杜 鑫,王玉堂,單兆亮,郭紅陽(yáng),國(guó)建萍
解放軍總醫(yī)院,北京 100853
神經(jīng)節(jié)消融治療房顫的薈萃分析
杜 鑫,王玉堂,單兆亮,郭紅陽(yáng),國(guó)建萍
解放軍總醫(yī)院,北京 100853
目的研究肺靜脈電隔離(pulmonary vein isolation,PVI)或迷宮手術(shù)(maze procedure,MAZE)聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)消融,和單獨(dú)神經(jīng)節(jié)消融治療房顫的療效。方法在PubMed、Embase、Cochrane、ClinicalTrials、Sinomed以及萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的文獻(xiàn)檢索(1968年- 2013年6月),納入了PVI/MAZE聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)消融與傳統(tǒng)PVI/MAZE的比較,單獨(dú)神經(jīng)節(jié)消融與PVI/MAZE的比較的對(duì)照試驗(yàn)文獻(xiàn)。主要結(jié)局終點(diǎn)是單次手術(shù)后未服用抗心律失常藥物無(wú)顫或房速?gòu)?fù)發(fā)的成功率。檢索的303篇文獻(xiàn)中有7篇入選。結(jié)果PVI/MAZE聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)消融顯著提高了陣發(fā)性房顫患者竇性心律的維持(n=395,OR 6.94;95% CI:2.97 ~ 16.21),而對(duì)于非陣發(fā)房顫的患者則無(wú)明顯獲益(n=174,OR 2.84;95% CI:0.81 ~ 10.03)。單獨(dú)神經(jīng)節(jié)消融術(shù)后竇性心律維持率低于PVI/MAZE(n=106,OR 0.31;95% CI:0.14 ~ 0.71)。結(jié)論P(yáng)VI/MAZE聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)消融可提高陣發(fā)性房顫患者竇性心律的維持率,但非陣發(fā)性房顫患者無(wú)明顯獲益;單獨(dú)神經(jīng)節(jié)消融成功率低于PVI。
心房顫動(dòng);神經(jīng)節(jié)消融;薈萃分析
心房顫動(dòng)(atrial fibrillation,AF)是臨床上最常見(jiàn)的持續(xù)性心律失常,并造成腦卒中事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著升高[1-2]?;A(chǔ)和臨床研究顯示心臟自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(autonomic nervous system,ANS)在房顫的誘發(fā)和維持中起重要作用,給ANS作為靶點(diǎn)的射頻消融術(shù)式如神經(jīng)節(jié)(ganglionated plexi,GP)消融提供了依據(jù)[3-6]。部分臨床研究顯示傳統(tǒng)的肺靜脈電隔離(pulmonary vein isolation,PVI)/迷宮手術(shù)(maze procedure,MAZE)聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)消融或單獨(dú)的神經(jīng)節(jié)消融可提高房顫射頻消融的成功率,特別是陣發(fā)性房顫;另有研究報(bào)道,單獨(dú)的神經(jīng)節(jié)消融術(shù)后房顫或房速?gòu)?fù)發(fā)率更高[7-10]。故本薈萃分析旨在研究PVI/MAZE聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)消融和單獨(dú)神經(jīng)節(jié)消融治療房顫的成功率。
1 檢索策略 筆者在PubMed、Embase、Cochrane、ClinicalTrials、Sinomed和萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的文獻(xiàn)檢索(1968年 - 2013年6月)。檢索關(guān)鍵詞為“ganglionated plexi and atrial fibrillation”或“autonomic denervation and atrial fibrillation”。詞形變異如“ganglionated plexi”也進(jìn)行了檢索。中文檢索關(guān)鍵詞為“神經(jīng)節(jié)消融”。
2 文獻(xiàn)篩選 由于本研究目的是對(duì)兩種不同的消融術(shù)式(PVI/MAZE聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)消融及單獨(dú)神經(jīng)節(jié)消融)與傳統(tǒng)PVI/MAZE進(jìn)行比較,故需收集比較PVI/MAZE聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)消融與傳統(tǒng)PVI/MAZE,以及比較單獨(dú)神經(jīng)節(jié)消融與PVI/MAZE的對(duì)照試驗(yàn)文獻(xiàn)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組干預(yù)措施是PVI/MAZE聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)消融、單獨(dú)神經(jīng)節(jié)消融,對(duì)照組干預(yù)措施是傳統(tǒng)PVI/MAZE。鑒于射頻消融手術(shù)的侵入性和創(chuàng)傷性,隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)和非隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)均可入選。文獻(xiàn)的排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1)非對(duì)照試驗(yàn);2)比較導(dǎo)管消融與外科消融的文獻(xiàn);3)術(shù)后隨訪時(shí)間<3個(gè)月;4)回顧性研究;5)試驗(yàn)組進(jìn)行了神經(jīng)節(jié)消融以外的消融術(shù)式;6)未報(bào)道關(guān)于竇性心律維持率或消融成功率的原始數(shù)據(jù)。主要結(jié)局終點(diǎn)是單次手術(shù)后未服用抗心律失常藥物無(wú)房顫或房速?gòu)?fù)發(fā)的成功率。
3 質(zhì)量控制 由2名檢索人員獨(dú)立檢索并納入文獻(xiàn)、評(píng)價(jià)質(zhì)量和資料提取,然后交叉核對(duì),意見(jiàn)不一致時(shí)通過(guò)討論或征求第三方研究者意見(jiàn)解決。質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)主要從是否采用隨機(jī)分組、分配方案是否實(shí)施盲法、是否報(bào)道了退出和失訪3個(gè)方面進(jìn)行。資料提取包括研究的樣本量、術(shù)式及結(jié)果等。
4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 薈萃分析分兩部分進(jìn)行。第一部分比較PVI/MAZE聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)消融,與傳統(tǒng)的PVI/MAZE;第二部分比較單獨(dú)的神經(jīng)節(jié)消融與PVI/MAZE。在每部分,用Q檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),若異質(zhì)性無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,神經(jīng)節(jié)消融對(duì)主要終點(diǎn)的作用以固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。若異質(zhì)性有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,則進(jìn)行亞組分析以降低異質(zhì)性,若亞組中異質(zhì)性仍有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,則以隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行薈萃分析。干預(yù)措施對(duì)主要終點(diǎn)的作用以O(shè)R值及95% CI表示。分類(lèi)指標(biāo)用頻率和百分比表示,連續(xù)性變量用±s表示。統(tǒng)計(jì)檢驗(yàn)雙側(cè),以P<0.05為有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。統(tǒng)計(jì)分析應(yīng)用Review Manager 5.2軟件進(jìn)行。
1 檢索文獻(xiàn)數(shù) 經(jīng)檢索命中298條文獻(xiàn)摘要和5個(gè)注冊(cè)臨床試驗(yàn)。根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)排除了290條文獻(xiàn)摘要和4篇臨床試驗(yàn)文獻(xiàn),經(jīng)篩選有7篇、包含677例患者的研究入選。未檢索到符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的中文文獻(xiàn)。
2 納入研究特征及質(zhì)量 納入的7篇文獻(xiàn)中5篇比較了PVI/MAZE聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)消融與傳統(tǒng)的PVI/ MAZE的療效,2篇比較了單獨(dú)的神經(jīng)節(jié)消融與PVI/MAZE的療效[3-9]。有3項(xiàng)研究入選了非陣發(fā)性房顫患者[4-5,7]。納入的研究中神經(jīng)節(jié)消融的方法學(xué)有所不同(迷走反射指導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)節(jié)消融和解剖學(xué)指導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)節(jié)消融)。僅有1篇文獻(xiàn)是隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)[6]。入選文獻(xiàn)均未出現(xiàn)退出及失訪病例。文獻(xiàn)基本特征見(jiàn)表1。
表1 薈萃分析納入的神經(jīng)節(jié)消融治療房顫對(duì)照試驗(yàn)的基本特征Tab. 1 Baseline characteristics of GP ablation controlled trials included in meta-analysis
3 患者基線特征 納入的677例患者中503例(72.3%)為陣發(fā)性房顫,174(25.7%)例為非陣發(fā)性房顫,平均年齡48.5 ~ 64.6歲,房顫平均病程2.29 ~7.03年。左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)44.8% ~ 58.5%,左心房?jī)?nèi)徑39.0 ~ 53.5 mm?;颊呋咎卣饕?jiàn)表2。
4 隨訪 隨訪中術(shù)后3個(gè)月內(nèi)的房顫復(fù)發(fā)被排除,因?yàn)樵撾A段被認(rèn)為屬于洗脫期。多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)中患者每個(gè)月進(jìn)行門(mén)診隨訪,隨訪內(nèi)容包括心電圖和(或)48 h動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖。所有文獻(xiàn)的患者均在術(shù)后6個(gè)月內(nèi)停用抗心律失常藥物。
5 神經(jīng)節(jié)消融方法 3篇文獻(xiàn)(Pappone C 2004[3],Scherlag BJ 2005[7],Onorati F 2008[5])進(jìn)行了迷走反射指導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)節(jié)消融,另有3篇文獻(xiàn)(Katritsis DG 2011[6],Katritsis D 2008[9],Mikhaylov E 2011[8])采用了解剖學(xué)指導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)節(jié)消融。迷走反射指導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)節(jié)消融以高頻刺激(high frequency stimulation,HFS)或射頻能量能誘發(fā)迷走神經(jīng)反射處作為消融靶點(diǎn)。迷走神經(jīng)反射的定義是射頻能量輸出時(shí)出現(xiàn)竇性心動(dòng)過(guò)緩(<40 bpm)、房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯(>2 s)、RR間期增倍或一過(guò)性低血壓,消融終點(diǎn)是迷走神經(jīng)反射消失。解剖學(xué)指導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)節(jié)消融在經(jīng)驗(yàn)性的肺靜脈-左心房移行處神經(jīng)節(jié)叢集部位進(jìn)行高密度消融,其終點(diǎn)是消融部位電壓降低至<0.1 mV或電活動(dòng)消失。射頻消融方法見(jiàn)表3。
6 神經(jīng)節(jié)消融的療效 薈萃分析顯示,PVI/MAZE聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)消融顯著提高陣發(fā)房顫患者竇性心律的維持(n=395,OR 6.94;95% CI:2.97 ~ 16.21)(圖1),而非陣發(fā)房顫患者未從PVI/MAZE聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)消融獲益(n=174,OR 2.84;95% CI:0.81 ~ 10.03) (圖2)。單獨(dú)神經(jīng)節(jié)消融術(shù)后竇性心律維持率低于PVI(n=106,OR 0.31;95% CI:0.14 ~ 0.71)(圖3)。
表2 薈萃分析納入的神經(jīng)節(jié)消融治療房顫的對(duì)照試驗(yàn)中患者的基本特征Tab. 2 Baseline characteristics of GP ablation controlled trials in AF patients included meta-analysis
表3 射頻消融方法學(xué)Tab. 3 Radiofrequency ablation methodology
7 并發(fā)癥 僅有1篇文獻(xiàn) (Mikhaylov E 2011[8])報(bào)道了并發(fā)癥的出現(xiàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)組1例患者在解剖指導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)節(jié)消融后立即出現(xiàn)心包填塞,對(duì)其進(jìn)行外科救治,未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯心臟穿孔;1例患者出現(xiàn)累及3個(gè)肺靜脈的肺靜脈狹窄并自行痊愈。在對(duì)照組1例患者在術(shù)后4個(gè)月出現(xiàn)顯著的左上肺靜脈狹窄并接受了肺靜脈支架置入術(shù);1例患者在術(shù)后25個(gè)月因反復(fù)上呼吸道出血停止了華法林抗凝治療。
圖 1 陣發(fā)房顫亞組PVI/MAZE聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)消融的固定效應(yīng)模型薈萃分析Fig. 1 Meta-analysis of fi xed PVI/MAZE combined with GP ablation effect model in paroxysmal AF patients
圖 2 非陣發(fā)房顫亞組PVI/MAZE聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)消融的隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型薈萃分析Fig. 2 Meta-analysis of random PVI/MAZE combined with GP ablation effect model in non-paroxysmal AF patients
圖 3 單獨(dú)神經(jīng)節(jié)消融的隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型薈萃分析Fig. 3 Meta-analysis of GP ablation alone random effect model
本薈萃分析顯示與單獨(dú)PVI/MAZE相比,PVI/ MAZE聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)消融提高了陣發(fā)房顫患者竇性心律的維持。近期的研究顯示,自主神經(jīng)節(jié)是肺靜脈肌袖以外的觸發(fā)灶,故單獨(dú)的PVI僅能隔離肺靜脈以?xún)?nèi)的觸發(fā)灶,而PVI/MAZE聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)消融可更徹底地消除觸發(fā)灶[10]。
Zhou等[11]報(bào)道的1例薈萃分析顯示PVI/ MAZE聯(lián)合神經(jīng)節(jié)消融可提高房顫消融的成功率,但未進(jìn)行陣發(fā)和非陣發(fā)性房顫的亞組分析。另有Zhang等[12]報(bào)道的薈萃分析進(jìn)行了亞組分析,認(rèn)為心臟去神經(jīng)化(包括碎裂電位消融或神經(jīng)節(jié)消融)可顯著提高陣發(fā)性房顫和非陣發(fā)性房顫患者竇性心率的維持?;谒榱央娢坏淖灾魃窠?jīng)機(jī)制以及碎裂電位消融與神經(jīng)節(jié)消融部位的重合,該薈萃分析同時(shí)納入了碎裂電位消融和神經(jīng)節(jié)消融的研究[13-14]。但是碎裂電位的定義尚未達(dá)成共識(shí),與心臟自主神經(jīng)活動(dòng)之間的關(guān)系仍不明確,其消融方法與神經(jīng)節(jié)消融也有顯著的區(qū)別[15]。
本薈萃分析顯示,對(duì)于非陣發(fā)性房顫患者,額外神經(jīng)節(jié)消融的獲益不明確,單獨(dú)的神經(jīng)節(jié)消融的療效劣于PVI/MAZE。對(duì)于非陣發(fā)性房顫患者,觸發(fā)機(jī)制不再是決定性的機(jī)制,導(dǎo)致持續(xù)性房顫和長(zhǎng)程持續(xù)性房顫患者PVI術(shù)后較高的復(fù)發(fā)率,而神經(jīng)節(jié)消融亦是如此。對(duì)于陣發(fā)性房顫的患者,發(fā)表的非對(duì)照臨床試驗(yàn)認(rèn)為,單獨(dú)神經(jīng)節(jié)消融的成功率約為70%,暫無(wú)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)發(fā)表[16-17]。
同任何薈萃分析一樣,本研究無(wú)法完全排除發(fā)表偏倚的可能,不同研究的患者人群、消融術(shù)式、隨訪方式之間也存在異質(zhì)性。由于倫理學(xué)限制,多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)無(wú)隨機(jī)化設(shè)計(jì)。由于目前國(guó)內(nèi)外還缺少關(guān)于神經(jīng)節(jié)消融治療房顫的雙盲、隨機(jī)、多中心、大樣本的臨床研究,導(dǎo)致本研究納入的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量以及樣本總量都較少,這是本研究的局限性所在。
1 Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: National implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study[J]. JAMA, 2001, 285(18):2370-2375.
2 Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an Independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study[J]. Stroke, 1991, 22(8): 983-988.
3 Pappone C, Santinelli V, Manguso F, et al. Pulmonary vein denervation enhances long-term benefit after circumferential ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation[J]. Circulation, 2004, 109(3):327-334.
4 Onorati F, Mariscalco G, Rubino AS, et al. Impact of lesion sets on mid-term results of surgical ablation procedure for atrial fibrillation[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011, 57(8): 931-940.
5 Onorati F, Curcio A, Santarpino G, et al. Routine ganglionic plexi ablation during Maze procedure improves hospital and early follow-up results of mitral surgery[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2008, 136(2): 408-418.
6 Katritsis DG, Giazitzoglou E, Zografos T, et al. Rapid pulmonary vein isolation combined with autonomic ganglia modification: a randomized study[J]. Heart Rhythm, 2011, 8(5): 672-678.
7 Scherlag BJ, Nakagawa H, Jackman WM, et al. Electrical stimulation to identify neural elements on the heart: their role in atrial fibrillation[J]. J Interv Card Electrophysiol, 2005, 13(Suppl 1):37-42.
8 Mikhaylov E, Kanidieva A, Sviridova N, et al. Outcome of anatomic ganglionated plexi ablation to treat paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a 3-year follow-up study[J]. Europace, 2011, 13(3): 362-370.
9 Katritsis D, Giazitzoglou E, Sougiannis D, et al. Anatomic approach for ganglionic plexi ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation[J]. Am J Cardiol, 2008, 102(3): 330-334.
10 Choi EK, Shen MJ, Han S, et al. Intrinsic cardiac nerve activity and paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmia in ambulatory dogs[J]. Circulation, 2010, 121(24): 2615-2623.
11 Zhou Q, Hou Y, Yang S. A meta-analysis of the comparative efficacy of ablation for atrial fibrillation with and without ablation of the ganglionated plexi[J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 2011, 34(12):1687-1694.
12 Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhang Y, et al. Efficacy of cardiac autonomic denervation for atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 2012, 23(6): 592-600.
13 Lin J, Scherlag BJ, Zhou J, et al. Autonomic mechanism to explain complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAE)[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 2007, 18(11): 1197-1205.
14 Lu Z, Scherlag BJ, Lin J, et al. Autonomic mechanism for complex fractionated atrial electrograms: evidence by fast fourier transform analysis[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 2008, 19(8): 835-842.
15 Nademanee K, Mckenzie J, Kosar E, et al. A new approach for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: mapping of the electrophysiologic substrate[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004, 43(11):2044-2053.
16 Pokushalov E, Romanov A, Artyomenko S, et al. Left atrial ablation at the anatomic areas of ganglionated plexi for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation[J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 2010, 33(10):1231-1238.
17 Calò L, Rebecchi M, Sciarra L, et al. Catheter ablation of right atrial ganglionated plexi in patients with vagal paroxysmal atrial fibrillation[J]. Circulation, 2012, 5(1): 22-31.
Ganglionated plexi ablation for atrial fi brillation: A meta-analysis
DU Xin, WANG Yu-tang, SHAN Zhao-liang, GUO Hong-yang, GUO Jian-ping
Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
Corresponding author: WANG Yu-tang. Email: wyt301@sina.com
ObjectiveTo study the therapeutic effect of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI)or combined maze and ganglionic plexi (GP) ablation or GP ablation alone on atrial fi brillation (AF).MethodsPapers on PVI/MAZE combined with GP ablation, traditional PVI/MAZE, GP ablation alone were retrieved from PubMed, EMBase, Cochrane controlled trials register (CCRT) , ClinicalTrials, Sinomed, and WanFang from 1968 to June 2013. The main end-points were the AF-free or antiarrhythmic drug-free AF success rate of a single operation. Of the 303 papers retrieved, 7 were included in this study.ResultsPVI/MAZE combined with GP ablation significantly improved the sinus rhythm in paroxysmal AF patients (n=395, OR=6.94, 95% CI: 2.97-16.21) and had no significant effect on the sinus rhythm in non-paroxysmal AF patients (n=174, OR=2.84, 95% CI: 0.81-10.03). The sinus rhythm was lower in paroxysmal and non-paroxysmal AF patients after GP ablation alone than after PVI/MAZE (n=106, OR= 0.31, 95% CI: 0.14-0.71).ConclusionPVI/MAZE combined with GP ablation can significantly improve the sinus rhythm in paroxysmal AF patients and has no significant effect on the sinus rhythm in non-paroxysmal AF patients. The success rate of GP ablation alone is lower than that of PVI.
atrial fi brillation; ganglia ablation; meta-analysis
R 541.75
A
2095-5227(2014)06-0600-05
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.06.023
2014-02-19 16:11
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20140219.1611.002.html
2013-11-26
杜鑫,男,在讀碩士。Emaril: 598243833@qq.com
王玉堂,男,主任,教授、博士生導(dǎo)師。Emaril: wyt301 @sina.com