張 帆,張金彥,彭志海
上海交通大學(xué)附屬第一人民醫(yī)院普外科,上海200080
補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)主要由補(bǔ)體固有成分、補(bǔ)體調(diào)節(jié)蛋白及補(bǔ)體受體組成。在免疫反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮作用。
目前認(rèn)為體內(nèi)存在著多種可溶性及膜結(jié)合性的補(bǔ)體調(diào)節(jié)蛋白,以特定的方式與不同的補(bǔ)體成分相互作用,使補(bǔ)體的激活和抑制處于精細(xì)的平衡狀態(tài)。從而防止對(duì)自身組織造成損害,并有效殺滅外來的微生物。這些膜蛋白包括DAF(decay accelerating factor)、MCP(membrane cofactor protein,CD46)、CD59(membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis)等。
在自身免疫性疾病,動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、糖尿病的血管并發(fā)癥等各類慢性疾病的發(fā)病機(jī)制中,補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵作用已被廣泛認(rèn)可。由于肝臟是補(bǔ)體合成的主要場(chǎng)所(血漿中80% ~90%的補(bǔ)體成分在肝細(xì)胞合成),肝細(xì)胞也表達(dá)大量的補(bǔ)體受體,近年來,許多研究表明,肝臟疾病與補(bǔ)體激活相關(guān)?,F(xiàn)就肝臟損傷及修復(fù)中補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)的作用研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
目前,HCV 與補(bǔ)體的相關(guān)研究較多。HCV 患者中轉(zhuǎn)氨酶水平較高的患者與轉(zhuǎn)氨酶正常的患者相比,其血清中C4 的含量明顯偏低。提示C4 含量與病理活動(dòng)指數(shù)密切相關(guān),但與肝纖維化程度未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯聯(lián)系[1]。在另一報(bào)道中,肝臟活檢病理顯示HCV 患者C4 mRNA 的水平明顯低于其他肝病的患者。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HCV 核心基因NS5A 能夠抑制促C4 表達(dá)因子IFN-γ、USF-1(upstream stimulating factor-1)的活動(dòng),因此能抑制C4 的激活[2]。另外,NS5A 表達(dá)蛋白還能夠抑制IL-1p(C3 啟動(dòng)子刺激因子)的表達(dá),且在一定程度上下調(diào)類法尼X 受體(farnesoid X receptor,F(xiàn)XR)的表達(dá),從而降低C3 啟動(dòng)子的活性來抑制C3的合成。因此HCV 患者血清C3 水平和組織中C3 mRNA 明顯低于正常人[3]。在研究病毒性肝炎自身防御實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),部分HCV 病毒表面能夠表達(dá)補(bǔ)體調(diào)節(jié)蛋白CD59,后者通過抑制MAC 的生成,幫助病毒逃避補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)的攻擊[4]。CD59 功能的喪失會(huì)增強(qiáng)抗體依賴的補(bǔ)體介導(dǎo)溶解(antibody-dependent complementmediated lysis,ADCML)對(duì)HCV 病毒的破壞,因此增加CD59 抑制因子表達(dá)可加強(qiáng)患者血清中的HCV 病毒溶解[4]。
HCV 病情發(fā)展、臨床演變及藥物治療反應(yīng)還與10號(hào)染色體的MBL-2 基因及其多態(tài)性相關(guān)。MBL 基因型為YA/YO 的人群相對(duì)而言更容易感染HCV。HCV患者中MBL 低水平提示更易進(jìn)展為肝硬化。但MBL濃度與肝纖維化程度、炎癥程度等疾病進(jìn)展無關(guān)。而X 或O 位點(diǎn)突變的患者,利巴韋林療效甚微[5]。對(duì)以INF 為主治療有效的患者,血清MBL 高水平提示對(duì)INF 方案有較好療效[6]。
HBV 感染者中,MBL 基因的第一個(gè)外顯子及啟動(dòng)區(qū)域單倍頻率顯著增加,而血清MBL 水平明顯降低[7],提示MBL 能在一定程度上保護(hù)人群不受HBV感染。伴隨轉(zhuǎn)氨酶升高的HBV 患者,血清C4 水平對(duì)肝活檢結(jié)果有一定提示作用[8]。HBV 病毒還可以通過下調(diào)CD59 水平,導(dǎo)致肝細(xì)胞受到補(bǔ)體依賴毒性(complement-dependent cytotoxicity,CDC)增多,最后激活補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng),導(dǎo)致肝臟炎癥的發(fā)生[9]。
補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)參與了酒精性肝病的發(fā)展過程,其中C3水平與酒精性肝損傷明顯相關(guān)。C3 基因敲除的小鼠,盡管經(jīng)過急性或者慢性的酒精暴露,結(jié)果均未進(jìn)展為酒精性肝硬化[10]。乙醇可通過提高NADH/NAD(+)比率,促進(jìn)固醇調(diào)節(jié)元件結(jié)合蛋白1(sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1,SREBP-1)活化,減少過氧化物酶體增生物激活受體α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha,RRAR-α)激活,增加補(bǔ)體C3 水平導(dǎo)致脂肪肝[11]。長(zhǎng)期酒精喂食的小鼠,酒精代謝酶CYP2E1(cytochrome P4502E1)高表達(dá)可激發(fā)肝細(xì)胞中脂肪組織的炎癥反應(yīng),同時(shí)補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)亦被激活并加重該炎癥反應(yīng)[12]。補(bǔ)體調(diào)節(jié)蛋白CD55/DAF 能夠抑制C3 的激活,減輕甘油三酯在脂肪內(nèi)的聚集,一定程度上延緩酒精性肝病的病程。另外,抑制C5 的激活也可減輕肝細(xì)胞的炎癥與損傷。而CD55/DAF 功能的缺失則加劇這些損傷[13]。
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcohol fatty lipid,NAFLD)是以肝細(xì)胞脂肪變性和脂肪蓄積為病理特征,但無過量飲酒史的臨床綜合征。肝細(xì)胞中C3、C9沉積多的人群,NAFLD 的發(fā)病較普遍。在一項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)中,74%的NAFLD 患者肝細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)C3 及C4d 大量沉積。其中C3 陽性的患者,肝細(xì)胞膜表面高表達(dá)C1q及MBL。并且50%患者出現(xiàn)MAC 的大量沉積,主要集中于大血管周圍的肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)。此外,C3 表達(dá)與炎性因子生成呈正相關(guān)。C3 沉積多的患者肝組織中IL-8及IL-6 的表達(dá)也增多,而C9 沉積多的細(xì)胞IL-1β 的表達(dá)也增多[14]。
補(bǔ)體在脂肪性肝硬化的缺血再灌注損傷機(jī)制中起到了重要的作用[15]。脂肪變性的小鼠對(duì)肝臟熱缺血再灌注損傷比普通小鼠更敏感,而C3 缺乏能夠減少缺血再灌注小鼠帶來的損傷。若給予脂肪肝的野生型小鼠補(bǔ)體抑制劑治療,肝臟對(duì)缺血再灌注的損傷敏感性與正常肝臟無明顯差異。丙型肝炎引起的纖維化中,患者血清C3 及C4 水平明顯下降[16],C3、C4 的β鏈也明顯減少[17];患者的MBL 及MASP-1 的血清水平比正常人顯著升高[18],其肝硬化程度與MASP-1 復(fù)合體水平呈正相關(guān)[19]。與之相反,降低C5 水平能夠減輕炎癥反應(yīng),減少M(fèi)MP-9(matrixmetalloproteinase-9)活動(dòng),從而顯著降低肝硬化程度[20]。
越來越多的證據(jù)表明,HBV 的X 蛋白[hepatitis B virus (HBV)X protein,HBx]在肝細(xì)胞癌的發(fā)病中起著至關(guān)重要的作用。HBx 能夠通過與CD59 啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域相關(guān)cAMP 的結(jié)合增強(qiáng)CD59 啟動(dòng)子的活性,上調(diào)CD59 基因的表達(dá);并通過let-7i 在轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)控時(shí)進(jìn)一步上調(diào)CD59 的表達(dá),從而通過增加CD59 阻止C5b-9的形成,最終導(dǎo)致乙肝后原發(fā)性肝癌[21]。進(jìn)一步研究顯示,HBx 還能夠通過激活CREB/COX-2/PGE2/STAT3 通路,增強(qiáng)CD46 啟動(dòng)子的激活,上調(diào)CD46 的表達(dá),從而逃逸補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)對(duì)肝臟腫瘤的攻擊[22]。另外,補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)中C1qTNF6(C1qTNF-related protein 6)蛋白在許多肝細(xì)胞腫瘤中異常高表達(dá),并有可能通過激活A(yù)kt 途徑參與了腫瘤血管的形成[23]。
自身免疫性肝炎(autoimmune hepatitis,AIH)是一種以自身免疫反應(yīng)為基礎(chǔ)的肝臟炎癥性病變,常伴隨其他自身免疫性疾病。AIH 模型小鼠中,提前注射眼鏡蛇蛇毒因子(cobra venom factor,CVF)中和補(bǔ)體抗體或注射DAF 進(jìn)行治療可減輕肝臟損傷,提示AIH 中補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)被過度激活[24]。另有研究顯示,年輕的自身免疫性肝炎患者常被檢測(cè)出C4A 基因缺失,因此血漿中C4 水平較低[25]。新近有研究分析認(rèn)為該類患者血清C4 偏低常導(dǎo)致獲得性脂肪代謝障礙,但機(jī)制仍不明確[26]。
肝移植是治療許多肝臟疾病的手段之一,但缺血再灌注損傷常導(dǎo)致術(shù)后嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。試驗(yàn)顯示這一過程中,補(bǔ)體活化途徑激活增加,其下游產(chǎn)物膜反應(yīng)蛋白(membrane attack complex,MAC)高表達(dá),同時(shí)血管內(nèi)皮損傷標(biāo)志物vWF(von Willebrand Factor)及P 選擇素(p-Selectin)等顯著升高[27]。盡管受體和供體的C3基因型并不影響移植物成活率[28],但抑制MAC 的生成能夠有效減少原位肝移植患者移植肝冷灌注缺血損傷的級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)[29],提高患者生存率。而ABO 血型相容的肝移植術(shù)后,DSA(donor-specific HLA alloantibodies)高表達(dá)及C4d 高表達(dá)的移植患者,由于DSA 抗體及補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)等的相互影響,更容易發(fā)生免疫排斥或膽管并發(fā)癥等疾病[30]。
補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)的激活與細(xì)胞增殖的調(diào)控、肝細(xì)胞的保護(hù)等過程相關(guān)。試驗(yàn)中,C3/C5 缺陷的小鼠肝細(xì)胞再生時(shí)產(chǎn)生IL-6、ERK 等信號(hào)分子的能力下降。肝臟手術(shù)后8 h,血漿中C3 裂解產(chǎn)物升高,考慮肝臟再生時(shí)補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)起到了關(guān)鍵性的保護(hù)作用。手術(shù)后肝臟損傷時(shí)凋亡的部分并不顯示中央靜脈等肝臟組織結(jié)構(gòu),表明在C3-/-小鼠中凋亡與缺血、門靜脈病變無關(guān),可能與補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)的缺陷有關(guān),提示補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)能夠保護(hù)早期的肝臟再生細(xì)胞免受損傷[31]。
補(bǔ)體組分C3、B 因子及α-2 巨球蛋白等均參與了病理性氧化應(yīng)激和炎癥過程,可以考慮作為肝豆?fàn)詈俗冃栽缙陔A段的診斷標(biāo)記物[32]。
混合型冷沉球蛋白血癥(mixed cryoglobulinemia,MC)見于10% ~15%的HCV 病毒感染者。高表達(dá)的gC1q-R 是MC 的顯著標(biāo)志,它激活經(jīng)典補(bǔ)體途徑,導(dǎo)致血漿中的C4d 附著于血管床,最終造成血管的冷沉球蛋白損害[33]。
遺傳性血管水腫(hereditary angioedema,HAE)又稱C1 抑制物缺乏癥,表現(xiàn)為C1 抑制物量的缺乏或功能缺陷,是一種常染色體顯性遺傳病。有研究顯示,該病的發(fā)病頻率與MBL 補(bǔ)體激活途徑無關(guān)[34]。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),向小鼠的腹腔內(nèi)注射LPS/D-GaIN(lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine)導(dǎo)致的急性肝衰竭模型中,補(bǔ)體大量激活,血清中的C3a 水平升高,C3、C5b-9 在肝臟中沉積增加,最后導(dǎo)致肝損害。這種損害與血清中C3a 的水平呈正相關(guān),同時(shí)血清C3aR 及C5aR 水平也與損傷程度有一定相關(guān)性。另有研究進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn),在C3 基因敲除的小鼠中,血清C3aR 及C5aR 仍上升,但肝臟的炎癥性傷害及病理性損傷明顯減少,提示我們抑制補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)激活是控制爆發(fā)性肝衰竭的有效治療措施[35]。
綜上所述,肝臟的損傷和修復(fù)與補(bǔ)體激活有較大相關(guān)性。但仍有一些機(jī)制尚待明確,如肝纖維化中C5aR 起到了怎樣的作用,C3 及C5 是怎樣促進(jìn)肝臟再生等。另外,大多數(shù)試驗(yàn)使用的是動(dòng)物模型,人類肝臟疾病與補(bǔ)體的關(guān)系還需要更多臨床研究。進(jìn)一步了解人類肝臟疾病病理過程中補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)的作用將有助于為肝臟損傷治療提供新途徑。
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