摘要:目的探討終末期腎臟?。╡nd-stage renal disease, ESRD)患者血清骨硬化蛋白水平與血管鈣化間的關(guān)系并分析骨硬化蛋白的影響因素。方法①收集我院長(zhǎng)期規(guī)律血液凈化的ESRD患者100例并按年齡匹配的方式選取正常對(duì)照組100例,比較兩組間瓣膜鈣化發(fā)生率、血管鈣化積分及血清骨硬化蛋白水平等相關(guān)指標(biāo)的差異,其中血管鈣化積分用多層螺旋CT(MSCT)評(píng)估,骨硬化蛋白水平用ELISA方法測(cè)定。②按骨硬化蛋白中位數(shù)將ESRD患者分成兩組,比較兩組間年齡、性別、高血壓及糖尿病發(fā)病率、體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI)、白蛋白、總膽固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hsCRP)、載脂蛋白(α)(apo(α))、瓣膜鈣化發(fā)生率、全段甲狀旁腺素(iPTH)、降鈣素、血鈣、血磷、血鈣磷乘積、血鎂和血管鈣化積分等指標(biāo)的差異并分析血清骨硬化蛋白的影響因素。③采用SPSS 19.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)果ESRD患者血管鈣化程度重,血清骨硬化蛋白水平明顯升高,其中血清骨硬化蛋白水平較低組的ESRD患者其平均年齡、高血壓及糖尿病發(fā)病率、透析時(shí)間、TC、LDL-C、hsCRP、apo(α)、iPTH、血鈣、血磷、血鈣磷乘積及血管鈣化積分均高于血清骨硬化蛋白較高組的ESRD患者,而白蛋白和血鎂水平均低于后者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。同時(shí)血清骨硬化蛋白水平與年齡、白蛋白、血清甲狀旁腺激素水平、血磷、鈣磷乘積及血管鈣化積分呈負(fù)相關(guān),與血鎂水平正相關(guān)。結(jié)論血管鈣化在ESRD患者中普遍存在,且程度較重。ESRD患者骨硬化蛋白水平明顯升高,且與年齡、白蛋白、甲狀旁腺素、血磷、鈣磷乘積、瓣膜鈣化及血管鈣化呈負(fù)相關(guān),提示其可作為一個(gè)新的反應(yīng)ESRD患者骨轉(zhuǎn)化水平和血管鈣化程度的指標(biāo),但其臨床意義還需進(jìn)一步研究。
關(guān)鍵詞:終末期腎臟?。谎茆}化;骨硬化蛋白
Relationship between Serum Sclerostin Level and Vascular Calcification in Esrd Patients and the Analysis of Their Relative Factors
GAN Yu-zhou, GAN Hua
(Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between serum sclerostin level and vascular calcification in ESRD patients and to observe the effect factors of sclerostin. Methods1. A cross-sectional study was performed in 100 ESRD patients and 100 people in controlled group with matched age, data was documented of BMI, Albumin, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, hsCRP, Lp(α), valve calcification, iPTH, calcitonin, Ca, P, Ca×P, Mg, and vascular calcification score and serum sclerostin level. Besides, the vascular calcification score was quantitively evaluated by MSCT and the sclerostin level was examined by ELISA. 2. Divide the ESRD patients into two groups according to the sclerostin median level and compare the difference of age, sex, prevalence of hypertension and diabetes, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, hsCRP, the prevalence of valve calcification, iPTH, calcitonin, Ca, P, Ca×P, Mg and vascular calcification score between the two groups, then analyze the effect factors of sclerostin. 3. All data were performed using SPSS version 19.0, P<0.05 was defined statistical significance. ResultsThe level of vascular calcification score and serum sclerostin is higher in ESRD patients. The level of average age, dialysis age, the prevalence of DM and hypertension, TC, TG, LDL-C, hsCRP, apo(α), iPTH, vascular calcification score in the lower sclerostin group is higher than the group of higher sclerostin group, but the level of albumin and Mg is lower than the latter, all with statistically significant difference. Besides the result of Spearman rank test indicates, the sclerostin level has a negative correlation with age, albumin, iPTH, P, Ca×P, and vascular calcification, and has a positive correlation with Mg. ConclusionVascular calcification in ESRD patients has the characteristics of high prevalence and serious degree. The level of serum sclerostin level in ESRD patient is much higher, and has a negative correlation with age, albumin, PTH level, blood P, Ca×P, and vascular calcification, and this indicates that the sclerostin could be used as an novel marker of bone turnover and vascular calcification in ESRD patients.
Key words:End-stage renal disease;Vascular calcification;Sclerostin
血管鈣化是慢性腎臟?。╟hronic kidney disease, CKD)患者尤其是終末期腎臟病患者中常見的心腦血管合并癥之一,也與心腦血管意外事件發(fā)生率、心腦血管死亡率和全因死亡率有顯著的相關(guān)性[1]。ESRD患者的血管鈣化的發(fā)病機(jī)制較多,包括營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良性鈣化、鈣磷代謝紊亂導(dǎo)致的鈣在血管中膜的異位被動(dòng)沉積等[2]。而大量研究證實(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)ESRD患者的血管鈣化最重要的機(jī)制是血管平滑肌細(xì)胞(vascular smooth muscle cell, VSMC)轉(zhuǎn)分化成成骨細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞及成軟骨樣細(xì)胞[3],其中有多種因子可參與調(diào)控該過程,如骨保護(hù)素(osteoprotegerin, OPG)[4]、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子23(transforming growth factor, FGF-23)[5]、胎球蛋白-A(Fetuin-A)[6]、基質(zhì)GLA蛋白(matrix gla protein, MGP)[7]、Klotho蛋白[8]等。骨硬化蛋白(sclerostin)可通過抑制Wnt經(jīng)典通路來降低成骨細(xì)胞活性進(jìn)而抑制骨形成[9],近期相關(guān)研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)骨硬化蛋白可作為ESRD患者骨轉(zhuǎn)化的生化指標(biāo)之一[10]。本研究旨在研究ESRD患者血管鈣化與骨硬化蛋白間的相關(guān)性,并分析它們與已知的脂代謝、骨代謝等相關(guān)指標(biāo)間的關(guān)系。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
1.1.1分組 實(shí)驗(yàn)組:按長(zhǎng)期在(≥3個(gè)月)我院血液凈化中心進(jìn)行規(guī)律血液透析的ESRD患者的透析編號(hào)(每隔3個(gè)號(hào)選1例患者),共選100例患者。對(duì)照組:按年齡匹配的方式選取同期于我院體檢中心及老年科已行全腹部CT的人群作為正常對(duì)照,共選100例。
1.1.2排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 實(shí)驗(yàn)組:近3個(gè)月有心梗、腦梗病史。對(duì)照組:明顯感染、急性心衰、肝功能不全、惡性腫瘤、腎功能不全(定義為eGFR≤60 mL/(1.73m2×min))及除慢性腎功能不全外所有可引起鈣磷代謝紊亂相關(guān)性疾病等。
1.2方法
1.2.1資料采集 對(duì)所有入選者記錄其年齡、性別、身高、體重、透析齡及腎衰竭的病因等相關(guān)臨床資料,并收集其空腹靜脈血標(biāo)本,其中ESRD患者采集其透析前(若間斷行血液濾過則采集其血液濾過前)的靜脈血標(biāo)本(EDTA抗凝管抽?。?。
1.2.2實(shí)驗(yàn)方法 所有靜脈血標(biāo)本均分成3部分,1份送我院中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行血鈣、血磷、血鎂、白蛋白、LDL-C、HDL-C、hsCRP及apo(α)等測(cè)定,1份送我院內(nèi)分泌實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行iPTH(采用美國(guó)貝克曼公司DXI-800全自動(dòng)生化分析儀檢測(cè),試劑采用配套試劑)及降鈣素(采用德國(guó)索林公司Liasion2229全自動(dòng)生化分析儀檢測(cè))測(cè)定,1份在室溫下靜置1 h后用低溫離心機(jī)以3500 r/min離心10 min,取其血清存入EP管中并放入-80℃冰箱備測(cè)骨硬化蛋白濃度。用ELISA方法檢測(cè)血清骨硬化蛋白水平(試劑購(gòu)自Cloud-Clone公司,試劑盒編號(hào)SEC864Hu 96T)。
1.2.3 MSCT血管鈣化積分 所有患者均行腹部至股骨上段1/3進(jìn)行64排CT平掃,層厚5 mm,評(píng)價(jià)腹主動(dòng)脈、雙側(cè)髂動(dòng)脈及雙側(cè)股動(dòng)脈的鈣化情況,其中鈣化定義為面積>1 mm2,密度>130 Hounsfield,并請(qǐng)同1位有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的放射科醫(yī)生對(duì)其血管鈣化進(jìn)行評(píng)分。血管鈣化積分[11]具體細(xì)則如下:0級(jí):無動(dòng)脈鈣化;1級(jí):極少量的非環(huán)形、非連續(xù)的散點(diǎn)狀鈣化,鈣化直徑累及不足動(dòng)脈直徑的50%;2級(jí):少量的非環(huán)形、非連續(xù)的散點(diǎn)樣鈣化,大多數(shù)鈣化直徑均累及不足動(dòng)脈直徑的50%,可有孤立的非連續(xù)鈣化點(diǎn)累及超過動(dòng)脈直徑的50%,但無動(dòng)脈整圈鈣化;3級(jí):中量的非環(huán)形、非連續(xù)鈣化,可見多個(gè)鈣化累及超過動(dòng)脈直徑的50%,但無動(dòng)脈整圈鈣化;4級(jí):中量鈣化,大多數(shù) 區(qū)域有累及動(dòng)脈直徑>50%的鈣化,可見孤立的整圈鈣化;5級(jí):彌漫鈣化,可見大量完整的動(dòng)脈整圈鈣化。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 運(yùn)用SPSS19.0軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,計(jì)數(shù)資料用頻數(shù)和頻率表示或者用中位數(shù)和范圍表示。兩組均數(shù)比較用t檢驗(yàn)(方差齊時(shí))或Wilcoxon秩和檢驗(yàn)(方差不齊時(shí)),兩組計(jì)量資料率比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),余采用Wilcoxon秩和檢驗(yàn)。采用Spearman秩相關(guān)檢驗(yàn)血清骨硬化蛋白與各指標(biāo)間的相關(guān)性。采用Logistic回歸分析血管鈣化的危險(xiǎn)因素及保護(hù)因素。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果
2.1 ESRD臨床資料統(tǒng)計(jì) 100例入選的ESRD患者中,男性63例,女性37例,年齡(58.92±14.32)歲,平均血液透析時(shí)程(25.84±23.48)月。慢性腎臟病的病因中,高血壓腎病21例(21%),糖尿病腎病19例(19%),慢性腎小球腎炎31例(31%),慢性間質(zhì)性腎炎9例(9%),多囊腎6例(6%),結(jié)締組織病12例(12%),遺傳性腎病1例(1%),淀粉樣腎病1例(1%),提示我院現(xiàn)ESRD患者的病因以代謝性疾病占主要因素。
2.2血管鈣化及骨硬化蛋白的情況,見表1。
表1顯示了ESRD患者與對(duì)照組血管鈣化積分、瓣膜鈣發(fā)生率率和血清骨硬化蛋白水平的比較結(jié)果。100例ESRD患者血管鈣化情況同齡對(duì)照組明顯嚴(yán)重[3(0-5) vs 0(0-1),μ=3.815,P<0.001],其中ESRD患者血管鈣化積分為0分共8例(8%),1分共14例(14%),2分共20例(20%),3分共22例(22%),4分共21例(21%),5分共15例(15%),即58%血管有嚴(yán)重鈣化(鈣化積分≥3分)。100例ESRD患者瓣膜鈣化發(fā)生率較對(duì)照組明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[45% vs 8%,χ2=7.029,P<0.001]。100例ESRD患者血清骨硬化蛋白水平較對(duì)照明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[(3.00±2.16) vs(1.07±0.35),t=8.842,P<0.001]。
2.3 血清骨硬化蛋白水平及相關(guān)因素分析,見表2。
表2顯示了按血清骨硬化蛋白中位數(shù)分成兩組(每組50例)后兩組間人口資料及臨床常用生化指標(biāo)以及血管鈣化積分間的比較結(jié)果。血清骨硬化蛋白水平低于中位數(shù)組的ESRD患者其平均年齡、高血壓及糖尿病發(fā)病率、透析時(shí)間、TC、LDL-C、hsCRP、apo(α)、iPTH、血鈣、血磷、血鈣磷乘積及血管鈣化積分均高于血清骨硬化蛋白水平高于中位數(shù)組的ESRD患者,而白蛋白和血鎂水平均低與后者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
表3顯示了運(yùn)用Spearman秩檢驗(yàn)分析血清骨硬化蛋白水平與上述指標(biāo)間的相關(guān)性發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡、白蛋白、iPTH、血磷、血鈣磷乘積及血管鈣化情況呈負(fù)相關(guān),與血鎂水平正相關(guān)。
3討論
近年來,國(guó)內(nèi)外大量研究均發(fā)現(xiàn)ESRD患者血管鈣化發(fā)生率高,且程度重、進(jìn)展迅速,并與患者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有明顯的相關(guān)性[12-13]。ESRD患者的血管鈣化主要發(fā)生在動(dòng)脈,一般有兩種形式,一種是主要累及于大動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜(包括瓣膜)鈣化,可發(fā)生于任何有動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的人群,與年齡密切相關(guān)。另一種是動(dòng)脈中膜鈣化(也稱M?觟ckeberg's鈣化),其發(fā)生部位廣泛,包括動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化常不累及的中、小動(dòng)脈,主要發(fā)生在慢性腎功能不全和糖尿病人群中[14]。傳統(tǒng)研究認(rèn)為ESRD患者的血管鈣化(尤其是動(dòng)脈中膜鈣化)是一種退行性病變,是一個(gè)被動(dòng)過程,即機(jī)體內(nèi)鈣磷代謝紊亂使細(xì)胞和組織間鈣磷結(jié)晶被動(dòng)異常沉積。而最近大量研究提示血管鈣化的主要機(jī)制是動(dòng)脈局部促進(jìn)鈣化因素超過了抑制鈣化因素[15],通過Pit-1的mRNA的合成增多、核心結(jié)合因子(Cbfα1)顯著增高、骨性堿性磷酸酶表達(dá)增加以及血管壁內(nèi)巨噬細(xì)胞TNF-α分泌增多等機(jī)制造成VSMC的骨相分化,即功能型VSMC轉(zhuǎn)化為合成型VSMC,進(jìn)而合成含鈣物質(zhì)并導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈鈣化[16-17]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)入組患者進(jìn)行MSCT,其為評(píng)價(jià)血管中膜鈣化的\"金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)\" [18],并探討血管鈣化與骨硬化蛋白的相關(guān)性,分析它們與已知的脂代謝、骨代謝等相關(guān)因素間的關(guān)系。
本次入組的100例ESRD患者中,發(fā)現(xiàn)高達(dá)92%的ESRD患者存在不同程度的鈣化,且其中58%存在中重度鈣化,與既往研究相符[12]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)還發(fā)現(xiàn),ESRD患者中血清骨硬化蛋白水平較正常人明顯增高,而既往也實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)ESRD患者的骨硬化蛋白水平較正常人高3~4倍,原因與ESRD患者中骨硬化蛋白產(chǎn)生增多及腎小管對(duì)其重吸收減少有關(guān)[19-20],且產(chǎn)生過多(包括局部鈣化組織的原位產(chǎn)生和骨組織的產(chǎn)生)可能為主要因素[21]。
骨硬化蛋白,是一種由SOST基因編碼的且僅有骨細(xì)胞分泌的糖蛋白,主要通過與Fz4及其共受體LRP5/6從而阻斷Wnt經(jīng)典通路[22],進(jìn)而抑制成骨細(xì)胞活性從而抑制成骨[23-24],大量基礎(chǔ)和臨床研究均已證實(shí)骨硬化蛋白參與骨質(zhì)疏松的形成[25]且其單克隆抗體可作為治療骨質(zhì)疏松的藥物[26]。故骨硬化蛋白是一種成骨抑制因子[27]。傳統(tǒng)研究認(rèn)為骨硬化蛋白僅在骨組織中表達(dá),但近年來動(dòng)物及人體實(shí)驗(yàn)中均發(fā)現(xiàn)其在鈣化的瓣膜組織中SOST基因有表達(dá)且表達(dá)增加,從而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)骨硬化蛋白的mRNA合成增加,故提示骨硬化蛋白在血管鈣化過程中有重要作用[28],而且其表達(dá)增加可能與終止甲狀旁腺激素引起的骨化反饋從而抑制成骨細(xì)胞及成骨樣細(xì)胞的活性進(jìn)而抑制血管骨化的進(jìn)展有關(guān),但血管與瓣膜的產(chǎn)生骨硬化蛋白是否可以分泌入血是否從而作為血清中骨硬化蛋白的重要來源之一尚需進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證[29]。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)按骨硬化蛋白中位數(shù)分組發(fā)現(xiàn),骨硬化蛋白水平高于中位數(shù)組的患者存在低齡、低iPTH、低鈣磷乘積、低透析時(shí)間、高血鎂、低血管鈣化積分及低瓣膜鈣化發(fā)生率的特點(diǎn),同時(shí)運(yùn)用Spearman相關(guān)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)血清骨硬化蛋白水平與白蛋白、iPTH、血磷、鈣磷乘積及血管鈣化呈負(fù)相關(guān)。綜上所述,血清骨硬化蛋白水平可能作為一個(gè)新的反應(yīng)慢性腎臟病患者的骨轉(zhuǎn)化水平[35-36]和血管鈣化程度的指標(biāo)[37-38],且有研究顯示血清骨硬化蛋白水平>110 pmol/L組的死亡率與<110 pmol/L組的死亡率的HR為0.33,進(jìn)行年齡、性別矯正后為0.55[30],故其還可能作為與死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)之一。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)尚有一些不足之處。首先,本實(shí)驗(yàn)為一橫斷面實(shí)驗(yàn),故未能分析血清骨硬化蛋白、血管鈣化與ESRD患者血液凈化方式之間的關(guān)系,也未能分析骨硬化蛋白在不同血管鈣化情況的ESRD患者的心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的研究中是否存在相關(guān)性。其次,血清骨硬化蛋白水平和血管中SOST基因的表達(dá)情況與其對(duì)動(dòng)脈鈣化的抑制的機(jī)制尚需進(jìn)一步探討,尤其是其相應(yīng)的信號(hào)通路。骨硬化蛋白在ESRD患者同時(shí)與骨質(zhì)疏松和血管鈣化的相關(guān)性有尚待深入研究。
綜上所述,血管鈣化在ESRD患者中普通存在且程度較重。ESRD患者骨硬化蛋白水平明顯升高,與年齡、白蛋白、甲狀旁腺素、血磷、鈣磷乘積及血管鈣化呈負(fù)相關(guān),提示可作為一個(gè)新的反應(yīng)ESRD患者的骨轉(zhuǎn)化水平和血管鈣化程度的指標(biāo),但其進(jìn)一步臨床意義還需大量臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)提供。
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編輯/肖慧