顧陽(yáng)春 曹寶山 馬力文
北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院腫瘤化療與放射病科,北京 100191
肺腺癌EGFR-TKI失敗后的治療策略
顧陽(yáng)春 曹寶山 馬力文#
北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院腫瘤化療與放射病科,北京 100191
肺腺癌的治療因表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI)的出現(xiàn)而率先步入靶向治療時(shí)代,而一代可逆性EGFR-TKI的耐藥成為不可避免的挑戰(zhàn)。對(duì)EGFR信號(hào)通路內(nèi)部和外部異常的深入研究是應(yīng)對(duì)EGFR-TKI耐藥的根本,在此基礎(chǔ)上開發(fā)了二代不可逆性EGFRTKI、多靶點(diǎn)TKI以及其他多種靶向藥物。綜合應(yīng)用靶向藥物、化療和放療等多種治療方式,尋找最佳結(jié)合模式,對(duì)延長(zhǎng)患者生存也有重要作用。
肺癌;靶向治療;表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體;酪氨酸激酶抑制劑;耐藥
肺腺癌是非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non-small-cell lung cancer,NSCLC)中最常見的病理類型之一。存在EGFR基因敏感性突變(包括常見的外顯子19缺失突變和外顯子21的L858R點(diǎn)突變以及部分敏感的外顯子18的點(diǎn)突變G719A/C和外顯子21的點(diǎn)突變L861Q點(diǎn)突變)的患者以及身體狀況不能耐受化療的肺癌優(yōu)勢(shì)人群(腺癌、不吸煙、東亞裔、女性)的患者采用EGFR-TKI作為一線治療,因其高效低毒的優(yōu)勢(shì)被廣泛接受。但不論是吉非替尼、厄洛替尼還是其他新型EGFR-TKI,最終均難免產(chǎn)生耐藥。本文對(duì)EGFR-TKI耐藥原因及治療對(duì)策進(jìn)行了總結(jié),以供臨床工作借鑒。
EGFR-TKI耐藥包括原發(fā)性和獲得性兩種。原發(fā)性耐藥指應(yīng)用EGFR-TKI后從未獲得療效。獲得性耐藥指①既往接受過(guò)EGFR-TKI單藥(厄洛替尼或吉非替尼)治療;②符合以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一:已知有EGFR突變且對(duì)EGFR-TKI敏感;一線使用EGFRTKI后有臨床獲益,包括完全緩解(complete response,CR)、部分緩解(partial response,PR)或是疾病穩(wěn)定(stable disease,SD)超過(guò)6個(gè)月;③厄洛替尼或吉非替尼治療1個(gè)月后出現(xiàn)疾病進(jìn)展(progressive disease,PD);④停用EGFR-TKI及開始新治療之間未使用其他綜合治療手段[1]。
獲得性耐藥的原因是當(dāng)前研究熱點(diǎn),主要方向有:EGFR其他突變類型的發(fā)現(xiàn)和定性,EGFR下游信號(hào)分子異常,其他受體的基因異常,信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路間的交叉?zhèn)鲗?dǎo),以及細(xì)胞表型的轉(zhuǎn)化等。
EGFR基因存在多種耐藥突變,其中最常見的是20外顯子T790M突變。T790M改變了EGFR空間結(jié)構(gòu),不利于TKI競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性結(jié)合,從而產(chǎn)生原發(fā)性或獲得性耐藥[2]。在初治的NSCLC中T790M發(fā)生率約8.2%(腺癌中11.4%,鱗癌中4.8%,大細(xì)胞癌中8.3%);在存在EGFR敏感性突變而出現(xiàn)獲得性耐藥的病例中發(fā)生率約50%,采用更高敏感性的PCR方法檢測(cè)其突變率可達(dá)68%[3-4]。出現(xiàn)獲得性T790M突變的患者,停用EGFR-TKI(即除去外界選擇因素)后,細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)對(duì)T790M的依賴也消退,再次獲取標(biāo)本可發(fā)現(xiàn)T790M消失[5]。T790M突變對(duì)可逆和不可逆的EGFR-TKI均耐藥,而其他EGFR耐藥突變?nèi)鏒761Y和T854A,主要對(duì)可逆性EGFR-TKI耐藥[6-8]。
MET基因擴(kuò)增是另一常見的耐藥突變,占EGFR-TKI獲得性耐藥原因的5%~20%[8]。MET是胰島素受體酪氨酸激酶家族成員,其配體為肝細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF),通過(guò)引起ERBB3-PI3K-Akt信號(hào)通路持續(xù)活化而誘發(fā)耐藥[8]。未經(jīng)治的肺癌患者中存在MET基因擴(kuò)增現(xiàn)象,發(fā)生率約10.58%,鱗狀細(xì)胞癌和吸煙患者中略高,與分期晚、生存期短和化療耐藥有關(guān)[9]。
除了EGFR,人類表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(human epithelial growth factor receptor,HER)家族其他成員也可能在EGFR-TKI耐藥中發(fā)揮作用。目前較明確的是HER-2基因擴(kuò)增在TKI獲得性耐藥中占12%,與T790M突變互斥[10]。不可逆的二代EGFR-TKI的優(yōu)勢(shì)也體現(xiàn)在作為泛HER家族抑制劑方面。ALK是另一種酪氨酸激酶受體,能夠結(jié)構(gòu)性活化RAS-RAF-MEK-MAPK通路。編碼該受體的基因可以和多種其他基因融合。EML4-ALK融合基因在NSCLC中的發(fā)生率為6%,通常發(fā)生在腺癌(約占96%)、EGFRmu(-)∕KRASmu(-)、EGFRTKI耐藥的患者。具有該融合基因的肺癌對(duì)METALK抑制劑克唑替尼敏感[2]。
EGFR活化后激活RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK-MAPK和PI3K-AKT-mTOR這兩條信號(hào)通路,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖和存活。PI3K和MAPK是多種生長(zhǎng)因子受體信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)的必經(jīng)之路,例如胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子1受體(insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor,IGF-1R)、血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor,VEGFR)和血小板源性生長(zhǎng)因子受體(platelet derived growth factor receptor,PDGFR)等,體現(xiàn)了多條信號(hào)通路間的Crosstalk,使得癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)信號(hào)可以繞過(guò)被阻斷處繼續(xù)下傳,從而維持細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)[11-12]。因此多靶點(diǎn)TKI是克服耐藥的研究方向之一。
信號(hào)通路下游效應(yīng)分子腫瘤性活化也可導(dǎo)致EGFR-TKI耐藥,關(guān)注較多的是KRAS和PI3K。KRAS活性突變主要發(fā)生于外顯子2的12和13密碼子,在NSCLC中發(fā)生率為15%~20%,肺腺癌中為30%(從不吸煙者中15%,曾經(jīng)或者正在吸煙者中更常見),與EGFR突變幾乎互斥,主要與EGFR-TKI原發(fā)耐藥有關(guān),而且密碼子13突變的耐藥性更強(qiáng)[2,13-16]。PI3K的主要催化亞單位PI3KCA的基因突變則是EGFR-TKI獲得性耐藥的原因之一,在NSCLC中發(fā)生率為2%~4.1%,常與其他突變?nèi)鏓GFR、KRAS和ALK等并存[14,17]。
肺癌細(xì)胞來(lái)源于上皮組織,治療后可向間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化——上皮間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT),即細(xì)胞失去上皮細(xì)胞的連接蛋白如E-鈣黏蛋白,表達(dá)間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞的特征(如波形蛋白和纖連蛋白)獲得遷移能力,增加腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的可能[15,18],處于間充質(zhì)狀態(tài)的肺癌細(xì)胞對(duì)EGFRTKI耐藥[19]。這一過(guò)程可由多種原因引起:生長(zhǎng)因子及其受體如TGFβ-1/TGFβR和c-MET等,細(xì)胞內(nèi)某些信號(hào)分子例如slug,以及其他耐藥突變?nèi)鏓GFR的T790M突變等[20-23]。EGFR-TKI治療后的NSCLC細(xì)胞還可能出現(xiàn)表型轉(zhuǎn)化,例如向小細(xì)胞癌轉(zhuǎn)變,轉(zhuǎn)化后的細(xì)胞保留原有突變且對(duì)小細(xì)胞肺癌的化療方案敏感[8]。
對(duì)EGFR-TKI獲得性耐藥原因的探索研究還包括:①ATP結(jié)合盒亞家族G成員2(ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2,ABCG2)異常,ABCG2是化療常見耐藥機(jī)制,在吉非替尼獲得性耐藥中發(fā)揮一定作用,可通過(guò)提高藥物濃度或者采用其他EGFR-TKI來(lái)克服[21,24];②PTEN缺失,它通過(guò)引起AKT-survivin的持續(xù)活化而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞對(duì)TKI耐藥[25]。
吉非替尼失敗后采用厄洛替尼仍可以獲得一定療效:緩解率(response rate,RR)9%,疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)44%,中位無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期(median progression-free survival,mPFS)2個(gè)月,中位生存期(median overall survival,mOS) 11.8個(gè)月[26]。其中PS 0/1分、EGFR敏感突變、曾從吉非替尼治療中獲益和吉非替尼失敗后先化療后應(yīng)用厄洛替尼的患者可獲更好療效:RR 25%,DCR 72%,mPFS 3.4個(gè)月[26]。
不可逆的二代EGFR-TKI藥物主要有阿法替尼(Afatinib,BIBW 2992)和Dacomitinib,是泛HER家族抑制劑,具有親和性更高、抑制更持久的優(yōu)勢(shì),還能有效抑制T790M耐藥突變細(xì)胞[8]。阿法替尼可以抑制EGFR和HER2,對(duì)有EGFR敏感突變但對(duì)可逆的一代EGFR-TKI耐藥的肺癌有效。在LUX系列研究中,阿法替尼與安慰劑相比顯著延長(zhǎng)化療和厄洛替尼/吉非替尼失敗后的ⅢB/Ⅳ期肺腺癌患者的PFS(3.3個(gè)月vs 1.1個(gè)月),但沒有OS獲益(10.8個(gè)月vs 12個(gè)月)(LUX-Lung1)[27]。阿法替尼推薦劑量為50 mg,qd,這一劑量在亞洲人群也得到了驗(yàn)證(LUX-Lung4),劑量限制性毒性為可恢復(fù)的黏膜炎,其他常見不良反應(yīng)有口炎、腹瀉、惡心、皮疹、皮膚干燥和甲溝炎[8]。Dacomitinib(PF299804)可以抑制EGFR、HER2和HER4,在吉非替尼耐藥的細(xì)胞模型和有T790M突變或HER2擴(kuò)增的動(dòng)物模型中有活性,但對(duì)KRAS突變的癌細(xì)胞作用有限[8]。Dacomitinib用于化療和厄洛替尼失敗后的KRASmu-NSCLC的挽救治療取得一定療效:部分緩解(partial response,PR)3例(共62例),疾病穩(wěn)定(stable disease,SD)35例(共62例)[28]。推薦劑量為45 mg,qd,常見不良反應(yīng)為腹瀉和皮疹[8]。Dacomatinib作為進(jìn)展期NSCLC的三線及二線治療均有Ⅲ期臨床研究(JBR-26和ARCHER1009)正在進(jìn)行。
克服靶向藥物耐藥的思路包括橫向或縱向聯(lián)合應(yīng)用針對(duì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)網(wǎng)絡(luò)上不同節(jié)點(diǎn)的藥物,其中多靶點(diǎn)TKI能夠同時(shí)抑制多個(gè)受體信號(hào)傳導(dǎo),屬于橫向聯(lián)合,能夠更廣泛地阻止生長(zhǎng)信號(hào)傳遞。例如在腎細(xì)胞癌中廣泛應(yīng)用的舒尼替尼(Sunitinib)和索拉非尼(Sorafenib),VEGFR、PDGFR、c-KIT和FLT-3抑制劑,在EGFR-TKI耐藥的肺癌動(dòng)物模型中有一定抑癌作用,但在臨床應(yīng)用中即使與厄洛替尼聯(lián)合其結(jié)果也令人失望[29-30]。凡德他尼(Vandetanib,ZD6474)是EGFR、VEGFR和RET(rearranged during transfection)抑制劑,作為進(jìn)展期NSCLC的二線治療時(shí)OS未獲延長(zhǎng)(ZEAL和ZODIAC),作為二線及以上治療時(shí)RR、PFS和OS均與厄洛替尼相當(dāng)(ZEST),對(duì)EGFR-TKI失敗者其療效與安慰劑無(wú)異(ZEPHYR)[15]。達(dá)沙替尼(Dasatinib)能抑制SRC和EGFR通路,對(duì)吉非替尼耐藥的EGFRmu(+)肺癌細(xì)胞模型和動(dòng)物模型中有效,但Ⅱ期臨床研究的療效卻不令人滿意[31]。還有一些針對(duì)KRASmu(+)或T790M突變的新藥正進(jìn)行Ⅱ期臨床研究并取得一定療效,例如BMS-690514(EGFR、HER2和VEGFR抑制劑)和XL647(EGFR2、HER2和VEGFR2抑制劑)[15]。
EGFR抗體和EGFR-TKI作用點(diǎn)不同,理論上兩者聯(lián)合應(yīng)用可能克服EGFR-TKI耐藥,但是在T790M突變的動(dòng)物模型和Ⅰ/Ⅱ期臨床研究中,只觀察到阿法替尼聯(lián)合西妥昔單抗獲得了療效,而吉非替尼或厄洛替尼聯(lián)合西妥昔單抗卻沒有[8,32]。MET抑制劑中的非ATP競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制劑Tifantinib (ARQ197),當(dāng)與厄洛替尼聯(lián)合時(shí)能改善EGFRmu (-)/KRASmu(+)的非鱗癌患者的PFS[30,33]。熱休克蛋白90(heat shock protein 90,HSP90)是輔助蛋白質(zhì)折疊和穩(wěn)定的分子伴侶,受其輔助的蛋白質(zhì)包括EGFR、HER2、MET、Raf1、Akt和cdk等。HSP90抑制劑對(duì)EGFR-TKI獲得耐藥的NSCLC有效,不論是否存在T790M突變;對(duì)有ALK重排的NSCLC細(xì)胞作用更明顯[34-35]。蛋白酶體抑制劑硼替佐米(Bortezomib)在細(xì)胞和動(dòng)物模型中,能夠顯著抑制EGFR-TKI耐藥肺癌的生長(zhǎng)并增加凋亡[36]。PI3K抑制劑PI103與吉非替尼聯(lián)用,可以克服吉非替尼獲得性耐藥[37]。IGF-1R抗體Figitumumab和Dalotuzumab分別與厄洛替尼聯(lián)用,卻不能帶來(lái)臨床獲益[30]。
肺腺癌具有極大異質(zhì)性,80%~90%的手術(shù)標(biāo)本中混合存在2種及以上的常見病理類型(腺泡型、乳頭型、支氣管肺泡型和實(shí)體型)[38]。多數(shù)患者確診時(shí)已無(wú)手術(shù)機(jī)會(huì),而活檢標(biāo)本體積小,難以全面反映病灶內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和所有生物學(xué)特征,而且各個(gè)病灶間的生物學(xué)特征也可能不一致,例如EGFR和KRAS等基因突變情況[39]。這是單一治療療效受限的原因之一,也是EGFR-TKI治療失敗的原因之一。
有人提出EGFR-TKI耐藥后仍繼續(xù)應(yīng)用以持續(xù)抑制依賴EGFR突變的細(xì)胞克隆,同時(shí)加用化療殺傷非依賴EGFR突變的細(xì)胞克隆。而且,EGFR-TKI通過(guò)阻斷腫瘤細(xì)胞逃逸化療殺傷所依賴的信號(hào)通路,可增加化療敏感性[12]。動(dòng)物模型中,厄洛替尼耐藥后繼續(xù)應(yīng)用并聯(lián)合化療,比單用化療療效更好[40]?;仡櫺匝芯恐?,吉非替尼失敗后的NSCLC患者采用吉非替尼聯(lián)合紫杉醇:RR 13%、DCR 75%,mPFS 4.3個(gè)月,mOS 8.1個(gè)月[8]。尚未結(jié)束的LUX-Lung5研究也體現(xiàn)了這一思路:阿法替尼失敗后進(jìn)行阿法替尼聯(lián)合紫杉醇對(duì)比最佳化療方案的療效。然而不可逆性EGFR-TKI的耐藥可能出現(xiàn)“藥物成癮”現(xiàn)象,即撤除藥物后耐藥細(xì)胞的活力反而降低[41]。
對(duì)進(jìn)展期NSCLC,雖然EGFR-TKI耐藥后采用EGFR-TKI聯(lián)合化療可能優(yōu)于單用化療,但是同時(shí)應(yīng)用EGFR-TKI和化療作為一線治療早在TRIBUTE、INTACT1、INTACT2和TALENT這四個(gè)Ⅲ期臨床研究中被否定[42-45]。但近期Ⅲ期臨床研究FASTACTⅡ卻觀察到GP方案化療聯(lián)合厄洛替尼較單用GP方案化療可明顯延長(zhǎng)PFS(10.0個(gè)月vs 7.4個(gè)月(P<0.0001)[46]。較以往臨床研究不同的是,F(xiàn)ASTACTⅡ中GP方案和厄洛替尼為交替使用,即以28天為周期的GP方案中第15~28給予厄洛替尼或安慰劑,4個(gè)周期的誘導(dǎo)治療后進(jìn)行厄洛替尼或安慰劑維持治療,而且在入組患者中腺癌比例高達(dá)76%,然而同樣采用GP方案和厄洛替尼進(jìn)行研究的TALENT則沒有進(jìn)行維持治療,而且腺癌的比例較低[45-46]。因此,尚不能從FASTACTⅡ研究中得出聯(lián)合應(yīng)用化療和EGFR-TKI具有優(yōu)勢(shì)的結(jié)論。
盡管如此,許多基礎(chǔ)研究也支持交替應(yīng)用EGFR-TKI和化療可能延長(zhǎng)腫瘤進(jìn)展的時(shí)間。采用EGFR-TKI敏感和耐藥肺癌細(xì)胞克隆混合體作為模型,觀察到交替給予紫杉醇和厄洛替尼對(duì)癌細(xì)胞的抑制較單用紫杉醇更久[47]。已有Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期臨床研究觀察到間斷應(yīng)用EGFR-TKI和化療比同時(shí)應(yīng)用二者更好[48-49]。但是,EGFR-TKI和化療的先后順序與交替時(shí)間仍有待確定。多個(gè)EGFR敏感突變的細(xì)胞系中,不論對(duì)EGFR-TKI是否耐藥,先用紫杉醇后用吉非替尼可以獲得抗增殖的協(xié)同作用:紫杉醇治療后出現(xiàn)劑量依賴性的EGFR磷酸化增加,此時(shí)吉非替尼能更顯著地抑制EGFR磷酸化,若調(diào)換順序則無(wú)此效果[50]。類似原理的協(xié)同作用還見于多西他賽序貫舒尼替尼和培美曲塞序貫索拉菲尼[51-52]。
EGFR-TKI治療失敗若是僅僅由于局部病灶進(jìn)展,則可考慮加用局部放療。回顧性研究中,因出現(xiàn)腦轉(zhuǎn)移而判定病情進(jìn)展的患者,繼續(xù)應(yīng)用原來(lái)的EGFR-TKI加上腦放療,顱內(nèi)病灶DCR 71%,而顱外病灶繼續(xù)獲得mPFS 171天[53]。對(duì)EGFR-TKI治療已獲療效的非鱗癌患者早聯(lián)合多靶區(qū)放療,不僅提高有效率,而且減少EGFR-TKI耐藥出現(xiàn)[54]。
回顧性研究根據(jù)臨床癥狀和影像學(xué)將EGFRTKI失敗模式分為快速進(jìn)展、緩慢進(jìn)展和局部進(jìn)展三類,三類患者間mPFS和mOS具有顯著差異:緩慢進(jìn)展組>局部進(jìn)展組>快速進(jìn)展組[55]。還有些患者(約23%)在耐藥并停用EGFR-TKI后出現(xiàn)疾病快速進(jìn)展,常見于EGFR-TKI治療的TTP短、有胸腔積液和腦轉(zhuǎn)移者[57]??焖龠M(jìn)展的患者可能失去進(jìn)一步治療的機(jī)會(huì),而緩慢進(jìn)展和局部進(jìn)展的患者仍可以綜合選擇化療、放療和其他EGFR-TKI治療[55]。
肺腺癌的治療首先步入靶向治療時(shí)代,靶向藥物耐藥不可避免。一代可逆性EGFR-TKI獲得耐藥的主要原因有:EGFR本身或下游信號(hào)分子的基因出現(xiàn)耐藥突變,其他生長(zhǎng)因子受體基因擴(kuò)增,以及可能引起細(xì)胞表型轉(zhuǎn)化的多種基因異常等。針對(duì)某些耐藥分子特征,已有有效治療藥物。臨床工作中,在疾病進(jìn)展時(shí)鼓勵(lì)重新獲取標(biāo)本檢測(cè)分子特征,從而確保治療的靶向性。并且,根據(jù)疾病發(fā)展規(guī)律和治療經(jīng)驗(yàn),及其與各種分子特征之間的關(guān)系,以及各種治療手段特征,臨床實(shí)踐中將靶向藥物與放化療等手段有機(jī)地結(jié)合是提高肺癌患者生活質(zhì)量、延長(zhǎng)生存期的有效模式。
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R730.5/R734.2
A
10.11877/j.issn.1672-1535.2014.12.01.05
#通信作者(Corresponding author),e-mail:malw678@126.com
2013-04-28)