摘 要:《資治通鑒》是我國古代最重要的編年體通史,高句麗是我國漢代到唐代時(shí)期的一個(gè)少數(shù)民族政權(quán)?!顿Y治通鑒》在記錄我國隋唐時(shí)期高句麗的歷史方面,補(bǔ)足了一些史料漏洞,但是在一些內(nèi)容上不夠完善。因此本文就《資治通鑒》中,隋朝和唐朝與高句麗的史料分析,綜合進(jìn)行客觀評論。
關(guān)鍵詞:《資治通鑒》;隋唐;高句麗;史料評析
[中圖分類號]:H059 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼]:A
[文章編號]:1002-2139(2014)-06--02
一、《資治通鑒》中隋唐時(shí)期的高句麗史料
1.歷史背景簡述
《資治通鑒》是北宋司馬光所主編的一部編年體通史,在中國史書中有極重要的地位。共294卷,三百萬字,耗時(shí)十九年。記載的歷史由周威烈王二十三年(西元前403年)寫起,一直到五代的后周世宗顯德六年(西元959年)征淮南,計(jì)跨16個(gè)朝代,包括秦、漢、晉、隋、唐統(tǒng)一王朝和戰(zhàn)國七雄、魏蜀吳三國、五胡十六國、南北朝、五代十國等等其他政權(quán),共1362年的逐年記載詳細(xì)歷史。
高句麗是公元前一世紀(jì)至公元七世紀(jì)在我國東北地區(qū)和朝鮮半島存在的一個(gè)民族政權(quán), 與百濟(jì),新羅合稱朝鮮三國時(shí)代。其人民主要是濊貊和扶馀人,后又吸收些靺鞨人,古朝鮮遺民及三韓人。高句麗在公元五世紀(jì)到七世紀(jì)的中國東北地區(qū)和朝鮮半島歷史上扮演了重要的角色,被朝鮮史學(xué)界稱為三國之一。
在《資治通鑒》中,有許多關(guān)于高句麗與隋唐之間關(guān)系的歷史資料,對于研究高句麗的歷史具有重要意義。
2.史料來源
在《資治通鑒》中,有關(guān)于高句麗的歷史資料,其主要的來源包括三種方式。首先是通過戰(zhàn)爭。戰(zhàn)爭是體現(xiàn)一個(gè)實(shí)力強(qiáng)弱以及統(tǒng)治者能力的一種形式,戰(zhàn)爭中的信息相對較為準(zhǔn)確,但是存留下來的數(shù)量較少。其次是通過國家之間的使者交流,再次就是通過國家特殊部門的奏報(bào)。而我國關(guān)于隋唐時(shí)期高句麗的史料,大多數(shù)是通過戰(zhàn)爭得來的。《資治通鑒》也如此,其中的關(guān)于高句麗的史料,內(nèi)容多數(shù)為戰(zhàn)爭。
3.史料內(nèi)容
《隋書》是記載隋朝時(shí)期高句麗歷史資料的主要?dú)v史文獻(xiàn)。在《資治通鑒》中,很多關(guān)于隋朝高句麗的歷史資料,是選取了《隋書》中的一些關(guān)于戰(zhàn)爭的資料,部分史料被司馬光直接引用到了《資治通鑒》中。例如開皇十七年史事,《資治通鑒.隋記.高祖文皇帝上》的部分內(nèi)容,但是司馬遷在史料的處理中,對于事情的整體表達(dá)更加完整細(xì)致,對于人物的刻畫也較為生動(dòng)。
而唐朝時(shí)期關(guān)于的高句麗的歷史資料,內(nèi)容形式都更加豐富,這得益于唐朝的繁盛與對外往來的頻繁?!杜f唐書》、《新唐書》等史書中的部分內(nèi)容,都被《資治通鑒》所參考、引用,在一定程度上進(jìn)行融合、完善,使整體內(nèi)容趨于完整,并經(jīng)過嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)目甲C,對于同一問題,司馬光選擇了更有說服力的歷史說法。例如《舊唐書.東夷.高麗傳》的記載。
春,正月,丁未朔,隋恭帝詔唐王劍履上殿,贊拜不名。唐王既克長安,以書諭諸郡縣,于是東自商洛,南盡巴、蜀,郡縣長吏及盜賊渠帥、氏、羌酋長,爭遣子弟入見請降,有司復(fù)書,日以百數(shù)。1.On January the 1st, Emperor Gong (恭帝9) of the Sui Dynasty summoned the King of Tang(唐10), in the grand morning rally, to show up with the privilege to keep his shoes and swords on, and also granted him the right not to name himself while saluting the Emperor.
王世充既得東都兵,進(jìn)擊李密于洛北,敗之,遂屯鞏北。辛酉,世充命諸軍各造浮橋渡洛擊密,橋先成者先進(jìn),前后不一?;①S郎將王辯破密外柵,密營中驚擾,將潰;世充不知,鳴角收眾,密因帥敢死士乘之,世充大敗,爭橋溺死者萬余人。王辯死,世充僅自免,洛北諸軍皆潰。世充不敢入東都,北趣河陽,是夜,疾風(fēng)寒雨,軍士涉水沾濕,道路凍死者又以萬數(shù)。世充獨(dú)與數(shù)千人至河陽,自系獄請罪,越王侗遣使赦之,召還東都,賜金帛、美女以安其意。As Wang Shichong (王世充15) had gained the better part of military forces in the East Capital (東都16), he launched an attack on Li Mi’s (李密17) army to the north of the Luo River (洛水18) and won the battle, and later he encamped in the north of Gong County (鞏19). On the 15th, Shichong ordered all his divisions to build floating bridges to further attack Mi. However, some of his divisions that finished building the floating bridges earlier rushed in first, and as a result, his army were scattered. The Tiger General (虎賁郎將20), Wang Bian, broke through the outer fence and caused chaos in Mi’s camp, which was almost enough to rout all Mi’s forces. At that time, Shichong blew the retreating horn for his ignorance about the situation on the battlefield. Mi, thereupon, led a dare-to-die squad to pursuit the retreating enemy and gave Shichong a crushing defeat. At last, more than 10 thousand of his soldiers fell down the river and got drown while they were rushing over the bridges. Wang Bian was eliminated along with all the divisions sent to the north of the Luo River, leaving only Shichong survived. Because he dared not step into the Dongjun Prefecture (東郡21) anymore, Shichong decided to march north for Heyang County (河陽22). In the very night, there was a strong wind and a cold rain, which caused more than another 10 thousand of his warriors to be frozen to death. At the end of the day, only Shichong and several thousands of the rest soldiers reached Heyang County. There, he locked himself in a prison cell and asked for his punishment from his king. Dong(侗23), who was the King of Yue(越24), sent an envoy to remit him and summoned him to return to the East Capital. The King of Yue spared Shichong granted him gold, silks and beauties to comfort him. Afterwards, Shichong gathered the escaped and the lost men of his army, which eventually constituted a force of about 10 thousand men.
帝見中原已亂,無心北歸,欲都丹陽,保據(jù)江東,命群臣廷議之,內(nèi)史侍郎虞世基等皆以為善;右候衛(wèi)大將軍李才極陳不可,請車駕還長安,與世基忿爭而出。門下錄事衡水李桐客曰:“江東卑濕,土地險(xiǎn)狹,內(nèi)奉萬乘,外給三軍,民不堪命,亦恐終散亂耳。”御史劾桐客謗毀朝政。于是公卿皆阿意言:“江東之民望幸已久,陛下過江,撫而臨之,此大禹之事也?!蹦嗣蔚り枌m,將徙都之。(Since the Emperor knew that the North China had gradually gone out of his control, he did not want to go back any more. As a result, he gathered his generals and officials to discuss a strategy in which he planned to build a new capital at Danyang (丹陽68) in the area of Jiangdong 江東69). Most participants like Yu Shiji (虞世基70), the Vice Prime Minister, agreed with this idea while Li Cai(李才71), the Right Praetorian General, urged against it strongly and beseeched the Emperor to go back to Chang’an. At last, the general was so aggrieved in the debate with Shiji that he rose up from the table and left. On defense of Cai, Li Dongke (李桐客72), the Vice Secretary of Chancellery, said that “Jiangdong’s climate is terribly wet, landscape precipitous and narrow. Therefore, I wonder if this place can be exploited to supply both the Highness and the military, I am afraid it would go beyond the capacity of the land and people, which could eventually lead to a collapse.” However, the Secretary of Inspection impeached Dongke that his speech constituted an insult on the national strategy. In the end, all the participated nobles and officials flatteringly came up with a conclusion that “People of Jiangdong have always been longing for the Emperor’s presence, and what the Highness does here matches that of the ancient Emperor of Dayu (大禹73).” As a result, the Emperor passed down the order to construct the Danyang Palace and prepared to establish a new capital.
二、對于《資治通鑒》中隋唐時(shí)期的高句麗史料的評析
3.歷史價(jià)值
《資治通鑒》中,關(guān)于隋唐時(shí)期高句麗的歷史資料,內(nèi)容不僅詳細(xì),真實(shí)性強(qiáng),而且將高句麗的歷史形成一個(gè)體系,不僅為我國研究高句麗史提供了寶貴的歷史資料,而且對于現(xiàn)在的朝鮮半島國家的歷史研究也有重要意義?!顿Y治通鑒》的修訂中,司馬光不僅依照存有的史料,而且經(jīng)過親身考證,補(bǔ)充了在我國正史中沒有記載的一些內(nèi)容,保證了我國歷史資料的完整性。例如《資治通鑒》中,關(guān)于探討隋煬帝東征失敗的原因,其中一部分內(nèi)容在正史中沒有涉及,但是在《資治通鑒》中予以詳細(xì)的補(bǔ)充。關(guān)于唐朝的歷史,《資治通鑒》還補(bǔ)充了唐朝對于高句麗的進(jìn)攻,由大規(guī)模的發(fā)動(dòng)攻擊,轉(zhuǎn)為小規(guī)模的攻擊戰(zhàn),這背后的原因以及政治意義都予以說明。這些對于正史的補(bǔ)充,使我國隋唐時(shí)期的史料更加完整。
《資治通鑒》的史實(shí)記載相比于一些正史,更為詳實(shí)。例如對于戰(zhàn)爭的描寫,特別是唐太宗親自征戰(zhàn)高句麗的描寫,極其細(xì)致。從東征高句麗的原因,到作戰(zhàn)前的各方面的籌備,再到戰(zhàn)爭的爆發(fā)、結(jié)束,每個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)都描寫得淋漓盡致,這彌補(bǔ)了一些正史在記載上,對于一些重要?dú)v史事件一筆帶過的缺憾。
《資治通鑒》對于朝鮮的重要史書《三國史記》有重要的意義?!度龂酚洝肥歉啕惓蟪季幾?,其形式仿照我國古代史書的紀(jì)傳體,其中關(guān)于隋唐時(shí)期的史料,很大一部分是取自《資治通鑒》,有些內(nèi)容不加修改直接搬用,對朝鮮的歷史學(xué)術(shù)研究意義深遠(yuǎn)。
4.不足之處
從客觀的角度來評論,《資治通鑒》對于一些歷史,記載十分簡單。例如開皇十七年,高句麗王聽到隋消滅了陳之后,非常害怕,隋文帝為了安定他的情緒,賜予一封璽書,其中的內(nèi)容并沒有過多的詳盡記載。同時(shí),由于隋唐時(shí)期,與高句麗的戰(zhàn)爭頻繁,一些極其重要的戰(zhàn)爭,只是記載了年月。
《資治通鑒》也存在一些遺漏的史料,尤其是關(guān)于隋朝初,高句麗王向朝廷派遣特使的一些資料,以及高句麗榮留王實(shí)行的一些對唐朝極其有益的政策,具體內(nèi)容和根本原因也沒有細(xì)致的記載。再比如,李淵賜予榮留王的一些重要的詔書,在內(nèi)容上均是一筆帶過。這些歷史資料,對于研究高句麗的歷史狀況、政策等有很大幫助,資料的缺失比較遺憾。
結(jié)束語:
《資治通鑒》中關(guān)于隋唐高句麗的歷史資料研究,其不僅在于記載歷史,一定程度上還補(bǔ)正了正史中的瑕疵之處,這些史料對于現(xiàn)在的朝鮮半島的相關(guān)歷史文獻(xiàn)有深遠(yuǎn)影響,同時(shí)對于研究隋唐時(shí)期高句麗的歷史有著重要的歷史意義,
參考文獻(xiàn):
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[2]姜明勝.隋唐與高句麗戰(zhàn)爭原因及影響探析[D].延邊大學(xué).2008(04)
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