如何讓學(xué)生攻破主謂一致難關(guān)

我在實際教學(xué)中發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生經(jīng)常在主謂一致上犯錯誤，為了避免學(xué)生犯這類錯誤，我就如何讓學(xué)生突破這一難關(guān)作如下論述：

請我用實例來論述謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上必須和主語一致：

The result of the examination show that you have all made good progress.考試結(jié)果說明你們都有很大進(jìn)步。

The content of these books is very good.這些書內(nèi)容很好。

In the Wai Wen Bookshop are to be found books in various languages.在外文書店能買到各種語言的書籍。

Between the two buildings stands a monument.

在這兩座建筑物之間矗立著一座紀(jì)念碑。

The questions raised by Mr.White are very important.

懷特先生提出的問題是非常重要的。

The theory put forward by those comrades is quite sound.

這些同志提出的理論是很正確的。

如果主語是一個抽象概念，謂語動詞都用單數(shù)形式：

Growing vegetables needs constant watering.種菜要經(jīng)常澆水。

That we have made amazing achievements is an undeniable fact.

我們?nèi)〉昧梭@人成就是一個無可否認(rèn)的事實。

當(dāng)主語中包含有and時，如果他表示一個單數(shù)概念，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)動詞，否則用復(fù)數(shù)動詞：

The iron and steel industry is the key link in socialist production.

，The food and the textile depend mainly on agriculture for raw material.糧食工業(yè)和紡織工業(yè)主要靠農(nóng)業(yè)提供原料。

To form and united front and isolate our worst enemy is our task today.組織統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線孤立最兇惡的敵人是我們今天的任務(wù)。

To raise people’s political consciousness and to speed up socialist construction are our two important tasks today.

提高人民的政治覺悟，加速社會主義建設(shè)，是我們今天的兩項重要任務(wù)。

如果主語是單數(shù)，盡管后面跟有with，together with，as well as，no less than，like，but，except等引起的短語，謂語動詞仍舊用單數(shù)形式：

An iron and steel works，with some satellite factories，is to be built here.這里將要修建一座鋼鐵廠和幾個衛(wèi)星工廠。

An expert，together and some assistants was sent to help in this work.一位專家和幾位助手被派去協(xié)助這項工作。

Justice，as well as the law，demands that these bandits be severely punished.法律和正義都要求嚴(yán)辦這些匪徒。

Nobody but Xiao Li and Xiao Wang was there.只有小李和小王在那里。

No one except my parents knows anything about it.

除了我父母誰也不知道這事。

Each，和由some，any，no，every構(gòu)成的復(fù)數(shù)代詞，都作單數(shù)看待：

Each of us has something to say.我們每一個人都有一些話說。

Is everybody ready? 大家都準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？

Somebody is using the phone.有人在用電話。

What，who，which，any，more，most，all等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可以是復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思決定：

Which is your room? 哪是你的房間？

Which are your rooms?哪些是你的房間？

Here is some more.（指不可數(shù)的東西）這里還有一點。

Here are some more.（指可數(shù)的東西）這里還有幾個。

Has any of you got a fountain-pen? 你們中間誰有自來水筆？

Are any of the students interested in going? 學(xué)生中有什么人有興趣去嗎？

A man who thinks only of himself can never be happy.

一個人如果只想到自己就沒法愉快。

He is not one of those who bow before difficulties.

他不是那種在困難面前低頭的人。

None作復(fù)數(shù)看待時較多，但也有時作單數(shù)看待，主要看說話人腦中聯(lián)系想到的是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)概念：

None of the books are easy enough for us.

這些書全太難，不適合我們的水平。

None are so deaf as those that will not hear.

只有不聽別人意見的人耳朵最聾。

None of us seem to have thought of it.

我們?nèi)妓坪鯖]有想到過這一點。

None of us has got a camera.我們中間沒有一個人有照相機(jī)。

None has felt it more keenly than she.沒有人對這感覺得有她 那樣敏銳。

“Is there any letter for me?” “Sorry，there’s none.”

“有我的信嗎？” “對不起，沒有?！?/p>

有使用法因人而異，不盡一致，例如：

None know when that was.沒人知道這是什么時候的事。

None cares now.現(xiàn)在沒人在乎（這一點了）。

None在代表不可數(shù)的東西時總是看作單數(shù)：

None if this worries me.這事一點也不使我著急。

Either，neither通常作單數(shù)看待：

Neither of us has gone through regular training.

我們兩人誰都沒受過正規(guī)訓(xùn)練。

Has either of them told you? 他們兩人中間有誰告訴過你嗎？

Many a 或more than one 所修飾的詞作主語時，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)形式：

Many a person has had that kind of experience.很多人有過這種經(jīng)歷。

More than one person was involved in the case.不止一個人牽涉在這個案件中。

People（人，人民），police，cattle，poultry，militia等名詞在任何情況下都用作復(fù)數(shù)：

The militia are all out drilling for the National Day parade.

民兵們都出來操練，準(zhǔn)備參加國慶游行。

Are there any police around? 附近有警察嗎？

有些集體名詞有時作單數(shù)看待，有時作復(fù)數(shù)看待，主要根據(jù)意思來決定：

His family isn’t very large.他家人不很多。

His family are all music lovers.他家的人都喜愛音樂。

The committee meets twice a month.委員會一月開兩次會。

The committee are divided in opinion.委員們的意見有分歧。

The audience were greatly moved at the words.

聽了這話聽眾都很感動。

The audience was enormous.觀眾人很多。

Class 3 requests the pleasure of your company.

三班請求你參加他們的活動。

Class 3 are unable to agree upon a monitor.

三班在班長的人選上不能取得一致意見。

Number，variety，proportion，majority，population等詞有時作單數(shù)看，有時作復(fù)數(shù)看，主要從意思上來決定：

A number of books have been published on the subject.

有關(guān)這學(xué)科的書出了好些。

The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.

有關(guān)這學(xué)科的書出版的數(shù)量簡直驚人。

The majority of students are in favour of his proposal.

多數(shù)學(xué)生都贊成他的建議。

The majority is for him.過半數(shù)的人是贊成他的。

A large proportion of the texts are original works.

課文中很大一部分是原著。

One third of the population here are workers.

這里三分之一的人口是工人。

A great variety of flowers were shown there.

那里展出了很多品種的花。

不可數(shù)名詞前面如有表數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，后面常跟復(fù)數(shù)動詞作謂語：

In these years 5 million square metres of housing were constructed in Shanghai.

這幾年中上海修建了五百萬平方米的住房。

Three million tons of coal were exported that year.

那年出口了三百萬噸煤。

Southeast of the town were 200 mu of sandy wasteland which were unsuitable for growing crops.

城東南有200畝不適合種莊稼的沙荒地。

當(dāng)一個句子有兩個主語時，而他們又是由either...or或neither...nor連接起來時，謂語通常和最鄰近的主語一致：

Either you or Lao yang is to do the work.

不是你就是老楊來做這工作。

Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.

我和我的愛人都無法說服我的女兒改變主意。

如果一個句子是由there或here引起，而主語又不止一個，謂語通常也和最鄰近的那個主語一致：

There was carved on the board a dragon and a phoenix.

在板子上雕有一條龍和一只鳳。

Here is a pen，a few envelopes and some paper for you.

這兒有一支筆，幾個信封和一些紙給你。

以上實例充分說明了主語和謂語在人稱和數(shù)方面必須保持一致的重要性，只有我們掌握好了這些論述才能不犯這方面的錯誤。