2014年高考閱讀理解題選讀——說明文12篇

（一）

（新課標(biāo)I卷B篇）Since the first Earth Day in 1970， Americans have gotten a lot “greener” toward the environment.“We didn’t know at that time that there even was an environment， let alone that there was a problem with it，”says Bruce Anderson， president of Earth Day USA.

But what began as nothing important in public affairs has grown into a social movement. Business people， political leaders， university professors， and especially millions of grass-roots Americans are taking part in the movement. “The understanding has increased many， many times，” says Gaylord Nelson， the former governor from Wisconsin， who thought up the first Earth Day.

According to US government reports， emissions （排放） from cars and trucks have dropped from 10. 3 million tons a year to 5.5 million tons. The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9. Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with， the world is a safer and healthier place. A kind of“green thinking”has become part of practices.

Great improvement has been achieved. In 1988 there were only 600 recycling programs; today in 1995 there are about 6，600. Advanced lights， motors， and building designs have helped save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution.

Twenty-five years ago， there were hardly any education programs for environment. Today， it’s hard to find a public school， university， or law school that does not have such a kind of program. “Until we do that， nothing else will change！”says Bruce Anderson.

1. According to Anderson， before 1970， Americans had little idea about ________.

A. the social movement " " " "B. recycling techniques

C. environmental problems D. the importance of Earth Day

2. Where does the support for environmental protection mainly come from？

A. The grass-roots level. B. The business circle.

C. Government officials. " " " "D. University professors.

3. What have Americans achieved in environmental protection？

A. They have cut car emissions to the lowest.

B. They have settled their environmental problems.

C. They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.

D. They have reduced pollution through effective measures.

4. What is especially important for environmental protection according to the last paragraph？

A. Education. " " "B. Planning.

C. Green living. D. CO reduction.

5. What does the passage mainly tell us？

A. How the first Earth Day came into being.

B. America has made great progress in protecting the environment.

C. A kind of“green thinking”has become part of practices in America.

D. Protecting the environment has grown into a social movement in America.

（二）

（山東卷D篇）How fit are your teeth？ Are you lazy about brushing them？ Never fear： An inventor is on the case. An electric toothbrush senses how long and how well you brush， and it lets you track your performance on your phone.

The Kolibree toothbrush was exhibited at the International Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas this week. It senses how it is moved and can send the information to an Android phone or iPhone via a Bluetooth wireless connection.

The toothbrush will be able to teach you to brush right （don't forget the insides of the teeth?。?and make sure you’re brushing long enough. “It’s kind of like having a dentist actually watch your brushing on a day-to-day basis，”says Thomas Serval， the French inventor.

The toothbrush will also be able to talk to other applications on your phone， so developers could， for instance， create a game controlled by your toothbrush. You could score points for beating monsters among your teeth. “We try to make it smart but also fun，”Serval says.

Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said“yes，“but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed.

The company says the Kolibree will go on sale this summer， for $99 to $199， depending on features. The U. S. is the first target market.

Serval says that one day， it’ll be possible to replace the brush on the handle with a brushing unit that also has a camera. The camera can even examine holes in your teeth while you brush.

1. Which is one of the features of the Kolibree toothbrush？

A. It can sense how users brush their teeth.

B. It can track users’school performance.

C. It can detect users’ fear of seeing a dentist.

D. It can help users find their phones.

2. What can we learn from Serval’s words in Paragraph 3？

A. You will find it enjoyable to see a dentist.

B. You should see your dentist on a day-to-day basis.

C. You can brush with the Kolibree as if guided by a dentist.

D. You’d like a dentist to watch you brush your teeth every day.

3. Which of the following might make the Kolibree toothbrush fun？

A. It can be used to update mobile phones.

B. It can be used to play mobile phone games.

C. It can send messages to other users.

D. It can talk to its developers.

4. What can we infer about Serval’s children？

A. They were unwilling to brush their teeth.

B. They often failed to clean their toothbrushes.

C. They preferred to use a toothbrush with a dry head.

D. They liked brushing their teeth after Serval came home.

5. What can we learn about the future development of the Kolibree？

A. The brush handle will be removed.

B. A mobile phone will be built into it.

C. It will be used to fill holes in teeth.

D. It will be able to check users’teeth.

（三）

（江蘇卷C篇）Most damagingly， anger weakens a person’s ability to think clearly and keep control over his behaviour. The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger.

Not everyone experiences anger in the same way; what angers one person may amuse another. The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces. In contemporary culture， physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated. We no longer regard duels（決斗） as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one person’s awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another.

Anger can be identified in the brain， where the electrical activity changes. Under most conditions EEG （腦電圖） measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left prefrontal （額葉前部） areas. Behaviourally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition（意向） that most of us possess most of the time. But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren’t balanced and， as a result of this， we’re likely to react. And our behavioural response to anger is different from our response to other emotions， whether positive or negative.

Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour： we move closer to people we like. Most negative emotions， in contrast， are associated with avoidance behaviour： we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious. But anger is an exception to this pattern. The angrier we are， the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger. This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger： the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger. This approach-and-confront behaviour is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry（不對稱） of EEG activity. Interestingly， this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy （同感） towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response. In defensive anger， in contrast， the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation.

1. The“duels”example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of anger ________.

A. usually has a biological basis

B. varies among people

C. is socially and culturally shaped

D. influences one’s thinking and evaluation

2. What changes can be found in an angry brain？

A. Balanced electrical activity can be spotted.

B. Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas.

C. Electrical activity corresponds to one’s behaviour.

D. Electrical activity agrees with one’s disposition.

3. Which of the following is typical of offensive anger？

A. Approaching the source of anger.

B. Trying to control what is disliked.

C. Moving away from what is disliked.

D. Feeling helpless in the face of anger.

4. According to the text， we move towards the people and things that ________.

A. we dislike " " " " " "B. we are worried about

C. we are angry with D. we are afraid of

5. What is the key message of the last paragraph？

A. How anger differs from other emotions.

B. How anger relates to other emotions.

C. Behavioural responses to anger.

D. Behavioural patterns of anger.

（四）

（安微卷E篇）You may not have heard of Ashoka， but for the past 27 years， this association， founded by Bill Drayton， has fought poverty（貧困） and sickness， promoted education and encouraged small businesses. To support these worthy causes， Ashoka provides money for the world’s most promising“changemakers”seeking to solve urgent problems and would like to create a world in which every citizen is a changemaker.

Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change. The important thing is to simply give yourself permission. If you see a problem that you care about， you can help solve it. The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy， healthy， contributing adult. In fact， it is many young people’s ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions. An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka， which handled the rubbish problem facing the city， helped local farmers and provided an income for poor people there.

When Masqsood and Iftekhar began to study the problem of all the uncollected rubbish that lay in Dhaka’s streets， attracting rats and disease， they discovered that 80% of it was natural waste. So they educated the poor people in the city to compost（把……制成堆肥） this waste. They knew that they would have a market for the end product because local farmers were struggling with chemical fertilizers（化肥） which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the soil over the years. At first， they were refused， but once they were able to persuade them that there was money to be made， the project took off. In 2009 sales were $14， 000.

Drayton is optimistic that in ten years Ashoka will be making really serious， practical progress in bringing about social change by changing the way we look at economic development.

1. Which of the following could be the best title for the passage？

A. Changemakers " " " B. Businessmen

C. Social Conditions D. Rubbish Problem

2. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage？

A. Ashoka was founded by Bill Drayton.

B. Chemical fertilizers in Dhaka were expensive.

C. Every child wants to grow into a contributing adult.

D. Only some of the uncollected rubbish in Dhaka is natural waste.

3. The underlined word“them”in Paragraph 3 probably refers to“________.”

A. the local farmers " B. Masqsood and Iftekhar

C. Drayton and his team " D. the poor people in Dhaka

4. It can be concluded from the passage that anyone can become a changemaker if he ________.

A. considers Drayton’s concept

B. gets permission from Ashoka

C. tries to improve social conditions

D. is a young， happy and healthy adult

5. The author’s attitude towards Ashoka’s program can be described as ________.

A. changing B. forgiving C. cautious D. positive

（五）

（浙江A卷） Wealth starts with a goal and saving a dollar at a time. Call it the piggy bank strategy （策略）. There are lessons in that time-honored coin-savings container.

Any huge task seems easier when reduced to baby steps. If you wished to climb a 12，000-foot mountain， and could do it a day at a time， you would only have to climb 33 feet daily to reach the top in a year. If you want to take a really nice trip in 10 years for a special occasion， to collect the $15， 000 cost， you have to save $3.93 a day. If you drop that into a piggy bank and then once a year put $1， 434 in a savings account at 1% interest rate after-tax， you will have your trip money.

When I was a child， my parents gave me a piggy bank to teach me that， if I wanted something， I should save money to buy it. We associate piggy banks with children， but in many countries， the little containers are also popular with adults. Europeans see a piggy bank as a sign of good fortune and wealth. Around the world， many believe a gift of a piggy bank on New Year’s Day brings good luck and financial success. Ah， yes， but you have to put something in it.

Why is a pig used as a symbol of saving？ Why not an elephant bank， which is bigger and holds more coins？ In the Middle Ages， before modern banking and credit instruments， people saved money at home， a few coins at a time dropped into a jar or dish. Potters （制陶工） made these inexpensive containers from an orange-colored clay （黏土） called“pygg，”and folks saved coins in pygg jars. The Middle English word for pig was“pigge.” While the Saxons pronounced pygg， referring to the clay， as“pug，”eventually the two words changed into the same pronunciation， sounding the“i”as in pig or piggy. As the word became less associated with the orange clay and more with the animal， a clever potter fashioned a pygg jar in the shape of a pig， delighting children and adults. The piggy bank was born.

Originally you had to break the bank to get to the money， bringing in a sense of seriousness into savings. While piggy banks teach children the wisdom of saving， adults often need to relearn childhood lessons. Think about the things in life that require large amounts of money-college education， weddings， cars， medical care， starting a business， buying a home， and fun stuff like great trips. So when you have money， take off the top 10%， put it aside， save and invest wisely.

1. What is the piggy bank strategy？

A. Paying 1% income tax at a time.

B. Setting a goal before making a travel plan.

C. Aiming high even when doing small things.

D. Putting aside a little money regularly for future use.

2. Why did the writer’s parents give him a piggy bank as a gift？

A. To delight him with the latest fashion.

B. To encourage him to climb mountains.

C. To help him form the habit of saving.

D. To teach him English pronunciation.

3. What does the underlined word“something”（Paragraph 3） most probably refer to？

A. Money. B. Gifts.

C. Financial success. D. Good luck.

4. The piggy bank originally was ________.

A. a potter’s instrument B. a cheap clay container

C. an animal-shaped dish D. a pig-like toy for children

5. The last paragraph talks about ________.

A. the seriousness of educating children

B. the enjoyment of taking a great trip

C. the importance of managing money

D. the difficulty of starting a business

（六）

（遼寧卷A篇） A new study shows students who write notes by hand during lectures perform better on exams than those who use laptops（筆記本電腦）.

Students are increasingly using laptops for note-taking because of speed and legibility（清晰度）. But the research has found laptop users are less able to remember and apply the concepts they have been taught.

Researchers performed experiments that aimed to find out whether using a laptop increased the tendency to make notes“mindlessly”by taking down word for word what the professors said.

In the first experiment， students were given either a laptop or pen and paper. They listened to the same lectures and were told to use their usual note-taking skills. Thirty minutes after the talk， they were examined on their ability to remember facts and on how well they understood concepts.

The researchers found that laptop users took twice as many notes as those who wrote by hand. However， the typists performed worse at remembering and applying the concepts. Both groups scored similarly when it came to memorizing facts.

The researchers’report said， “While more notes are beneficial， if the notes are taken mindlessly， as is more likely the case on a laptop， the benefit disappears.”

In another experiment aimed at testing long-term memory， students took notes as before but were tested a week after the lecture. This time， the students who wrote notes by hand performed significantly better on the exam.

These two experiments suggest that handwritten notes are not only better for immediate learning and understanding， but that they also lead to superior revision in the future.

1. More and more students favor laptops for note-taking because they can ________.

A. write more notes " " "B. digest concepts better

C. get higher scores " " "D. understand lectures better

2. While taking notes， laptop users tend to be ________.

A. skillful " " " " " "B. mindless

C. thoughtful " " " " " "D. tireless

3. The underlined word“typists”in the 5th paragraph refers to“________”.

A. students " " " " " "B. professors

C. note takers " " " " " "D. laptop users

4. The author of the passage aims to ________.

A. examine the importance of long-term memory

B. stress the benefit of taking notes by hand

C. explain the process of taking notes

D. promote the use of laptops

5. The passage is likely to appear in ________.

A. a newspaper advertisement B. a computer textbook

C. a science magazine D. a finance report

（七）

（遼寧卷C篇） Would it surprise you to learn that， like animals， trees communicate with each other and pass on their wealth to the next generation？

UBC Professor Simard explains how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined. Although Charles Darwin thought that trees are competing for survival of the fittest， Simard shows just how wrong he was. In fact， the opposite is true： trees survive through their co-operation and support， passing around necessary nutrition “depending on who needs it”.

Nitrogen（氮） and carbon are shared through miles of underground fungi（真菌） networks， making sure that all trees in the forest ecological system give and receive just the right amount to keep them all healthy. This hidden system works in a very similar way to the networks of neurons（神經(jīng)元） in our brains， and when one tree is destroyed， it affects all.

Simard talks about“mother trees”， usually the largest and oldest plants on which all other trees depend. She explains how dying trees pass on the wealth to the next generation， transporting important minerals to young trees so they may continue to grow. When humans cut down “mother trees”with no awareness of these highly complex“tree societies”or the networks on which they feed， we are reducing the chances of survival for the entire forest.

“We didn’t take any notice of it，” Simard says sadly. “Dying trees move nutrition into the young trees before dying， but we never give them chance.” If we could put across the message to the forestry industry， we could make a huge difference towards our environmental protection efforts for the future.

1. The underlined sentence“the opposite is true”in Paragraph 2 probably means that trees ________.

A. compete for survival

B. protect their own wealth

C. depend on each other

D. provide support for dying trees

2. “Mother trees”are extremely important because they ________.

A. look the largest in size in the forest

B. pass on nutrition to young trees

C. seem more likely to be cut down by humans

D. know more about the complex“tree societies”

3. The underlined word“it” in the last paragraph refers to ________.

A. how“tree societies”work

B. how trees grow old

C. how forestry industry develops

D. how young trees survive

4. Which of the following is 1 according to the text？

A. Animals communicate with each other.

B. Trees compete for survival of the fittest.

C. When one tree is destroyed， it affects all.

D. Dying trees move nutrition into young trees before dying.

5. What would be the best title for the passage？

A. Old Trees Communicate Like Humans

B. Young Trees Are In Need Of Protection

C. Trees Are More Awesome Than You Think

D. Trees Contribute To Our Society

（八）

A Guide to the University

Food

（天津卷A篇）The TWU Cafeteria is open 7 am to 8 pm. It serves snacks （小吃）， drinks， ice cream bars and meals. You can pay with cash or your ID cards. You can add meal money to your ID cards at the Front Desk. Even if you do not buy your food in the cafeteria， you can use the tables to eat your lunch， to have meetings and to study.

If you are on campus in the evening or late at night， you can buy snacks， fast food， and drinks in the Lower Café located in the bottom level of the Douglas Centre. This area is often used for entertainment such as concerts， games or TV watching.

Relaxation

The Globe， located in the bottom level of McMillan Hall， is available for relaxing， studying， cooking， and eating. Monthly activities are held here for all international students. Hours are 10 am to 10 pm， closed on Sundays.

Health

Located on the top floor of Douglas Hall， the Wellness Centre is committed to physical， emotional and social health. A doctor and nurse is available if you have health questions or need immediate medical help or personal advice. The cost of this is included in your medical insurance. Hours are Monday to Friday， 9 am to noon and 1： 00 to 4： 30 pm.

Academic Support

All students have access to the Writing Centre on the upper floor of Douglas Hall. Here， qualified volunteers will work with you on written work， grammar， vocabulary， and other academic skills. You can sign up for an appointment on the sign-up sheet outside the door： two 30-minute appointments per week maximum. This service is free.

Transportation

The TWU Express is a shuttle（班車） service. The shuttle transports students between campus and the shopping centre， leaving from the Mattson Centre. Operation hours are between 9 am and 3 pm， Saturdays only. Round trip fare is $1.

1. What can you do in the TWU Cafeteria？

A. Do homework and watch TV.

B. Buy drinks and enjoy concerts.

C. Have meals and meet with friends.

D. Add money to your ID and play chess.

2. Where and when can you cook your own food？

A. The Globe， Friday.

B. The Lower Café， Sunday.

C. The TWU Cafeteria， Friday.

D. The McMillan Hall， Sunday.

3. The Guide tells us that the Wellness Centre ________.

A. is open six days a week

B. offers services free of charge

C. trains students in medical care

D. gives advice on mental health

4. How can you seek help from the Writing Centre？

A. By applying online.

B. By calling the centre.

C. By filling in a sign-up form.

D. By going to the centre directly.

5. What is the function of TWU Express？

A. To carry students to the lecture halls.

B. To provide students with campus tours.

C. To take students to the Mattson Centre.

D. To transport students to and from the stores.

（九）

（天津卷B篇）A world-famous Canadian author， Margaret Atwood， has created the world’s first long-distance signing device （裝置）， the LongPen.

After many tiring book-signing tours from city to city， Atwood thought there must be a better way to do them. She hired some technical experts and started her own company in 2004. Together they designed the LongPen. Here’s how it works： The author writes a personal message and signature on a computer tablet （手寫板） using a special pen. On the receiving end， in another city， a robotic arm fitted with a regular pen signs the book. The author and fan can talk with each other via webcams （網(wǎng)絡(luò)攝像機(jī)） and computer screens.

Work on the LongPen began in Atwood’s basement （地下室）. At first， they had no idea it would be as hard as it turned out to be. The device went through several versions， including one that actually had smoke coming out of it. The inventing finally completed， test runs were made in Ottawa， and the LongPen was officially launched at the 2006 London Book Fair. From here， Atwood conducted two transatlantic book signings of her latest book for fans in Toronto and New York City.

The LongPen produces a unique signature each time because it copies the movement of the author in real time. It has several other potential applications. It could increase credit card security and allow people to sign contracts from another province. The video exchange between signer and receiver can be recorded on DVD for proof when legal documents are used.

“It’s really fun，”said the owner of a bookstore， who was present for one of the test runs.“Obviously you can’t shake hands with the author， but there are chances for a connection that you don’t get from a regular book signing.”

The response to the invention hasn’t been all favorable. Atwood has received criticism from authors who think she’s trying to end book tours. But she said， “It will be possible to go to places that you never got sent to before because the publishers couldn’t afford it.”

1. Why did Atwood decide to invent the LongPen？

A. To set up her own company.

B. To win herself greater popularity.

C. To write her books in a new way.

D. To make book signings less tiring.

2. How does the LongPen work？

A. It copies the author’s signature and prints it on a book.

B. It signs a book while receiving the author’s signature.

C. The webcam sends the author’s signature to another city.

D. The fan uses it to copy the author’s signature himself.

3. What do we know about the invention of the LongPen？

A. It has been completed but not put into use.

B. The basement caught fire by accident.

C. Some versions failed before its test run.

D. The designers were well-prepared for the difficulty.

4. How could the LongPen be used in the future？

A. To draft legal documents.

B. To improve credit card security.

C. To keep a record of the author’s ideas.

D. To allow author and fan to exchange videos.

5. What could be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6？

A. Atwood doesn’t mean to end book tours.

B. Critics think the LongPen is of little use.

C. Bookstore owners don’t support the LongPen.

D. Publishers dislike the LongPen for its high cost.

（十）

（湖南卷C篇）The behaviour of a building’s users may be at least as important as its design when it comes to energy use， according to new research from the UK Energy Research Centre （UKERC）. The UK promises to reduce its carbon emissions （排放） by 80 percent by 2050， part of which will be achieved by all new homes being zero-carbon by 2016. But this report shows that sustainable building design on its own-though extremely important-is not enough to achieve such reductions： the behaviour of the people using the building has to change too.

The study suggests that the ways that people use and live in their homes have been largely ignored by existing efforts to improve energy efficiency（效率）， which instead focus on architectural and technological developments.

“Technology is going to assist but it is not going to do everything，” explains Katy Janda， a UKERC senior researcher， ’consumption patterns of building users can defeat the most careful design. ’In other words， old habits die hard， even in the best-designed eco-home.

Another part of the problem is information. Households and bill-payers don’t have the knowledge they need to change their energy-use habits. Without specific information， it's hard to estimate the costs and benefits of making different choices. Feedback（反饋） facilities， like smart meters and energy monitors， could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use; some studies have shown that households can achieve up to 15 percent energy savings using smart meters.

Social science research has added a further dimension（方面）， suggesting that individuals’behaviour in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted-whether people throw open their windows rather than turn down the thermostat（恒溫器）， for example.

Janda argues that education is the key. She calls for a focused programme to teach people about buildings and their own behaviour in them.

1. As to energy use， the new research from UKERC stresses the importance of ________.

A. zero-carbon homes

B. sustainable building design

C. the behaviour of building users

D. the reduction of carbon emissions

2. The underlined word“which”in Paragraph 2 refers to

“ ________”.

A. the ways B. their homes

C. developments D. existing efforts

3. What are Katy Janda’s words mainly about？

A. The importance of changing building users’habits.

B. The necessity of making a careful building design.

C. The variety of consumption patterns of building users.

D. The role of technology in improving energy efficiency.

4. The information gap in energy use ________.

A. can be bridged by feedback facilities

B. affects the study on energy monitors

C. brings about problems for smart meters

D. will be caused by building users’old habits

5. What does the dimension added by social science research suggest？

A. The social science research is to be furthered.

B. The education programme is under discussion.

C. The behaviour of building users is unpredictable.

D. The behaviour preference of building users is similar.

（十一）

（北京卷D篇）What is the first thing you notice when you walk into a shop？ The products displayed（展示） at the entrance？ Or the soft background music？

But have you ever noticed the smell？ Unless it is bad， the answer is likely to be no. But while a shop’s scent may not be outstanding compared with sights and sounds， it is certainly there. And it is proving to be an increasingly powerful tool in encouraging people to purchase.

A brand store has become famous for its distinctive scent which floats through the fairly dark hall and out to the entrance， via scent machines. A smell may be attractive but it may not just be used for freshening air. One sports goods company once reported that when it first introduced scent into its stores， customers’intention to purchase increased by 80 percent.

When it comes to the best shopping streets in Paris， scent is just as important to a brand’s success as the quality of its window displays and goods on sale. That is mainly because shopping is a very different experience to what it used to be.

Some years ago， the focus for brand name shopping was on a few people with sales assistants’disproving attitude and don’t-touch-what-you-can’t-afford displays. Now the rise of electronic commerce （e-commerce） has opened up famous brands to a wider audience. But while e-shops can use sights and sounds， only bricks-and-mortar stores（實體店） can offer a full experience from the minute customers step through the door to the moment they leave. Another brand store seeks to be much more than a shop， but rather a destination. And scent is just one way to achieve this.

Now， a famous store uses complex man-made smell to make sure that the soft scent of baby powder floats through the kid department， and coconut（椰子） scent in the swimsuit section. A department store has even opened a new lab， inviting customers on a journey into the store’s windows to smell books， pots and drawers， in search of their perfect scent.

1. According to the passage， what is an increasingly powerful tool in the success of some brand stores？

A. Friendly assistants. B. Unique scents.

C. Soft background music. D. Attractive window display.

2. E-shops are mentioned in the passage to ________.

A. show the advantages of bricks-and-mortar stores

B. urge shop assistants to change their attitude

C. push stores to use sights and sounds

D. introduce the rise of e-commerce

3. Why is scent important to a brand’s success according to the passage？

A. Because scent may be used for freshening air.

B. Because scent is the most attractive to customers.

C. Because shopping now is a very different experience.

D. Because smell is the first thing you notice when you walk into a shop.

4. The underlined word“destination”in Paragraph 5 means ________.

A. a platform that exhibits goods

B. a spot where travelers like to stay

C. a place where customers love to go

D. a target that a store expects to meet

5. The main purpose of the passage is to ________.

A. compare and evaluate " " " "B. examine and assess

C. argue and discuss D. inform and explain

（十二）

（湖北卷C篇）Working with a group of baboons（狒狒） in the Namibian desert， Dr. Alecia Carter of the Department of zoology， Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task， while others had to learn for themselves. To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were， Dr. Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.

She found that personality had a major impact on learning. The braver baboons learnt， but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did. In effect， despite being made aware of what to do， they were still too shy to do what the experienced baboon did.

The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not， even though they spent more time watching.

This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals， something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things. The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive（認(rèn)知的） tasks not because they aren’t clever enough to solve them， but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social information.

The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning. If some individuals are unable to get information from others because they don’t associate with the knowledgeable individuals， or they are too shy to use the information once they have it， information may not travel between all group members， preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.

1. What is the first paragraph mainly about？

A. The design of Dr. Carter’s research.

B. The results of Dr. Carter’s research.

C. The purpose of Dr. Carter’s research.

D. The significance of Dr. Carter’s research.

2. According to the research， which baboons are more likely to complete a new learning task？

A. Those that have more experience.

B. Those that can avoid potential risks.

C. Those that like to work independently.

D. Those that feel anxious about learning.

3. Which best illustrates the“mismatch”mentioned in Paragraph 4？

A. Some baboons are intelligent but slow in learning.

B. Some baboons are shy but active in social activities.

C. Some baboons observe others but don’t follow them.

D. Some baboons perform new tasks but don’t concentrate.

4. What is essential in social learning in animals according to the text？

A. Bravery. " B. Curiosity.

C. Personality " D. Anxiety.

5. Dr. Carter’s findings indicate that our culture might be formed through ________.

A. storing information

B. learning from each other

C. understanding different people

D. travelling between social groups

答案與解析

（一）本文主要介紹了自從1970年的第一個“地球日”以來， 美國人在環(huán)保問題認(rèn)識上的變化以及他們采取了一些有效措施積極應(yīng)對環(huán)境問題等。文章最后還指出了教育在環(huán)保方面的重要性。

1. C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的We didn’t know at that time that there even was an environment， let alone that there was a problem with it... “那時候我們甚至不知道環(huán)境的存在， 更別提環(huán)境問題了……”可知， 當(dāng)時美國人對環(huán)境問題沒有足夠的認(rèn)識， 因此選擇C項。

2. A 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第二句Business people， political leaders， university professors， and especially millions of grass-roots Americans are taking part in the movement “商人、政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人、大學(xué)教授， 尤其是數(shù)百萬的基層美國民眾正在參與這項運動”可知， 這里強(qiáng)調(diào)了這個運動的支持者應(yīng)該是那些普通的美國民眾， 因此答案是A項。

3. D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第三段列舉的這些數(shù)字證明了美國人采取了有效措施， 減少了環(huán)境污染， 因此答案選D項。

4. A 推理判斷題。結(jié)合最后一段提到的“25年以前， 在美國幾乎沒有關(guān)于環(huán)境的教育項目， 而如今， 很難找到?jīng)]有類似項目的公立學(xué)校、大學(xué)或者法學(xué)院了”， 再結(jié)合布魯斯所說的“沒有教育， 就無法改變環(huán)境問題”， 我們可以推斷出教育的重要性。

5. B 主旨大意題。主要介紹了美國人在環(huán)保問題認(rèn)識上的變化以及他們采取了一些有效措施積極應(yīng)對環(huán)境問題等。故選B。

（二）你能想象嗎？ 一款電動牙刷能感知你刷牙的時間和質(zhì)量， 并能反饋給你的手機(jī)。更有趣的是， 你還能利用這款牙刷“玩”你手機(jī)上的游戲。

1. A "細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第一段中的“An electric toothbrush senses...”和第二段中的“It senses how it is moved...”點出了這款牙刷的特點是能感知刷牙的時間、質(zhì)量和牙刷是怎樣移動的， 也就是使用者是怎樣刷牙的。

2. C "細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Thomas Serval所說的It’s kind of like having a dentist...可知“它有點兒像有一個牙醫(yī)在觀察你的刷牙”。

3. B "推理判斷題。第四段提到， 讓這款牙刷既智能又好玩的地方是它能連接到你手機(jī)上的其他應(yīng)用程序， 比如說， 可以用它來控制游戲。所以B項是正確的。

4. A 推理判斷題。由第五段中的“... but Serval would find... "dry.”（他總是發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的牙刷頭是干的）可以推斷出， 孩子們沒有刷牙。這件事說明孩子們不愿意刷牙。

5. D 推理判斷題。本文最后一句的意思是“當(dāng)你刷牙時， 這個相機(jī)甚至能檢查你牙齒上的洞”， 故選D。

（三）本文講述了憤怒的危害及憤怒的表現(xiàn)方式。可以確定， 憤怒時人的腦電圖活動有很大變化。

1. C 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句可知，生氣的表現(xiàn)形式受社會文化的影響， 并拿“決斗”這個以前被認(rèn)可現(xiàn)在不再被社會接受這個例子來證明生氣的表現(xiàn)形式是由社會文化決定的。故C項符合題意。

2. B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。 根據(jù)題干定位第三段，由本段第四句But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren’t balanced...可知當(dāng)我們生氣時， 腦電圖反應(yīng)出左、右前額葉腦區(qū)的不均衡， 故B項正確。

3. A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。 根據(jù)第四段的This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger： the angry person moves closer...（心理學(xué)家所指的這種反應(yīng)是進(jìn)攻性的憤怒： 生氣的人更接近引起他生氣的人或者東西， 目的是影響和控制這個人或東西）可知A項正確。

4. A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由最后一段中的The angrier we are， the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger可知。

5. D 主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段第三句“But anger is an exception to this pattern（但憤怒是這種模式的一個例外）”以及下面對憤怒形式的描述可確定答案為D項。

（四）本文介紹了Bill Drayton創(chuàng)辦的名叫Ashoka的扶貧濟(jì)困機(jī)構(gòu)，該機(jī)構(gòu)旨在讓每一個公民都成為changemaker。

1. A 主旨大意題。本文主要介紹的是Ashoka這個扶貧濟(jì)困機(jī)構(gòu)， 該機(jī)構(gòu)旨在讓每一個公民都成為changemaker。第二段首句為主題句，故選A。

2. D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第一句中的they discovered that 80% of it was natural waste可知D項與文中事實不符。

3. D 詞義猜測題。本句有三個人稱代詞， 前兩個為they， 均指代Masqsood and Iftekhar。畫線的them指代the poor people in the city。故選D。

4. C 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第三句以及第五句綜合可知選C。

5. D 推理判斷題。文章對Ashoka’s program - changemakers自始至終充滿著溢美之詞， 顯然作者對此是持積極的（positive）態(tài)度。故選D。

（五）本文說明了如何實現(xiàn)財富積累。財富積累就是設(shè)定一個目標(biāo)， 一次存一元錢， 這也就是所謂的“小豬銀行（存錢罐）”策略。本文通過實例說明了這一點。

1. D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干問的是對存錢罐策略的理解。文章的第一段是中心段。根據(jù)第一段的前兩句... saving a dollar at a time和Call it the piggy bank strategy（策略），以及第二段的實例可以知道， 小豬銀行策略的實質(zhì)是為未來定期儲存一些錢， 因此D項正確。

2. C "細(xì)節(jié)理解題。聯(lián)系第三段的第一句... my parents gave me a piggy bank to teach me that， if I wanted something， I should save money to buy it可以知道， 父母給“我”存錢罐的目的是讓“我”養(yǎng)成存錢的習(xí)慣， 所以選C項。

3. A "詞義指代題。全文都在說“存錢罐”的問題， something后的it就是指代the piggy bank， 往存錢罐里放的應(yīng)該是“錢（money）”。

4. B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的Potters（制陶工） made these inexpensive containers from an orange-colored clay（黏土） called“pygg，”... 以及第四段對pgyy到piggy演變的描述可知， 存錢罐最開始是一種便宜的黏土容器。

5. C 主旨大意題。從文章最后一段中的bringing in a sense of seriousness into savings， the wisdom of saving以及the things in life that require large amounts of money--- college education， weddings， cars， medical care... 可知， 最后一段講述了存錢的重要意義，存錢也就是對錢的一種管理， 所以C項正確。

（六）本文是一篇說明文。研究人員做了兩次實驗， 結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)動手做筆記在概念的記憶與應(yīng)用以及長期記憶方面要比用筆記本電腦做筆記的效果好。

1. A "細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段第一句的內(nèi)容可知， 學(xué)生越來越喜歡用筆記本電腦來記筆記， 這是因為速度快且清晰。該句中的speed與答案A中的write more notes意思一致。

2. B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容可知， 研究人員做實驗的目的是弄清楚用電腦記筆記是否更容易讓學(xué)生不動腦思考。后文說明這種假設(shè)已經(jīng)被證實了。由此可判斷用電腦記筆記的人在操作過程中往往會不動腦思考， 故選mindless。

3. B 詞義猜測題。 根據(jù)本段第一句The researchers found that laptop users took twice as many notes as those who wrote by hand可知。

4. B 推理判斷題。文章通過兩次實驗尤其是第二次實驗證明了動手做筆記對長期記憶的益處， 由此可知作者是提倡用手而不是用筆記本電腦來記筆記。故作者寫此文的目的是強(qiáng)調(diào)做筆記的益處。

5. C 推理判斷題。此題考查學(xué)生對文章出處的判斷。做這類題離不開對文章主旨大意的概括。本文通過實驗來證明動手做筆記的益處， 這屬于科普類文章， 故本文最有可能出現(xiàn)在科學(xué)雜志上。

（七）本文講的是：樹比我們想象的要復(fù)雜得多， 這與達(dá)爾文物競天擇的理論正好相反， 樹木之間不是相互競爭以求生存， 而是相互依存的。

1. C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。畫線部分后面出現(xiàn)了冒號， 表明冒號后面是對該句的解釋， 因此根據(jù)畫線部分后面的內(nèi)容可知答案。

2. B "細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干中的mother trees是關(guān)鍵的定位詞。根據(jù)mother trees將答案依據(jù)鎖定在第四段。根據(jù)該段的第二句內(nèi)容可知， 快要死的樹會將資源傳遞給下一代， 將重要的礦物質(zhì)輸送給小樹讓它們能繼續(xù)生長。

3. A 詞義猜測題。查找一個代詞指代什么， 應(yīng)該向前看， 即在前文查找代詞所代替的內(nèi)容。由it后的內(nèi)容“將死的樹在死前把營養(yǎng)傳給小樹”可以判斷此處的it應(yīng)該指前文出現(xiàn)的tree societies或the networks的運轉(zhuǎn)方式。

4. B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的Although Charles Darwin thought that trees are competing for survival of the fittest， Simard shows just how wrong he was可知B與文中事實不符。

5. C 主旨大意題。文章第一段通過設(shè)問的方式點明了主題， 然后利用第二段的首句點明： 樹比我們想象的要復(fù)雜得多。通過閱讀全文得知， 樹并不像達(dá)爾文認(rèn)為的那樣以競爭求生存， 而是將資源進(jìn)行傳遞， 把營養(yǎng)傳遞給小樹， 這令人贊嘆。故C項正確。

（八）本文內(nèi)容主要是大學(xué)里的生活指南。涉及食物、休閑、健康、學(xué)業(yè)支持以及交通方面的信息。

1. C "細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)這一段中的最后一句...you can use the tables to eat your lunch， to have meetings and to study. 可知C項“吃飯、會友”與之相符， 為答案。

2. A "細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干中的cook your own food可知， 它與第二個欄目Relaxation中的cooking對應(yīng)， 這一項目發(fā)生在the Globe， 且時間是周一到周六的早上10點到晚上10點， 因此A項符合題意。

3. D "細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一句中的... is committed to physical， emotional and social health可知D項“給出心理健康建議”是正確的。

4. C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干中的the Writing Centre知， 此題涉及的是Academic Support。根據(jù)此欄目所屬段落的倒數(shù)第二句You can sign up for an appointment on the sign-up sheet outside the door... 可知申請時只要填寫報名表格就行了， C項符合題意。

5. D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)提干中的TWU Express知此題涉及的是Transportation。根據(jù)此欄目所屬段落的第二句The shuttle transports students between campus and the shopping centre... 可知TWU Express的功能是在校園和商店間運送學(xué)生， 因此D項符合題意。

（九）本文是一篇說明文。如果你是一位著名的作家， 需要到處簽名的話， 你會感到很累的。有了the LongPen， 一切煩惱皆無， 快來看看the LongPen是什么吧！

1. D "細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句After many tiring book-signing tours from city to city， "Atwood thought there must be a better way to do them可知D項“使給書簽名不再那么累”是發(fā)明the LongPen的初衷。

2. B 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的Here’s how it works... 知冒號后面的內(nèi)容是描述the LongPen的工作原理。根據(jù)The author writes a personal message and signature on a computer tablet using a special pen. On the receiving end， in another city， a robotic arm fitted with a regular pen signs the book可知B項與文意符合。

3. C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的The device went through several versions... The inventing finally completed... 可知C項與文意符合。

4. B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中第三句It could increase credit card security... 知B項“提高信用卡的安全性”符合文意。

5. A "推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段中的Atwood has received criticism from authors who think she’s trying to end book tours可知， 有些作家認(rèn)為the LongPen會結(jié)束簽名售書的旅行， 但實際上Atwood并無此意， 因此A項是正確的。

（十）本文是一篇說明文。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)， 盡管人類想方設(shè)法在技術(shù)上對建筑物進(jìn)行改進(jìn)以減少能源消耗， 但是人們忽略了一個事實， 那就是住戶的個人行為可能對能源的消耗至少產(chǎn)生同樣重要的作用。

1. C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第一句話可知， 研究人員特別強(qiáng)調(diào)住戶們行為的重要性， 因此選擇C項。

2. D 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容可知， 研究表明人們使用住所和居家的方式已經(jīng)很大程度上被忽略了， 取而代之的是現(xiàn)在為提高能源效率而做的努力， 而這種努力主要集中在建筑和技術(shù)的革新上。故選D。

3. A 推理判斷題。第一段第一句話“The behaviour of a building’s users may be at least as important as its design...”既是本段的中心句， 也是本文的中心話題。而在第三段Katy Janda所說的話中， 再次強(qiáng)調(diào)consumption patterns of building users can defeat the most careful design， 說明作者強(qiáng)調(diào)住戶行為的重要性， 故選A。

4. A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第四句可知， 諸如智能表和能源監(jiān)測器等反饋設(shè)備， 可以幫助人們明白改變他們的行為是如何影響能源使用的這一點來縮小信息差距。

5. C "細(xì)節(jié)理解題。 由第五段的... suggesting that individuals’ behaviour in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted...可知選C（住戶的習(xí)慣不可預(yù)測）。

（十一）文是一篇說明文。當(dāng)你到商店購物時， 你是否意識到， 商家正在用一種新的手段來促進(jìn)營業(yè)額的增長？ 無處不在的特殊氣味在商戰(zhàn)中發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用。

1. B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的最后一句And it is proving to be an increasingly powerful tool in encouraging people to purchase 可知， 一些特殊的氣味正在成為幫助一些著名品牌取得成功的重要因素。

2. A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段可知， 與網(wǎng)絡(luò)購物不同， 實體店購物可以讓顧客全程有一個全方位的體驗， 這是網(wǎng)絡(luò)購物所不能比擬的。

3. C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段的scent is just as important to a brand’s success....That is mainly because shopping is a very different experience to what it used to be可知。

4. C 詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線單詞前的seeks to be much more than a shop可推知， 有的品牌商店努力將商店打造成顧客喜歡去的地方。文中的shop與C項中的customers相呼應(yīng)。

5. D 寫作意圖題。文章向我們介紹了商業(yè)中一種新型的促銷手段——通過特殊的氣味吸引顧客購買產(chǎn)品， 并就某些商家的具體做法向我們作出了解釋。由文章的主旨大意可確定作者的寫作目的。

（十二）本文是一篇科普說明文。劍橋大學(xué)的一些研究人員通過對狒狒的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)， 影響狒狒學(xué)習(xí)成效的因素不是它們的智力， 而是其性格以及對學(xué)習(xí)的渴望程度。

1. A "推理判斷題。第一段描述了研究人員如何開展這一研究的具體細(xì)節(jié)： 把新奇的食物和熟悉的食物藏在一個盒子里， 有些狒狒有機(jī)會觀看另外一只狒狒是如何完成任務(wù)的， 而另外一些狒狒則不得不自學(xué)完成任務(wù)， 因此選A項。

2. D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第二段中The braver baboons learnt， "but the shy ones did not learn... 及第三段中The anxious individuals learnt... while those who were relaxed did not... 這些對實驗的描述可知D項符合題意。

3. C 推理判斷題。該詞所在上文， 即第二、三段提到在觀察了別的狒狒之后， 勇敢的、渴望學(xué)習(xí)的狒狒學(xué)到本領(lǐng)， 而害羞的狒狒學(xué)了卻不像別的狒狒那樣去做;再根據(jù)between collecting social information and using it可知選C。

4. C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的This mismatch...shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals可知。

5. B "細(xì)節(jié)理解題。最后一段首句意為“研究結(jié)果可能會影響我們?nèi)绾卫斫馍鐣幕男纬桑?該文化的形成是通過社會學(xué)習(xí)獲得的”。換言之， 作者認(rèn)為我們的文化是通過social learning而形成的， 與B項“互相學(xué)習(xí)”相呼應(yīng)。

（作者單位：湖南省長沙市雅禮中學(xué)）

責(zé)任編校 蔣小青