李 靜 孫劍勇
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科(200032)
正常情況下,人體下消化道寄居有大量微生物,腸道微生態(tài)系統(tǒng)對機(jī)體正常功能的發(fā)揮起至關(guān)重要的作用。腸道菌群可吸收并合成機(jī)體必需成分;通過腸黏膜-細(xì)菌的互動(dòng)促進(jìn)幼年期腸道免疫功能的激活和成熟;通過Toll樣受體(TLR)途徑維持腸神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的完整性和功能,從而影響腸蠕動(dòng)功能;通過激活腸道體液免疫反應(yīng)合成IgA、IgG和IgM,對腸黏膜起保護(hù)作用;通過降低腸腔內(nèi)pH值,增加細(xì)菌素或H2O2的合成以競爭性抑制病原菌的黏附和易位[1-2]。
腸道菌群失調(diào)參與人體各系統(tǒng)多種疾病的發(fā)病過程。研究顯示益生菌制劑和糞便菌群移植(fecal microbiota trans-plantation, FMT)技術(shù)可有效調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群且無明顯不良反應(yīng)[3],因而成為當(dāng)今疾病治療研究的熱點(diǎn)課題。益生菌制劑的核心成分是對人體有益的菌類微生物,分為細(xì)菌和真菌,包括乳酸桿菌、腸球菌、雙歧桿菌、布拉氏酵母菌等,可為單獨(dú)或混合制劑。攝入量足夠時(shí),益生菌能定植于腸道,通過合成具有抗微生物作用的小分子或活性肽,抑制病原菌定植及其毒性因子合成[4];通過減少黏液降解和增加黏液素基因表達(dá),修復(fù)腸道細(xì)胞間緊密連接,維持腸黏膜屏障的完整性;通過抑制腸道炎癥反應(yīng),發(fā)揮有利于宿主的效應(yīng)。FMT技術(shù)的原理是使健康人的腸道菌群定植于患者腸道內(nèi)以重塑其腸道菌群,從而達(dá)到治療目的,目前仍處于研究階段。本文就腸道菌群調(diào)節(jié)在腹瀉、腸易激綜合征(IBS)、炎癥性腸病(IBD)等消化系統(tǒng)疾病治療中的應(yīng)用情況作一綜述。
1. 腹瀉:腹瀉為臨床常見消化系統(tǒng)癥狀,可由不同原因引起。
①抗菌藥物相關(guān)性腹瀉(antibiotic-associated diarrhea, AAD):AAD多發(fā)生于65歲以上、長期應(yīng)用廣譜抗菌藥物的老年住院患者,病因以艱難梭菌感染(Clostridiumdifficileinfection, CDI)最為常見。Qamar等[5]的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證明布拉氏酵母菌可通過發(fā)揮類似免疫佐劑的作用增加腸黏膜IgA,特別是艱難梭菌毒素A特異性IgA的分泌,從而減輕AAD癥狀。Hempel等[6]對截止至2012年2月的有關(guān)益生菌治療AAD的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行Meta分析,結(jié)論為益生菌治療AAD有效。但2013年Allen等[7]發(fā)表的多中心臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示乳酸桿菌和雙歧桿菌對CDI引起的老年住院患者AAD的預(yù)防效果不明顯。FMT技術(shù)最常見于CDI的治療研究并顯示出良好的治療反應(yīng)。Mattila等[8]予復(fù)發(fā)性CDI患者FMT治療,結(jié)果顯示大多數(shù)患者的病情得到有效改善。
②放射性腹瀉(radiation-induced diarrhea, RID):腹部放射治療可損傷增殖活躍的腸腺窩細(xì)胞和腸黏膜細(xì)胞,導(dǎo)致腸上皮更新能力和黏膜屏障受損,RID等胃腸道不良反應(yīng)是導(dǎo)致放療間斷和劑量限制的常見原因,目前尚無批準(zhǔn)用于預(yù)防放射性胃腸道疾病的藥物。有研究認(rèn)為腸道菌群失調(diào)與機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)的異常反應(yīng)是導(dǎo)致RID的重要因素,為RID的治療提供了新思路[9-10]。 Spyropoulos等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)益生菌可減輕大鼠RID模型的腹瀉嚴(yán)重程度,并推斷其系通過抑制腸道炎癥反應(yīng)并增強(qiáng)腸上皮修復(fù)而達(dá)到治療效果。Demers等[11]開展的大規(guī)模臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,接受盆腔放療后,應(yīng)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量的益生菌能預(yù)防和治療RID。
③感染性腹瀉:由病毒感染引起的感染性腹瀉是全球范圍內(nèi)的常見醫(yī)療問題,嬰幼兒感染性腹瀉最常由輪狀病毒感染引起。Dubey等[12]在急性輪狀病毒感染性腹瀉兒童中開展的臨床試驗(yàn)顯示,益生菌合劑VSL#3治療組腹瀉發(fā)生率較對照組降低,患者病情緩解,補(bǔ)液次數(shù)減少,病程縮短,且未出現(xiàn)明顯不良反應(yīng)。Huang等[13]開展的臨床試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)三聯(lián)益生菌對兒童輪狀病毒感染引起的腹瀉有良好療效。
④旅行者腹瀉(travelers’ diarrhea, TD):TD可以治愈,但缺乏有效預(yù)防措施。Virk等[14]的臨床試驗(yàn)表明益生菌不能降低TD發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但可縮短病程,減少抗菌藥物的使用。
2. IBS:近年研究證明腸道菌群與腸道免疫的相互作用參與了IBS的發(fā)病[15-16]。盡管IBS患者的腸黏膜無明顯組織學(xué)病變,但緊密連接蛋白表達(dá)下調(diào)引起黏膜通透性增加,激活腸道免疫系統(tǒng),從而引發(fā)一系列胃腸道癥狀[17]。Moayyedi等[18]的Meta分析得出結(jié)論,益生菌對IBS有治療作用。
3. IBD:正常情況下,機(jī)體對腸道共生菌和病原菌采取不同的免疫應(yīng)答方式,以維持腸道微生態(tài)平衡;當(dāng)其中一種免疫應(yīng)答機(jī)制缺陷時(shí),另一種就會(huì)起代償作用,由此引起腸道免疫功能紊亂,導(dǎo)致腸道炎癥反應(yīng),從而對IBD易感[19]。Dalmasso等[20]對小鼠結(jié)腸炎模型的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),布拉氏酵母菌可捕獲腸系膜淋巴結(jié)T細(xì)胞,減少病變結(jié)腸內(nèi)的Th1細(xì)胞浸潤,抑制促炎細(xì)胞因子級聯(lián)反應(yīng),從而有利于IBD的治療。Kump等[21]予難治性潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(UC)患者FMT治療,發(fā)現(xiàn)FMT雖能調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群,并短期改善UC癥狀,但不能誘導(dǎo)臨床緩解。Angelberger等[22]追蹤觀察了5例UC患者FMT治療后12周的病情變化,未見嚴(yán)重不良事件發(fā)生;不同患者間腸道菌群重塑的穩(wěn)定性和有效性存在差異,僅1例腸道菌群得到有效改變的患者病情明顯緩解,2例患者病情惡化。腸道菌群對機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)的影響具有時(shí)間依賴性,可能限制了IBD發(fā)生后菌群調(diào)節(jié)的療效[23]。
Shavakhi等[24]的隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)研究了多菌株益生菌制劑對鉍劑四聯(lián)療法根除幽門螺桿菌(Hp)感染效果的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)治療組與對照組間根除率無明顯差異。但Dharmani等[25]的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)VSL#3可通過刺激血管內(nèi)皮生長因子合成而促進(jìn)胃潰瘍修復(fù),提示益生菌具有輔助治療PU的潛能,但需開展臨床試驗(yàn)加以驗(yàn)證并確定適宜給藥劑量。
1. 酒精性肝病(alcoholic liver disease, ALD):乙醇及其代謝產(chǎn)物不但能引起肝脂肪變性和損傷,而且可造成腸屏障損傷和腸道菌群失調(diào),細(xì)菌易位進(jìn)入血循環(huán),激活肝臟內(nèi)免疫反應(yīng),加重肝損傷,引起ALD。Wang等[26-27]對小鼠乙醇誘導(dǎo)肝損傷模型的研究顯示,鼠李糖乳桿菌GG能促進(jìn)腸屏障修復(fù),減少肝臟腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)產(chǎn)生,減輕肝臟炎癥反應(yīng)。
2. 非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD):NAFLD是代謝綜合征在肝臟中的表現(xiàn),過度攝入脂肪經(jīng)肝臟代謝產(chǎn)生有害的脂質(zhì)代謝產(chǎn)物,引起肝脂肪變性和損傷。同時(shí),高脂飲食可改變腸道菌群組成,導(dǎo)致機(jī)體對腸道菌群產(chǎn)生異常免疫反應(yīng),引起腸道炎癥,損害腸屏障,使細(xì)菌易位至肝臟,加重肝臟炎癥。Bhathena等[28]證實(shí)口服益生菌微膠囊能緩解倉鼠NAFLD模型的肝損傷。Vrieze等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)FMT治療能增強(qiáng)代謝綜合征患者的胰島素敏感性,證實(shí)了腸道菌群失調(diào)在包括NAFLD在內(nèi)的代謝綜合征發(fā)病中的作用。
綜上所述,益生菌制劑和FMT技術(shù)有望推廣應(yīng)用于多種消化系統(tǒng)疾病的輔助治療。盡管菌群調(diào)節(jié)技術(shù)在部分臨床試驗(yàn)和動(dòng)物模型中取得了令人欣喜的結(jié)果,但實(shí)驗(yàn)方法、條件和菌株種類的差異,以及實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物與人類的物種差異,使一些研究結(jié)果不盡相同甚至相互矛盾,因此菌群調(diào)節(jié)要成為臨床常規(guī)治療手段,尚待開展大規(guī)模臨床研究。由于不同益生菌菌株的作用不同,今后還需根據(jù)不同疾病的特點(diǎn)篩選出有確切療效的菌株并確定適宜治療劑量。對于FMT技術(shù),今后研究應(yīng)著重于長期追蹤觀察移植后患者腸道菌群組成的改變以確保移植成功,并檢測不良事件發(fā)生情況,此外還應(yīng)完善供體體格篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和應(yīng)用適應(yīng)證,以規(guī)范其應(yīng)用。
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