室、左心室基部及左心室心尖區(qū)分別標(biāo)記二尖瓣、三尖瓣及左心室心尖區(qū)中點(diǎn)。②手動(dòng)描記四腔心右心室舒張末和收縮末的心內(nèi)膜邊界。③手動(dòng)描記矢狀切面右心室舒張末和收縮末的心內(nèi)膜邊界。④調(diào)整右心室冠狀切面,清楚顯示右心室流入道和流出道,手動(dòng)描記右室冠狀切面在舒張末和收縮末的上下邊界。⑤調(diào)整和修改以上各個(gè)系列切面的心內(nèi)膜邊界。⑥根據(jù)以上步驟確定平面及心內(nèi)膜邊界,軟件自動(dòng)計(jì)算并輸出右心室舒張末容積(right ventricular end-diastolic volume,RVEDV)、右心室收縮末容積(right ventricular end-systolic volume,RVESV)、右心室每搏輸出量(right ventricular stroke volume,RVSV)及右心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(right ventricular ejection fraction,RVEF),見圖1。
右室心輸出量計(jì)算:右室心輸出量(right ventricular cardiac output,RVCO)=心率×每搏輸出量。
圖1 心動(dòng)周期右心室容積圖
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,所有定量數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù) ±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,手術(shù)前后均數(shù)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
45例患者均成功進(jìn)行介入封堵,術(shù)后封堵器形態(tài)正常,位置固定,心房水平未見明顯殘余分流。兩組患者封堵術(shù)前后右心室容積、功能和肺動(dòng)脈壓測(cè)值比較見表2。術(shù)后兩組患者的RVEDV、RVESV、RVSV及RVCO均顯著低于術(shù)前(P<0.05),ASD無(wú)肺動(dòng)脈高壓組患者的RVEF較術(shù)前減低(P<0.05),但伴肺動(dòng)脈高壓組患者的RVEF與術(shù)前比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),術(shù)后ASD伴肺動(dòng)脈高壓組患者的PASP及mPAP較術(shù)前明顯降低(P<0.05)。
表2 兩組房間隔缺損患者右心室容積、功能和肺動(dòng)脈壓測(cè)值比較(±s)
表2 兩組房間隔缺損患者右心室容積、功能和肺動(dòng)脈壓測(cè)值比較(±s)
注:RVEDV=右心室舒張末容積,RVESV=右心室收縮末容積,RVSV=右心室每搏輸出量,RVEF=右心室射血分?jǐn)?shù),RVCO=右心室輸出量,PASP=肺動(dòng)脈收縮壓,mPAP=肺動(dòng)脈平均壓,與術(shù)前比較,aP<0.05
組別例數(shù)無(wú)肺動(dòng)脈高壓組28 RVEDV/ml RVESV/ml RVSV/ml RVEF/%RVCO/(l/min)PASP/mmHg mPAP/mmHg術(shù)前150.93±50.59 53.55±20.98 97.38±30.59 65.26±3.87 7.69±2.07——術(shù)后121.59±41.35a44.95±16.89a76.11±24.92a63.32±3.21a5.78±1.52a——伴肺動(dòng)脈高壓組17術(shù)前179.18±36.94 81.68±20.68 97.48±18.09 54.85±3.91 7.59±1.41 62.25±12.24 31.03±3.93術(shù)后152.00±34.15a68.94±19.45a83.12±16.22a55.48±4.48 6.33±1.21a37.44±7.39a20.85±4.21a
右心室形態(tài)復(fù)雜,不能用1個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的幾何模型進(jìn)行摸擬,其容積和功能的評(píng)估一直以來都是個(gè)難點(diǎn)[2]。超聲心動(dòng)圖作為評(píng)估心臟功能的一種方法,其以廉價(jià)、便利和可重復(fù)性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn)在臨床應(yīng)用上占據(jù)著重要的位置[3]。M型和二維超聲雙平面simpson方法評(píng)估右心室容積和功能早已被臨床認(rèn)可,但其均存在不足,只有三維超聲心動(dòng)圖可以重建右心室形態(tài),計(jì)算右心室容積和射血分?jǐn)?shù),整個(gè)過程不需要對(duì)右心室進(jìn)行幾何假設(shè),是目前評(píng)估右心室容積和功能較為準(zhǔn)確的方法[4]。但是,傳統(tǒng)的三維超聲心動(dòng)圖是4~7個(gè)心動(dòng)周期成像的拼接,會(huì)因患者的呼吸或心率失常造成信息丟失和拼接界面不連貫而影響診斷效果。近年來,出現(xiàn)的單心動(dòng)周期實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖技術(shù)采用了高信息率的成像引擎,百分之百利用回波中的振幅和相位信息,徹底摒棄傳統(tǒng)的插補(bǔ)技術(shù),實(shí)現(xiàn)了在1個(gè)心動(dòng)周期中對(duì)心臟立體結(jié)構(gòu)全方位的相位和振幅的同時(shí)采集,信息完整、快速、準(zhǔn)確[5]。與傳統(tǒng)的多心動(dòng)周期三維超聲成像相比,單心動(dòng)周期三維超聲成像大大縮短了檢查時(shí)間,且整個(gè)檢查過程患者不必屏氣,也避免了患者由于心率紊亂造成的信息丟失和拼接偽像。與多心動(dòng)周期實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲相比,單心動(dòng)周期實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲的優(yōu)勢(shì)諸多,使其在右心室容積和功能評(píng)估中的準(zhǔn)確性得到了前所未有的提高。
本研究顯示,ASD封堵成功后,兩組患者的RVEDV、RVESV、RVSV及RVCO均較術(shù)前明顯降低,ASD無(wú)肺動(dòng)脈高壓組的RVEF低于術(shù)前,ASD伴肺動(dòng)脈高壓組的RVEF與術(shù)前比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。ASD的成功封堵,糾正了心臟的解剖畸形,房水平分流消失,右心容量負(fù)荷減輕,RVEDV隨之減少。ASD無(wú)肺動(dòng)脈壓組患者主要受容量負(fù)荷的影響,隨著容量負(fù)荷的減輕,右心室回縮,右心室心肌初長(zhǎng)度較術(shù)前縮短,收縮力較術(shù)前減弱,RVSV下降,RVCO和RVEF也隨之下降[6]。ASD伴肺動(dòng)脈高壓組患者封堵前后右心導(dǎo)管檢測(cè)的PASP和mPAP于封堵后均明顯減低。先心病ASD肺動(dòng)脈高壓的形成一般要經(jīng)歷容量性肺動(dòng)脈高壓到阻力性肺動(dòng)脈高壓的病理過程,容量性肺動(dòng)脈高壓階段是可逆過程,可隨肺循環(huán)血量的減少而逆轉(zhuǎn),當(dāng)發(fā)展到阻力性肺動(dòng)脈高壓時(shí)則為不可逆[7],這個(gè)階段也是ASD封堵術(shù)的禁忌證。我們選擇的ASD伴肺動(dòng)脈高壓病例,在術(shù)中試封堵時(shí)右心導(dǎo)管監(jiān)測(cè)PASP和mPAP下降,釋放封堵器后并無(wú)明顯不適,表明所選病例均處于容量性肺動(dòng)脈高壓階段,此時(shí)由于心房水平左向右分流消失,右心容量負(fù)荷減輕,肺循環(huán)血量減少,肺動(dòng)脈壓在封堵后出現(xiàn)明顯的下降[8-10]。ASD伴肺動(dòng)脈高壓組患者雖然封堵術(shù)后右室容量和壓力負(fù)荷均較術(shù)前減低,但術(shù)前該組病例的右心室已發(fā)生明顯重構(gòu)或?yàn)椴豢赡嬷貥?gòu),其恢復(fù)過程更慢甚至不能完全恢復(fù)[11],所以其右心室功能在術(shù)后并沒有明顯改善。
綜上所述,單心動(dòng)周期三維超聲是能快速、準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估右心室容積和功能的方法;ASD患者介入封堵術(shù)后右心室容積較術(shù)前減低,ASD無(wú)肺動(dòng)脈高壓患者右心室功能較術(shù)前減低,ASD伴肺動(dòng)脈高壓患者的肺動(dòng)脈壓較術(shù)前減低而右心室功能無(wú)明顯變化。雖然我們得到了ASD患者封堵術(shù)前和術(shù)后右心室容積、功能和肺動(dòng)脈壓的一些變化情況,但術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)期的變化情況還有待我們進(jìn)一步追蹤、隨訪。
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Evaluation of the changes of righ t ventricu lar volum e and function by using single beat real-tim e 3-D echocardiography in patients with atrial septal defect before and after percutaneous closure
TAO Wen-hong,GUO Qi-feng,CAO Yong-zheng,ZENGWei.Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College,Zunyi,Guizhou Province 563099,China
CAO Yong-zheng,E-mail:gzzycyz@sina.com
ObjectiveTo evaluate the changes of right ventricular(RV)volume and function by using single beat real-time three dimensional(3-D)echocardiography in patients with atrial septal defect(ASD)before and after percutaneous closure.Methods During the period from July 2011 to Oct.2013,a total of 45 patients with pure ostium secundum defect were admitted to authors’hospital to receive percutaneous transcatheter closer.The patients were divided into ASD without pulmonary hypertension(PH)group(group A,n=28)and ASD with PH group(group B,n=17).By using 3-D echocardiography and right cardiac catheterization,the right ventricular end-diastolic volume(RVEDV),right ventricular endsystolic volume(RVESV),right ventricular stroke volume(RVSV),right ventricular ejection fraction(RVEF),right ventricular cardiac output(RVCO),pulmonary artery systolic pressure(PASP)and themean pulmonary artery pressure(mPAP)were determined before and after the percutaneous transcatheter closer.The results were compared between the two groups.Results After the treatment a statistically significant reduction in RVEDV,RVESV,RVSV and RVCO were seen in all patients(P<0.05).In group A,RVEF decreased significantly after ASD closure when compared with that determined before transcatheter closer(P<0.05),while no significant reduction in RVEF was seen in group B(P>0.05).Pulmonary artery pressure(PAP)decreased significantly in group B after ASD closure when compared with that obtained before transcatheter closer(P<0.05).Conclusion Single beat real-time 3-D echocardiography is a newly-developed technique.This technique can quickly and accurately assess the right ventricular volume and function.Right ventricular volume willdecrease after ASD closer.In ASD patients without PH the right ventricular function will decrease after ASD closer,while in ASD patients with PH the right ventricular function shows no changes after ASD closer although their PAPwill decrease.(J Intervent Radiol,2014,23:388-391)
atrialseptaldefect;interventional closure;real-time three dimensionalechocardiography;right ventricular volume and function
R541.1
A
1008-794X(2014)-05-0388-04
2013-10-02)
(本文編輯:侯虹魯)
10.3969/j.issn.1008-794X.2014.05.005
563099貴州遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院超聲科(陶文鴻、曹永政、曾煒),心電圖科(郭其鳳)
曹永政E-mail:gzzycyz@sina.com