談情態(tài)詞語(yǔ)表達(dá)意識(shí)形態(tài)

范莉娣

(東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 國(guó)際商務(wù)外語(yǔ)學(xué)院，遼寧 大連116025)

談情態(tài)詞語(yǔ)表達(dá)意識(shí)形態(tài)

范莉娣

(東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 國(guó)際商務(wù)外語(yǔ)學(xué)院，遼寧 大連116025)

使用語(yǔ)言時(shí)，人們都會(huì)有意識(shí)或無(wú)意識(shí)地通過(guò)不同的語(yǔ)言手段表達(dá)出自己的意識(shí)形態(tài)。而在諸多意識(shí)形態(tài)表達(dá)的語(yǔ)言手段中，情態(tài)詞語(yǔ)是具有特殊功能的一類詞語(yǔ)。本文通過(guò)實(shí)例分析情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)附加語(yǔ)和情態(tài)隱喻三種情態(tài)詞語(yǔ)如何在話語(yǔ)中表達(dá)意識(shí)形態(tài)。

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞；情態(tài)附加語(yǔ)；情態(tài)隱喻；意識(shí)形態(tài)

毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，最基本的意識(shí)形態(tài)表征形式是語(yǔ)言。在Fairclough看來(lái)，意識(shí)形態(tài)是現(xiàn)實(shí)(物理世界、社會(huì)關(guān)系、社會(huì)身份)的意義/建構(gòu)。意識(shí)形態(tài)被建構(gòu)到話語(yǔ)實(shí)踐的形式/意義的各種維度之中，致力于統(tǒng)治關(guān)系的生產(chǎn)、再生產(chǎn)或改變。[1]87-88這也就是說(shuō)，我們的語(yǔ)言充斥著意識(shí)形態(tài)。使用語(yǔ)言時(shí)，人們都會(huì)有意識(shí)或無(wú)意識(shí)地通過(guò)不同的語(yǔ)言手段表達(dá)出自己的意識(shí)形態(tài)。而在諸多意識(shí)形態(tài)表達(dá)的語(yǔ)言手段中，情態(tài)詞語(yǔ)是具有特殊功能的一類詞語(yǔ)。

傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)將情態(tài)看作動(dòng)詞體系的一部分，用于描述情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。但隨著學(xué)界認(rèn)識(shí)的深入和對(duì)概念表述新的需要，情態(tài)范疇也在擴(kuò)張。與語(yǔ)境因素結(jié)合，情態(tài)可以通過(guò)不同的形式及詞匯手段表達(dá)：(a)使用動(dòng)詞形態(tài)學(xué)語(yǔ)氣表達(dá)；(b)使用諸如句狀語(yǔ)(hopefully, maybe)、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can, must, may)等詞匯手段表達(dá)；(c)使用“have + inf.”結(jié)構(gòu)、“would”同義語(yǔ)等句法手段表達(dá)。

在功能語(yǔ)法中，Halliday認(rèn)為情態(tài)表示語(yǔ)言使用者對(duì)所述內(nèi)容所涉及的可能性或責(zé)任的判斷。凡是介于“肯定”與“否定”之間的所有過(guò)渡程度的可能選擇都屬于情態(tài)范疇。鑒于語(yǔ)言使用者所交換的內(nèi)容或是“陳述”(proposition)，或是“建議”(proposal)，Halliday 區(qū)分了二者不同的過(guò)渡可能性?！瓣愂觥敝械倪^(guò)渡可能性可按“概率”程度和“經(jīng)常”程度描寫?？赡?possibly)、大概(probably)、當(dāng)然(certainly)等描寫概率程度；有時(shí)(sometimes)、通常(usually)、總是(always)等描寫經(jīng)常程度。前者表示“肯定”與“否定”之間不同程度的“或許是”、“或許否”；后者表示“肯定”與“否定”之間不同程度的“有時(shí)是”、“有時(shí)否”?！敖ㄗh”中的過(guò)渡可能性根據(jù)語(yǔ)言功能包括“命令”(command)和“提議”(offer)。二者分別按“責(zé)任”程度和“傾向性”程度描寫。在“命令”中，“允許做”(allowed to)、“應(yīng)該做”(supposed to)、“要求做”(required to)等描寫“責(zé)任”程度；在“提議”中，“愿意做”(willing to)、“渴望做”(anxious to)、“決意做”(determined to)等描寫“傾向性”程度。與上述界定相應(yīng)，在體現(xiàn)形式上，按照Halliday的觀點(diǎn)，情態(tài)意義可通過(guò)情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)附加語(yǔ)和情態(tài)隱喻等三種形式表達(dá)。[2]75，89

由上可見(jiàn)，情態(tài)詞語(yǔ)表示的是說(shuō)話人的一種主觀判斷，是用來(lái)表達(dá)說(shuō)話者觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度的一種重要手段。說(shuō)話者可以使用情態(tài)詞語(yǔ)表達(dá)多種情感，如強(qiáng)制、主張、愿望、允許、意圖、職責(zé)、可能性或不確定性，界定說(shuō)話者與聽(tīng)話者之間的權(quán)力關(guān)系和社會(huì)距離等。當(dāng)然說(shuō)話者在用情態(tài)表達(dá)說(shuō)話人對(duì)事物所持的態(tài)度和看法的同時(shí)，也會(huì)有意無(wú)意地在話語(yǔ)中表達(dá)出自己的意識(shí)形態(tài)。下面本文將通過(guò)實(shí)例，具體分析上述三種情態(tài)詞語(yǔ)如何在話語(yǔ)中表達(dá)意識(shí)形態(tài)。

一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表達(dá)意識(shí)形態(tài)

英語(yǔ)中通常用于表達(dá)情態(tài)意義的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞包括“must, can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, ought to, need, used to, dare”等。在不同語(yǔ)境中，這些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞大多能表示不同的情態(tài)意義，如：“may”在“John may have forgotten when to leave”這句話中表示可能，意為“It’s possible that John forgot when to leave”， 此時(shí)“may”屬于概率范疇；但在“John may leave but Mary can’t.”這句話中“may”表示允許，屬于責(zé)任范疇。

漢語(yǔ)中表達(dá)情態(tài)的動(dòng)詞稱為能愿動(dòng)詞。漢語(yǔ)中的能愿動(dòng)詞包括“能、能夠、應(yīng)該、可以、必須、得、要、會(huì)、原意、肯、敢”等，其語(yǔ)義覆蓋范圍與英語(yǔ)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞大致相同，本文不作贅述。[3]378

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的另一特性表現(xiàn)為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不同，其情態(tài)意義值也會(huì)有所不同。如“must、will、may”都可用于對(duì)可能性作出判斷，但它們的情態(tài)意義值卻有高低之分。三者中“must”語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)，情態(tài)意義值最高；“Will”次之；“May”的語(yǔ)氣最弱，情態(tài)意義值也就最低。據(jù)Halliday評(píng)斷，英語(yǔ)中的主要情態(tài)動(dòng)詞按情態(tài)意義值高、中、低三個(gè)級(jí)別，可作如下分檔：

高：must, ought to, need, have to, be to

中：will, would, shall, should

低：may, might, can, could[2]362

在話語(yǔ)中，說(shuō)話者常常利用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的上述語(yǔ)義特性表達(dá)意識(shí)形態(tài)。例如：

(1) Ours is a promise that says government cannot solve all our problems, but what it should do is that which we cannot do for ourselves - protect us from harm and provide every child a decent education; keep our water clean and our toys safe; invest in new schools and new roads and new science and technology.

Our government should work for us, not against us. It should help us, not hurt us. It should ensure opportunity not just for those with the most money and influence, but for every American who’s willing to work.

例(1)選自?shī)W巴馬2008年接受民主黨總統(tǒng)候選人提名時(shí)的講話。這段話中，奧巴馬六次重復(fù)使用“should”，表達(dá)了他心目中的政府應(yīng)向人民承諾什么樣的責(zé)任。他認(rèn)為政府不僅應(yīng)該讓“市場(chǎng)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)奮斗和創(chuàng)新，推進(jìn)發(fā)展”，而且應(yīng)該讓“企業(yè)履行責(zé)任，為美國(guó)創(chuàng)造就業(yè)，照料美國(guó)工人，并且按規(guī)矩行事”。政府應(yīng)該“保護(hù)我們不受傷害，為所有孩子提供良好教育，保護(hù)飲水干凈，保證玩具安全；為新學(xué)校、新道路、新科技投資”?！罢墓ぷ鲬?yīng)該是支持我們，而不是反對(duì)我們。政府應(yīng)該幫助我們，而不是傷害我們。政府不僅應(yīng)該為那些最有錢的和最有影響力的人確保機(jī)會(huì)，而且也要為每一個(gè)愿意工作的美國(guó)人確保機(jī)會(huì)。” 這里奧巴馬不僅是在宣揚(yáng)自己的政治觀點(diǎn)，更重要的是表明自己有和共和黨對(duì)手麥凱恩截然不同的執(zhí)政理念。他要告訴美國(guó)人如果他當(dāng)選，他不會(huì)像麥凱恩或任何共和黨政府那樣只關(guān)心大資本家和上層社會(huì)的利益，以效率為唯一目標(biāo)。他的政府更要關(guān)心中下層社會(huì)的福祉疾苦，為全美國(guó)負(fù)責(zé)。此處奧巴馬借助“should”明確地申明了個(gè)人意識(shí)形態(tài)，意在離間麥凱恩和中下層民眾的關(guān)系，從而為自己在這部分人群中吸引選票。

(2)The road ahead will be long. Our climb will be steep. We may not get there in one year or even one term, but America - I have never been more hopeful than I am tonight that we will get there. I promise you - we as a people will get there.

There will be setbacks and false starts. There are many who won’t agree with every decision or policy I make as President, and we know that government can’t solve every problem. But I will always be honest with you about the challenges we face. I will listen to you, especially when we disagree. And above all, I will ask you join in the work of remaking this nation the only way it’s been done in America for two-hundred and twenty-one years - block by block, brick by brick, calloused hand by calloused hand.

例(2)選自?shī)W巴馬在2008年選舉勝利夜的講話。這段話中他巧妙地使用了“will”。一方面他利用“will”表達(dá)概率程度的情態(tài)意義，強(qiáng)調(diào)他的政府將面臨嚴(yán)峻的困難形勢(shì)。例如他說(shuō)“前面的道路會(huì)很漫長(zhǎng)，我們要在陡峭之路上攀爬”(The road ahead will be long. Our climb will be steep)，所以不僅中途會(huì)有挫折，起步也會(huì)有錯(cuò)誤(There will be setbacks and false starts)。奧巴馬這里使用“will”預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)的困難，可謂用心良苦。其目的是將來(lái)一旦困局經(jīng)久不破，可以克服困難需要時(shí)間為理由，安撫民眾保持耐心；一旦遭遇挫折失敗，可以危局積重難返作為借口；一旦成功，可夸耀自己是在困境中創(chuàng)造出了業(yè)績(jī)，為獲得的成就增加光環(huán)。另一方面，他利用“will”可表達(dá)傾向性的意愿意義，承諾自己愿意與美國(guó)人民保持緊密關(guān)系。如他說(shuō)“對(duì)于面臨的挑戰(zhàn)，我要永遠(yuǎn)對(duì)人民誠(chéng)實(shí)。我要傾聽(tīng)人民的聲音”(I will always be honest with you about the challenges we face. I will listen to you…)?！拔乙?qǐng)你們加入再造美國(guó)的工作”(I will ask you join in the work of remaking this nation)。

(3)How can the U.S. add muscle in the present Ukraine crisis? (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/30/)

例(3)是美國(guó)《野獸日?qǐng)?bào)》(The Daily Beast)一篇評(píng)論的標(biāo)題。標(biāo)題中使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞“can”，提出了“美國(guó)如何才能在目前烏克蘭危機(jī)中增加肌肉”的問(wèn)題。但有意思的是文章中幾乎沒(méi)有用“can”，而是用“would”來(lái)回答標(biāo)題問(wèn)題。作者不僅變換了情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的詞項(xiàng)，避免直接回答“如何才能”的問(wèn)題，而且變換了時(shí)態(tài)形式，選用了情態(tài)意義值相對(duì)低的過(guò)去時(shí)。如以下兩段：

The boldest and riskiest course would be to dispatch 50 or 60 of the incredibly potent F-22s to Poland plus Patriot batteries and appropriate ground support and protection. Russian generals and even Putin surely know that the F-22s could smash the far inferior Russian air force and then punish Russian armies invading eastern Ukraine or elsewhere in the region.

……

These steps would be plausible, purely defensive, and a deterrent for starters. They would demonstrate to Moscow that further aggression against Ukraine would result in much more than economic and diplomatic slaps. Credible force has been the missing ingredient in U.S. policy. Support for what might be the Ukrainian Resistance, combined with an F-22 deployment to Poland “to protect U.S./NATO security interests in the region,” should give Putin pause. And this approach would make the dictators in Pyongyang, Damascus, and Beijing think twice now as well.

此處文中的時(shí)態(tài)形式和詞項(xiàng)的變換反映出作者在意識(shí)形態(tài)上有遏制俄羅斯的強(qiáng)烈欲望，但面對(duì)強(qiáng)大的俄羅斯，對(duì)美國(guó)在烏克蘭危機(jī)中如何才能展示實(shí)力卻又困惑迷茫，對(duì)所提措施信心不足，因此借助情態(tài)動(dòng)詞“would”來(lái)推測(cè)未來(lái)的可能性，表示不愿為自己話語(yǔ)的肯定性承諾明確的保證義務(wù)。其實(shí)不僅例(3)的作者如此，在這場(chǎng)烏克蘭危機(jī)中就是奧巴馬也沒(méi)了“Yes, we can”的底氣。如下面例(4)中，奧巴馬也小心翼翼地選用了“could”。

(4)The United States and Europe recognize that sanctions could have wider global implications, especially for those countries reliant on Russian oil and natural gas, Obama said. (March 27, 2014 CNN)

有時(shí)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的選擇能直接操控意識(shí)形態(tài)表達(dá)。例如有一段時(shí)間在英國(guó)鹿的數(shù)量劇增，影響了林地鳥類的生存。Richardson曾比較過(guò)兩份英國(guó)報(bào)紙對(duì)此事的報(bào)道[4]61。例如Daily Express說(shuō)：

(5)…a population explosion among Britain's deer is playing havoc with woodland birds.

相比較，The Independent的報(bào)道卻說(shuō)：

(6)…seven possible causes which may be behind the decline…

例(5)中使用“is playing”，直接將林地里鳥類減少歸因于鹿的數(shù)量爆炸性增長(zhǎng)，將此事件作為一個(gè)事實(shí)陳述。例(6)中使用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞“may”，表明對(duì)鳥類減少的原因尚不確定。例(6)中用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞給出原因，在意識(shí)形態(tài)上，可使讀者對(duì)鹿在本地自然生態(tài)中的作用產(chǎn)生與例(5)完全不同的印象。

二、情態(tài)附加語(yǔ)表達(dá)意識(shí)形態(tài)

Halliday認(rèn)為根據(jù)語(yǔ)義的不同，情態(tài)附加語(yǔ)主要有兩種類型,即語(yǔ)氣附加語(yǔ)和評(píng)論附加語(yǔ)。[2]81-83

語(yǔ)氣附加語(yǔ)可進(jìn)一步分為三個(gè)次范疇，包括時(shí)間、情態(tài)和強(qiáng)度。這些次范疇可用于表達(dá)概率、頻率、意愿、時(shí)間、強(qiáng)調(diào)等。例如“maybe 、perhaps、surely”等詞語(yǔ)可用于表達(dá)概率； “often 、usually、 always”可用于表達(dá)頻率；“gladly、willingly、 easily”可用于表達(dá)意愿；“already 、yet、 still”可用于表達(dá)時(shí)間；“simply、just、merely”可用于表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)。與語(yǔ)氣附加語(yǔ)不同，評(píng)論附加語(yǔ)的基本功用是表明說(shuō)話者對(duì)整個(gè)命題或言語(yǔ)功能的態(tài)度。例如“unfortunately、honestly、strictly”等。話語(yǔ)中情態(tài)附加語(yǔ)可或明或暗地用于表達(dá)意識(shí)形態(tài)。例如：

(7) “Russia’s position is simple”, Medvedev said after a meeting with Obama. “Sanctions are seldom productive but they are sometimes inevitable.” (theguardian.com, Thursday 24 September 2009)

例(7)中梅德韋杰夫使用“seldom”和“sometimes”兩個(gè)表示頻率的語(yǔ)氣附加語(yǔ)，表達(dá)俄羅斯對(duì)制裁伊朗研發(fā)核武器問(wèn)題的態(tài)度?！皊eldom”表示梅德韋杰夫基本不相信制裁會(huì)有效果?！皊ometimes”表示他覺(jué)得有時(shí)制裁或許是不得已而為之。梅德韋杰夫使用這兩個(gè)語(yǔ)氣附加語(yǔ)，意在告訴奧巴馬俄羅斯不想制裁伊朗，但又不想明確拒絕美國(guó)的要求，便虛與委蛇說(shuō)制裁需待萬(wàn)不得已之時(shí)。

(8)In a country where large-scale protests are usually suppressed, the fact that Saturday’s demonstrations were allowed was taken as a sign of the government’s stance. (the two way, September 15, 2012)

例(8)中描述的是日本將釣魚島國(guó)有化之后，中國(guó)爆發(fā)大規(guī)?？棺h示威。但作者此處說(shuō)在中國(guó)“大規(guī)?？棺h通常要遭到鎮(zhèn)壓”。他使用“usually”一詞，意在強(qiáng)調(diào)中國(guó)不允許民眾抗議，暗示對(duì)中國(guó)政府的批評(píng)。

(9)First, security forces quietly killed activists. Then they started kidnapping, raping, torturing and killing activists and their family members, including a lot of children, dumping their mutilated bodies by the sides of roads. Then troops began simply opening fire on protests. Eventually, civilians started shooting back. (washingtonpost, August 29 2013)

不管是否符合事實(shí)，例(9)是一段批評(píng)敘利亞安全部隊(duì)殺害反政府分子的文字。最后一句話中，作者使用“simply”強(qiáng)調(diào)安全部隊(duì)不加區(qū)別地向抗議人群開(kāi)火，意在表明阿薩德政權(quán)的殘暴無(wú)人性。

(10) Obama On Snowden In Russia: There’s No Treaty But Hopefully They’ll Send Him Back (07/01/2013 12:14 PM EDT WORLD)

例(10)是一個(gè)新聞標(biāo)題，討論奧巴馬對(duì)俄羅斯遣返斯諾登的態(tài)度。這里使用評(píng)論附加語(yǔ)“hopefully”，意在表示與其說(shuō)奧巴馬期待俄羅斯遣返斯諾登，莫如說(shuō)他對(duì)此事的無(wú)奈與迷茫。

(11) “We are not losing anything by waiting, and in fact, in my opinion, there are advantages,” Kerry said, arguing that the delay allows more time for the administration to build domestic and international support for a strike. (The Daily Beast, Sep 3, 2013)

例(11)報(bào)道的是美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)卿克里在國(guó)會(huì)作證，回答為什么推遲打擊敘利亞。這里克里用了評(píng)論附加語(yǔ)“in my opinion”，把推遲的好處說(shuō)成是個(gè)人看法。克里這樣說(shuō)意在表示這不是代表奧巴馬政府的一致意見(jiàn)，為以后決策變化留有余地；同時(shí)也暗示這不是他最后的態(tài)度，可在遭到反駁時(shí)緩解尷尬。

三、情態(tài)隱喻表達(dá)意識(shí)形態(tài)

情態(tài)意義也可以用小句表達(dá)。Halliday[2]354-357和胡壯麟[5]148把這種語(yǔ)言使用現(xiàn)象稱為“情態(tài)隱喻”。具體而言，“情態(tài)隱喻”指的是：當(dāng)說(shuō)話人不是通過(guò)小句中的情態(tài)成分，而是使用一個(gè)單獨(dú)的主句構(gòu)成主從復(fù)句來(lái)表達(dá)情態(tài)意義時(shí)，這個(gè)主從復(fù)合句中的主句就是情態(tài)隱喻。譬如：“I think he is the spy.”這句話表達(dá)的語(yǔ)義相當(dāng)于“He’s probably the spy”。因此“I think he is the spy”是“He’s probably the spy”(isn’t he?)的變體。英語(yǔ)中有很多與此相似的句子，如： everyone admits that…; you can’t seriously doubt that; it is obvious that…等。Halliday[2]355認(rèn)為有數(shù)以千計(jì)的表達(dá)“我相信”語(yǔ)義的小句可表達(dá)情態(tài)隱喻。與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)附加語(yǔ)一樣，情態(tài)隱喻也可表達(dá)意識(shí)形態(tài)。例如：

(12)“Now it is obvious from just the early churning around the opening of that office that nothing comes easily in this endeavor, and we understand that,” Kerry said. “And the road ahead will be difficult, no question about it, if there is a road ahead.” (israelnationalnews, June 24, 2013 )

例(12)是美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)卿克里對(duì)塔利班在多哈辦事處重新打出阿富汗酋長(zhǎng)國(guó)旗幟的評(píng)論?？死锸褂谩癷t is obvious…that…”的情態(tài)隱喻句型意在告訴塔利班應(yīng)該清楚地看見(jiàn)，先前美國(guó)、阿富汗政府、塔利班三方密議建立多哈辦事處達(dá)成的結(jié)果來(lái)之不易。美國(guó)政府理解這一點(diǎn)，塔利班也要明白。因此有規(guī)勸甚至警告塔利班之意。

(13)Regarding possible conspiracies, to this day I have serious doubts that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone. I certainly have doubts that he was motivated to do that by himself. I’m not sure if anybody else was involved. (parade.com, November 13, 2013 )例(13)是美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)卿克里對(duì)刺殺肯尼迪的兇手是否有同謀的判斷?？死锸褂们閼B(tài)隱喻小句“I have serious doubts that…”和 “I certainly have doubts that…”表達(dá)出他不相信刺殺肯尼迪的兇手獨(dú)自行動(dòng)、沒(méi)有同謀的態(tài)度。

(14)Britain said on Thursday it believed it was “very likely” that the Syrian government had used chemical weapons, but said it had “no evidence to date” that rebels fighting to topple Syrian President Bashar al-Assad had used such arms. (Reuters, May 9, 2013 )

在例(14)中， 英國(guó)政府(發(fā)言人)說(shuō)盡管截至目前沒(méi)有證據(jù)，英國(guó)政府仍然相信敘利亞政府非常可能使用了化學(xué)武器。此處英國(guó)政府(發(fā)言人)在沒(méi)有證據(jù)的情況下，仍然使用表達(dá)發(fā)生概率極高的情態(tài)隱喻小句“it was ‘very likely’ that…” ，表明英國(guó)政府執(zhí)意要加罪于敘利亞政權(quán)，為對(duì)其施壓甚至實(shí)施打擊找到借口。

四、結(jié)語(yǔ)

人們使用語(yǔ)言表達(dá)意識(shí)形態(tài)可利用多種手段，情態(tài)詞語(yǔ)就是其中之一。本文在實(shí)例中具體分析情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)附加語(yǔ)和情態(tài)隱喻等三種情態(tài)詞語(yǔ)在話語(yǔ)中如何表達(dá)意識(shí)形態(tài)，表明不管是有意為之還是無(wú)意為之，說(shuō)話人都借助情態(tài)詞語(yǔ)表達(dá)對(duì)事物所持的態(tài)度和看法，從而表達(dá)出或者流露出自己的意識(shí)形態(tài)。

[1]Fairclough, N.Discourse and Social Change[M].Cambridge /Oxford: Polity Press,1992.

[2]Halliday, M.A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1994.

[3]張志公.張志公文集[M].廣州：廣東教育出版社，1991.

[4]Richardson, J. Analysing Newspapers: An Approach from Critical Discourse Analysis[M].New York: Palgrave Macmillan,2007.

[5]胡壯麟，等.系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)概論[M].北京：北京大學(xué)出版社，2005.

Expressing Ideology by Linguistic Modal Expressions

FAN Li-di

(School of International Business Foreign, Dongbei University of Finance & Economics, Dalian Liaoning 116025, China)

When using language, people will, either consciously or subconsciously, express their ideology by means of various linguistic means. Among these various linguistic means, linguistic modal expressions form a special kind with its own characteristics. This paper attempts to analyze through concrete examples how ideologies are expressed in discourse by means of such linguistic modal expressions as modal operators, modal adjuncts and metaphors of modality.

modal operators; modal adjuncts; metaphors of modality; ideology

2014-06-09

范莉娣(1963- )，女，山東萊陽(yáng)人，東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)國(guó)際商務(wù)外語(yǔ)學(xué)院副教授，從事英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言與英語(yǔ)教學(xué)研究。

H0

A

2095-7602(2014)05-0069-05