蔡候紙術(shù) 惠及古今——探尋中國(guó)手工造紙術(shù)的發(fā)展足跡

文/五花肉

手工造紙術(shù)

manual papermaking

物盡其用

make good use

紙質(zhì)檢驗(yàn)

paper quality inspection

倫乃造意用樹(shù)膚、麻頭及敝布、魚(yú)網(wǎng)以為紙。……帝善其能，自是莫不從用焉，故天下咸稱“蔡侯紙”。

——《后漢書(shū).蔡倫傳》/范曄（南朝·宋）

Cai Lun used rind;linen and rag to make paper.The emperor praised him.The paper made by Cai Lun was used throughout China and was called"Cai's Paper"

——Fan Ye(Song Dynasty,History of the Later Han Dynasty Biography of Cai Lun)

其廢紙洗去朱墨污穢，浸爛入槽再造，全省從前煮浸之力，依然成紙，耗亦不多?！贿€魂紙。

——《天工開(kāi)物·造竹紙》/宋應(yīng)星（明）

The waste paper was washed; immersed and remade, which saved previous process of papermakingwith less loss. The recycled paper was called" Revival Paper"..

——Song Yingxing(Ming Dynasty,Heavenly Creations Bamboo Paper)

巖壁、陶面、體膚、青銅、甲骨、簡(jiǎn)牘、竹帛，在紙出現(xiàn)之前，中國(guó)古人使用過(guò)的繪寫材料可謂洋洋大觀。然而“縑貴而簡(jiǎn)重，并不便于人”，這些材料均不足以適應(yīng)社會(huì)文化發(fā)展的需要。

In ancient China,people used various writing material including rock;pottery;skin;bronze;oracle and bamboo.The silk was too expensive and the bamboo was too heavy to be suitable for writing,neither of which met the needs of social and cultural development.

考古顯示，早在西漢中國(guó)就已采用麻類植物纖維造紙，而東漢發(fā)明家蔡倫則是第一位名垂青史的手工造紙術(shù)總結(jié)與改進(jìn)者。他憑借規(guī)?；褂描ず椭裰坪熋婕埬?，大大拓展了造紙?jiān)稀⑻岣吡顺堎|(zhì)量，開(kāi)創(chuàng)了人類文明傳播載體的新紀(jì)元。在其后千余年間，中國(guó)人持續(xù)發(fā)明、革新，向世界貢獻(xiàn)了一整套造紙及加工的完整技術(shù)體系，創(chuàng)制出麻紙、皮紙、竹紙等一系列產(chǎn)品。

Archeologically,early in Western Han Dynasty,people used linen to make paper.In Eastern Han Dynasty,Cai Lun firstly summarized and greatly improved papermaking technology.He mass produced paper from paper mulberry bark,which expended the range of raw material;improved quality and created a new era of paper media for cultural exchange.In later thousands of years Chinese people kept upgrading the papermaking technology;developed technology system and invented a series paper including linen paper;leather paper and bamboo paper.

造紙技術(shù)方面，中國(guó)古人于魏晉南北朝，便運(yùn)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化原理，制成可拆合簾床抄紙器，提高了麻紙生產(chǎn)效率；到了造紙術(shù)臻于成熟的明清兩代，許多技法形成固定“程式”，其間出版的《天工開(kāi)物·殺青》，介紹了竹紙、皮紙的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程并附有生產(chǎn)設(shè)備操作圖，被世界公認(rèn)為手工造紙技術(shù)的權(quán)威著作。

As for papermaking technology,In the Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties,Chinese people used standardization theory to improve the production efficiency of linen paper.In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the technologies were standardized."Heavenly Creations-fixation"introduced the production process of bamboo paper and linen paper with operation chart and was regarded as the authoritative work for manual papermaking.

人們還秉承“物盡其用”的環(huán)保思想，自東漢始“變廢為寶”，以敝布、舊魚(yú)網(wǎng)作為造紙?jiān)?；北宋年間，又以故紙回槽制成“還魂紙”，開(kāi)廢紙循環(huán)利用之先河；還因地制宜，以間伐復(fù)種等方式循環(huán)利用各類植物資源，保障造紙?jiān)?、降低生產(chǎn)成本；天然漂白工藝的采用更使紙品具有了千年存真的品質(zhì)。

With concept of environmental protection,ancient Chinese made good use of any material to make paper.Since Eastern Han Dynasty,people made paper from crap such as rag and waste net.In Northern Song Dynasty,people recycled waste paper to invent"Revival Paper".Furthermore,Chinese people utilized various plants to maintain the resource of papermaking and reduce the cost.Natural bleaching technology was invented for long term preservation.

此外，中國(guó)手工造紙業(yè)還形成了獨(dú)有的技術(shù)體系，人們以“刀”、“張”等作為計(jì)量單位，針對(duì)紙質(zhì)檢驗(yàn)，歸納并廣泛使用“紙質(zhì)幼嫩”、“結(jié)實(shí)響張”、“沙丁”、“洋河”等三十余個(gè)名詞術(shù)語(yǔ)。

Meanwhile,technical system for papermaking was developed."Quaternion" and "piece" became the metrological units.More than thirty terminologies for paper quality inspection including"Zhi Zhi You Nen(Tiny and Tender)";"Jie Shi Xiang Zhang(Strong and Tough);"Sha Ding"and"Yang He"were created.

可以說(shuō)1300多年以來(lái)，正是中國(guó)手工造紙術(shù)的一路西傳，最終催生出現(xiàn)代造紙術(shù)，有力推進(jìn)了人類文明傳播發(fā)展的歷史進(jìn)程。

In more than 1300 years,it was the westward transmission of Chinese papermaking technology that promoted the evolution of modern papermaking technology and boosted the development of human civilization.