馬文芳 綜述 梁巖 審校
(中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院北京阜外心血管病醫(yī)院,北京 100037)
氯吡格雷是目前運用最廣泛的噻吩吡啶類抗血小板藥,作為一種前體藥,口服后需要在肝臟細(xì)胞色素P450(CYP)同工酶的作用下通過兩步轉(zhuǎn)化,成為活性代謝物發(fā)揮作用,轉(zhuǎn)化率不一致及存在藥物相互作用等致使氯吡格雷的抗血小板作用存在個體差異,15%~30%的患者對氯吡格雷表現(xiàn)為無反應(yīng)性[1]。氯吡格雷低反應(yīng)性依據(jù)不同的血小板功能檢測方法,各個文獻(xiàn)報道不一,但明確的是雖然不同的研究采用不同的檢測方法和高殘余血小板反應(yīng)性(high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity,HPR/high residual platelet reactivity,HRPR)定義,二磷酸腺苷(adenosine diphosphate,ADP)依賴的HPR可以作為預(yù)測心肌梗死、支架血栓、缺血事件的危險因素(OR3.00,4.14,4.95;P<0.000 01),特別強調(diào)的是存在HPR的患者,其心血管死亡的風(fēng)險是正常反應(yīng)者的3.4倍[2]。正是由于上述原因,才使得不同的血小板功能檢測方法在特定人群中得以運用。其理想目標(biāo)是,指導(dǎo)使用最佳治療劑量或改變治療策略,用于預(yù)防或治療血栓的同時盡量減少出血風(fēng)險?,F(xiàn)就氯吡格雷反應(yīng)性的定義、機(jī)制、相關(guān)血小板功能檢測方法、低反應(yīng)性患者的治療策略等方面做一綜述。
臨床實踐中,部分患者在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療后仍有反復(fù)缺血或血栓栓塞事件的發(fā)生。最早于2003年Gurbel等[3]首次提出“氯吡格雷抵抗”用于解釋這一現(xiàn)象。而Muller等[4]將其定義為給予氯吡格雷600 mg負(fù)荷劑量后4 h對ADP誘導(dǎo)的血小板聚集較基線相比降低<10%,而降低10% ~29%則定義為半抵抗,抑制>30%為正常反應(yīng)。但這些都只是最初的經(jīng)驗之談。由于缺乏方法學(xué)上的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,對抗血小板藥物抵抗或療效多樣性缺乏統(tǒng)一定義。隨著研究進(jìn)展,發(fā)現(xiàn)接受雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療的患者,對氯吡格雷抗血小板治療的反應(yīng)存在多樣性,血小板抑制率以鐘型曲線成連續(xù)正態(tài)分布,由此Angiolillo等[5]提出“抗血小板反應(yīng)多樣性(variability of platelet response)”的概念。通常是指同一種抗血小板藥物產(chǎn)生不同抗血小板效應(yīng):低反應(yīng)者(血小板抑制率下降或HRPR)可能發(fā)生較高的血栓事件,而高反應(yīng)者(血小板抑制率升高)則可能引發(fā)出血風(fēng)險。
影響氯吡格雷反應(yīng)性的變量包括遺傳因素、代謝參數(shù)、與其他藥物的相互作用等。CYP酶的多種同工酶參與氯吡格雷在肝臟的兩步代謝,基因多態(tài)性會影響所編碼的酶的活性,影響氯吡格雷的代謝水平,表現(xiàn)為不同的抗血小板反應(yīng)性。體外試驗[6]證實CYP酶同工酶中CYP2C19酶發(fā)揮重要作用,第一步轉(zhuǎn)化中貢獻(xiàn)率為44.9%;同時參與第二步轉(zhuǎn)化,貢獻(xiàn)率為20.6%。ELEVATE-TIMI56 研 究[7]顯 示,攜 帶CYP2C19*2基因者,編碼的CYP2C19酶活性降低,氯吡格雷活性代謝物的轉(zhuǎn)化率降低,純合子患者,即使使用常規(guī)維持量4倍(300 mg)的氯吡格雷,對血小板的抑制作用仍然較差。而CYP2C19*17等位基因變異與CYP2C19酶的活性增加相關(guān),增強血小板對氯吡格雷治療的反應(yīng)性,有研究[8]顯示CYP2C19*17等位基因攜帶者出血風(fēng)險增加,尤其是純合子攜帶者(OR3.27,95%CI1.33 ~8.10),但不增加缺血事件風(fēng)險。而最近一篇Meta分析[9]卻得出CYP2C19只是與氯吡格雷的反應(yīng)性相關(guān),與心血管事件的發(fā)生無相關(guān)性的結(jié)論。也有研究闡述了氯吡格雷同那些同樣通過CYP系統(tǒng)代謝的藥物之間的相互作用,這些藥物包括阿托伐他汀[10]、奧美拉唑[11]及鈣通道阻滯劑[12]等。然而,沒有一致的確切證據(jù)表明上述藥物相互作用具有臨床意義[13-15],聯(lián)合用藥的優(yōu)勢仍大于理論上的危害。相關(guān)指南依然鼓勵給予冠心病患者他汀類藥物、胃腸道出血者質(zhì)子泵抑制劑。另外,還可以選用其他血小板膜P2Y12受體拮抗劑,或是用親水性他汀類藥物代替阿托伐他汀,泮托拉唑或雷尼替丁等非CYP同工酶代謝藥物代替奧美拉唑[16]。
血小板功能檢測方法根據(jù)原理不同分為:黏附功能檢測、聚集功能檢測、釋放功能檢測及其他[代謝產(chǎn)物檢測、全血電阻抗法、切應(yīng)力法、血栓彈力圖(TEG)法等]。血小板聚集功能與血栓形成直接相關(guān),大多方法針對聚集功能設(shè)計。
光比濁法血小板聚集率(LTA)最為經(jīng)典,采用經(jīng)離心的分離血漿中加入誘聚劑的方法檢測透光率的改變,實現(xiàn)對血小板抑制功能的測定。RECLOSE 2-ACS研究[17]將急性冠狀動脈綜合征(ACS)患者接受氯吡格雷負(fù)荷量治療后ADP誘導(dǎo)的血小板聚集率≥70%定義為HRPR,HRPR患者2年心源性死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、急性血運重建及腦卒中主要終點事件發(fā)生率顯著升高(14.6%vs 8.7%,P=0.003)。許多研究報道了LTA定義的血小板低反應(yīng)性與不良事件的相關(guān)性,一度推崇為相對的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,但是其方法學(xué)上的缺陷,如用血量大、檢測時間長、重復(fù)性差、并需專業(yè)技術(shù)員操作等,限制了其在臨床實踐中的運用。
快速血小板功能分析儀(VerifyNow)是將全血血樣吸入特制的較薄的檢測池內(nèi)進(jìn)行光電比色檢測,通過比較血樣與誘聚劑致血小板聚集前后光通量的改變測量血小板聚集率。ADAPT-DES研究[18]發(fā)現(xiàn),在接受藥物洗脫支架治療的患者中,將服用氯吡格雷后血小板反應(yīng)單位(platelet response unit,PRU)>208定義為氯吡格雷低反應(yīng)性,則該組患者與支架內(nèi)血栓形成(HR2.49,P=0.001)、心肌梗死 (HR1.42,P=0.01)密切相關(guān),并可以對抗主要出血事件 (HR0.65,P=0.04)。受試者工作特征曲線(ROC)分析預(yù)測支架內(nèi)血栓形成的最佳截點是PRU 206。作為全自動化床旁檢測設(shè)備,其簡單、快速、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的特點使其得以廣泛運用。然而紅細(xì)胞的存在對檢測結(jié)果有干擾,也具有用血量大、檢測敏感性不高等不足。
血管擴(kuò)張劑刺激磷蛋白(VASP)磷酸化法是使用流式細(xì)胞技術(shù)檢測出血小板 VASP磷酸化(反映P2Y12受體的抑制效應(yīng))的程度,并以VASP指數(shù)表示殘余血小板再活化的平均水平。Barragan等[19]在一項回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn)VASP指數(shù)高于50%與亞急性支架內(nèi)血栓形成有較強的相關(guān)性,該結(jié)果后來在一些前瞻性研究中被證實。而Blindt等[20]觀察到VASP指數(shù)高于48%是經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療(PCI)術(shù)后高?;颊咧兄Ъ軆?nèi)血栓形成的唯一獨立預(yù)測指標(biāo)。VASP目前開始受到歐美國家青睞,主要是看中其兩個優(yōu)勢:一是測量P2Y12受體拮抗劑最特異的方法,二是與臨床事件的相關(guān)性較高,但儀器設(shè)備較為昂貴。
其他檢測方法如多電極血小板聚集率(MEA)是通過加入誘聚劑后血小板發(fā)生聚集堆積在電極上,通過檢測電極阻抗的變化反映血小板聚集率;Multiplate采用稀釋全血,通過檢測電場中加入誘聚劑前后電極間電流的變化來判斷血小板的聚集程度;Plateletworks則是基于加入誘聚劑前后血小板數(shù)量的變化來反映血小板聚集功能;血小板功能分析儀(PFA)-100使用枸櫞酸鈉抗凝的全血在高切應(yīng)力條件下通過誘導(dǎo)劑覆蓋的微孔,測定血小板血栓封閉微孔的時間(封閉時間)反映血小板聚集率;椎板分析儀(Impact-R)是將全血置于均一的旋轉(zhuǎn)切應(yīng)力場中,對黏附于旋轉(zhuǎn)杯壁的血小板自動染色,通過圖像分析軟件進(jìn)行定量測量。上述方法采用不同的方法學(xué)原理,均在一定程度上反映血小板聚集功能,各有優(yōu)勢與不足,但相對來說在測定氯吡格雷反應(yīng)性方面,這些方法積累的證據(jù)不如LTA、VerifyNow、VASP多,還需進(jìn)一步驗證。
TEG是通過測定凝血過程中,凝塊切應(yīng)彈力的變化,反映凝血酶的形成與血小板激活,最早用于各種圍手術(shù)期凝血功能監(jiān)測。其描記的時間-凝塊強度曲線中,以最大幅度(maximum amplitude,MA)值為指標(biāo)。改良的TEG/血小板圖(thrombelastograph platelet mapping),通過加入蛇毒凝血酶和活化的ⅩⅢa因子產(chǎn)生纖維蛋白網(wǎng)(MA值反映纖維蛋白水平);加入血小板激活劑花生四烯酸或ADP后,未被抗血小板藥抑制的血小板被激活,并與纖維蛋白交聯(lián)形成血凝塊,此MA值反映纖維蛋白和活化的血小板共同形成的血凝塊強度。通過對比MA值,就可以計算出未被抑制的血小板比例,從而計算出抗血小板藥物的作用大小[21]。從2006年開始運用于評價冠心病抗血小板治療效果以來,有研究顯示在檢測氯吡格雷反應(yīng)性時,TEG 與 LTA[22]、VASP[23]具有較好的相關(guān)性;TEG 檢測的氯吡格雷低反應(yīng)性與PCI術(shù)后缺血事件的發(fā)生有相關(guān)性[24],但樣本量均較小;由于針對不同血小板聚集途徑的檢測特異性與主流方法相比略差,故一直沒有被大規(guī)模臨床試驗所采用。目前TEG在國內(nèi)應(yīng)用較為廣泛,但其運用價值有待進(jìn)一步觀察和評價。
POPULAR研究[25]對1 069例 PCI患者進(jìn)行同步測量,評價多種血小板功能檢測方法預(yù)測臨床事件包括全因死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、支架血栓形成、缺血性卒中的能力。1年后,以LTA劃分為氯吡格雷低反應(yīng)性者主要終點事件發(fā)生率為11.7%,而劃分為正常反應(yīng)性者為6.0%,P<0.001;同樣VerifyNow檢測低反應(yīng)與正常反應(yīng)者事件比率為13.3%vs 5.7%,P<0.001;Plateletworks檢測為 12.6% vs 6.1%,P=0.005。三種方法 ROC下面積分別為 0.63,0.62,0.61。而Impact-R與PFA-100未顯示出不良事件的預(yù)測能力。
Liang等[26]在 82例 ACS患者中比較了 LTA、MEA、VASP測定的血小板聚集率與血漿中氯吡格雷活性代謝物水平之間的關(guān)系。在給藥第1天、第7天、第14天均得出氯吡格雷活性代謝物峰水平與VASP結(jié)果中度相關(guān)(r=-0.576 7~-0.419 8),與LTA(r= -0.465 6~ -0.304 6)和MEA(r=-0.338 4~-0.381 9)弱相關(guān)。Bouman等[27]也發(fā)現(xiàn)氯吡格雷活性代謝物水平與VASP、VerifyNow、LTA之間中度一致性,說明上述方法雖可用于測量氯吡格雷治療后血小板的抑制程度,但仍非最為準(zhǔn)確的手段。
為了提高氯吡格雷低反應(yīng)性患者的臨床預(yù)后,幾種治療策略相繼提出,包括增加劑量、聯(lián)合用藥、使用新型P2Y12受體拮抗劑、血小板功能檢測指導(dǎo)下的個體化治療等,所得結(jié)果并不一致??傮w來說,新型口服抗血小板藥占有明顯優(yōu)勢,而在監(jiān)測指導(dǎo)下的抗血小板治療策略調(diào)整并未顯現(xiàn)出預(yù)期的療效。
Cuisset等[28]在292例行PCI的非ST段抬高性心肌梗死患者中得出氯吡格雷低反應(yīng)性患者使用600 mg氯吡格雷負(fù)荷量不僅使血小板反應(yīng)性得以改善,同時1個月時心血管事件發(fā)生率降低(12%vs 5%,P=0.02);再者,也有研究顯示血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑可以改善氯吡格雷低反應(yīng)性患者的預(yù)后[29-30]。
PLATO 研究[31]、TRITON-TIMI38 研究[32]結(jié)果奠定了替格瑞洛及普拉格雷在ACS患者運用中的價值。RESPOND研究[33]顯示對氯吡格雷無反應(yīng)或反應(yīng)低下的患者,改用替格瑞洛治療后能很好地降低血小板的聚集率[(59±9)%vs(35±11)%,P<0.000 1]。Brandt等[34]利用比濁法發(fā)現(xiàn)普拉格雷負(fù)荷量60 mg能在給藥后30 min使健康志愿者血小板抑制率達(dá)20%以上,24 h內(nèi)最大血小板抑制率達(dá)78.8%,較氯吡格雷300 mg(1.5 h,35.0%,P<0.001)能夠更快、更有效、更持久地抑制血小板功能。
GRAVITAS研究[35]是首個采用VerifyNow測量血小板功能以調(diào)整抗血小板治療,預(yù)期改善PCI患者預(yù)后的隨機(jī)對照試驗。結(jié)果顯示,在2 214例氯吡格雷低反應(yīng)性患者中,增加氯吡格雷至雙倍劑量與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量相比,盡管30 d時血小板抑制率得以明顯改善(63%vs 40%,P<0.001),6個月時心血管死亡、非致死性心肌梗死和支架內(nèi)血栓形成的發(fā)生率無顯著差異(2.3%vs 2.3%,P=0.97);但并不增加 GASTO[Global Utilization of Streptokinase and t-PA for Occluded Coronary Arteries(GUSTO)definition]重度或中度出血的風(fēng)險。TRIGGER-PCI研究[36]使用 VerifyNow對3 492例接受PCI治療的穩(wěn)定性冠心病患者進(jìn)行檢測。將其中423例HRPR(PRU>208)的患者隨機(jī)分為繼續(xù)氯吡格雷組和更換為普拉格雷組,卻由于臨床終點事件(6個月時心源性死亡或心肌梗死)低于預(yù)期發(fā)生率(總共只有1個事件)且無顯著差異而提前結(jié)束。然而,ARCTIC研究[37]將2 440例擬行支架置入術(shù)的ACS患者隨機(jī)分為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療組與血小板功能監(jiān)測組(VerifyNow),監(jiān)測組中使用了可調(diào)整的多種策略:阿司匹林低反應(yīng)性患者使用靜脈阿司匹林;氯吡格雷低反應(yīng)性患者使用雙倍劑量氯吡格雷、或普拉格雷、或血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑。雖然出院后2~4周監(jiān)測組再次測量血小板反應(yīng)性顯示血小板抑制率較初次測量時下降了50%左右(15.6%vs 34.5%,P<0.001),但與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療組相比,1年內(nèi)死亡、心肌梗死、支架血栓、腦卒中或緊急血運重建的復(fù)合終點事件無顯著差異(34.6%vs 31.1%,HR1.13,95%CI0.98 ~1.29,P=0.1)。
首先,隨機(jī)對照試驗[31-32,38]顯示強化抗血小板治療可以使ACS患者明顯獲益,特別是新型P2Y12受體拮抗劑,歐美指南[39-40]明確推薦替格瑞洛用于所有ACS患者,包括替換已用氯吡格雷者(Ⅰ,B),普拉格雷用于ACS中未使用P2Y12拮抗劑且擬行PCI的患者(Ⅰ,B),但應(yīng)強調(diào)警惕出血的發(fā)生;隊列研究以及Meta分析明確了ACS患者中氯吡格雷低反應(yīng)性與不良臨床結(jié)局的相關(guān)性[2,41];然而,一些隊列研究以及隨機(jī)對照研究中[29-30,35-37,42],當(dāng)把氯吡格雷低反應(yīng)性作為風(fēng)險變量納入分組時,與正常反應(yīng)者相比,低反應(yīng)性患者能否從加強抗血小板治療中取得臨床事件的獲益,目前還存在較大的爭議,雖然這些措施對血小板的抑制作用確實是增強的。
其次,用于檢測氯吡格雷反應(yīng)性的血小板功能檢測方法目前也并沒有廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床中,主要原因是在選擇最合適的檢測方法,以及最合適的診斷界值以鑒別高風(fēng)險患者上還缺乏共識,其檢測結(jié)果明顯的變異性是基于檢測方法本身;同時,與常規(guī)抗血小板治療相比,單一的血小板功能檢測指導(dǎo)下所謂的“個性化抗血小板治療策略”是否能成功改善預(yù)后尚不明確;據(jù)此歐美指南均不支持常規(guī)對置入支架的患者采用血小板功能檢測。2011年ACCF/AHA及ESC均在不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛/非ST段抬高性心肌梗死患者管理指南[43-44]中提出基因和/或血小板功能檢測只考慮在有選擇的氯吡格雷治療的患者中應(yīng)用(Ⅱb,B)。因此在臨床實踐中,有關(guān)各種血小板聚集功能檢測的方法均不適于廣泛應(yīng)用,而應(yīng)針對有選擇的特殊患者,作為個體化治療的指導(dǎo)和參考。
[1]Gurbel PA,Antonino MJ,Tantry US.Recent developments in clopidogrel pharmacology and their relation to clinical outcomes[J].Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol,2009,5(8):989-1004.
[2]Aradi D,Komocsi A,Vorobcsuk A,et al.Prognostic significance of high onclopidogrel platelet reactivity after percutaneous coronary intervention:systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Am Heart J,2010,160(3):543-551.
[3]Gurbel PA,Bliden KP,Hiatt BL,et al.Clopidogrel for coronary stenting:response variability,drug resistance,and the effect of pretreatment platelet reactivity[J].Circulation,2003,107(23):2908-2913.
[4]Muller I,Besta F,Schulz C,et al.Prevalence of clopidogrel non-responders among patients with stable angina pectoris scheduled for elective coronary stent placement[J].Thromb Haemost,2003,89(5):783-787.
[5]Angiolillo DJ,F(xiàn)ernandez-Ortiz A,Bernardo E,et al.Variability in individual responsiveness to clopidogrel:clinical implications,management,and future perspectives[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2007,49(14):1505-1516.
[6]Kazui M,Nishiya Y,Ishizuka T,et al.Identification of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the two oxidative steps in the bioactivation of clopidogrel to its pharmacologically active metabolite[J].Drug Metab Dispos,2009,38(1):92-99.
[7]Mega JL,Hochholzer W,F(xiàn)relinger AR,et al.Dosing clopidogrel based on CYP2C19 genotype and the effect on platelet reactivity in patients with stable cardiovascular disease[J].JAMA,2011,306(20):2221-2228.
[8]Sibbing D,Koch W,Gebhard D,et al.Cytochrome 2C19*17 allelic variant,platelet aggregation,bleeding events,and stent thrombosis in clopidogrel-treated patients with coronary stent placement[J].Circulation,2010,121(4):512-518.
[9]Holmes MV,Perel P,Shah T,et al.CYP2C19 genotype,clopidogrel metabolism,platelet function,and cardiovascular events:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].JAMA,2011,306(24):2704-2714.
[10]Lau WC,Waskell LA,Watkins PB,et al.Atorvastatin reduces the ability of clopidogrel to inhibit platelet aggregation:a new drug-drug interaction[J].Circulation,2003,107(1):32-37.
[11]Gilard M,Arnaud B,Cornily JC,et al.Influence of omeprazole on the antiplatelet action of clopidogrel associated with aspirin:the randomized,doubleblind OCLA(Omeprazole CLopidogrel Aspirin)study[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2008,51(3):256-260.
[12]Siller-Matula JM,Lang I,Christ G,et al.Calcium-channel blockers reduce the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2008,52(19):1557-1563.
[13]Good CW,Steinhubl SR,Brennan DM,et al.Is there a clinically significant interaction between calcium channel antagonists and clopidogrel?:results from the Clopidogrel for the Reduction of Events During Observation(CREDO)trial[J].Circ Cardiovasc Interv,2012,5(1):77-81.
[14]Ojeifo O,Wiviott SD,Antman EM,et al.Concomitant administration of clopidogrel with statins or calcium-channel blockers:insights from the TRITON-TIMI 38(trial to assess improvement in therapeutic outcomes by optimizing platelet inhibition with prasugrel-thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 38)[J].JACC Cardiovasc Interv,2013,6(12):1275-1281.
[15]Charlot M,Ahlehoff O,Norgaard ML,et al.Proton-pump inhibitors are associated with increased cardiovascular risk independent of clopidogrel use:a nationwide cohort study[J].Ann Intern Med,2010,153(6):378-386.
[16]Abraham NS,Hlatky MA,Antman EM,et al.ACCF/ACG/AHA 2010 Expert Consensus Document on the concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors and thienopyridines:a focused update of the ACCF/ACG/AHA 2008 expert consensus document on reducing the gastrointestinal risks of antiplatelet therapy and NSAID use:a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents[J].Circulation,2010,122(24):2619-2633.
[17]Parodi G,Marcucci R,Valenti R,et al.High residual platelet reactivity after clopidogrel loading and long-term cardiovascular events among patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing PCI[J].JAMA,2011,306(11):1215-1223.
[18]Stone GW,Witzenbichler B,Weisz G,et al.Platelet reactivity and clinical outcomes after coronary artery implantation of drug-eluting stents(ADAPTDES):a prospective multicentre registry study[J].Lancet,2013,382(9892):614-623.
[19]Barragan P,Bouvier JL,Roquebert PO,et al.Resistance to thienopyridines:clinical detection of coronary stent thrombosis by monitoring of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation[J].Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2003,59(3):295-302.
[20]Blindt R,Stellbrink K,de Taeye A,et al.The significance of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein for risk stratification of stent thrombosis[J].Thromb Haemost,2007,98(6):1329-1334.
[21]Craft RM,Chavez JJ,Bresee SJ,et al.A novel modification of the thrombelastograph assay,isolating platelet function,correlates with optical platelet aggregation[J].J Lab Clin Med,2004,143(5):301-309.
[22]Agarwal S,Coakley M,Reddy K,et al.Quantifying the effect of antiplatelet therapy:a comparison of the platelet function analyzer(PFA-100)and modified thromboelastography(mTEG)with light transmission platelet aggregometry[J].Anesthesiology,2006,105(4):676-683.
[23]Cotton JM,Worrall AM,Hobson AR,et al.Individualised assessment of response to clopidogrel in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes:a role for short thrombelastography[J].Cardiovasc Ther,2010,28(3):139-146.
[24]Gurbel PA,Bliden KP,Guyer K,et al.Platelet reactivity in patients and recurrent events post-stenting:results of the PREPARE POST-STENTING Study[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2005,46(10):1820-1826.
[25]Breet NJ,van Werkum JW,Bouman HJ,et al.Comparison of platelet function tests in predicting clinical outcome in patients undergoing coronary stent implantation[J].JAMA,2010,303(8):754-762.
[26]Liang Y,Johnston M,Hirsh J,et al.Relation between clopidogrel active metabolite levels and different platelet aggregation methods in patients receiving clopidogrel and aspirin[J].J Thromb Thrombolysis,2012,34(4):429-436.
[27]Bouman HJ,Parlak E,van Werkum JW,et al.Which platelet function test is suitable to monitor clopidogrel responsiveness?A pharmacokinetic analysis on the active metabolite of clopidogrel[J].J Thromb Haemost,2010,8(3):482-488.
[28]Cuisset T,F(xiàn)rere C,Quilici J,et al.Benefit of a 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel on platelet reactivity and clinical outcomes in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing coronary stenting[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2006,48(7):1339-1345.
[29]Valgimigli M,Campo G,de Cesare N,et al.Intensifying platelet inhibition with tirofiban in poor responders to aspirin,clopidogrel,or both agents undergoing elective coronary intervention:results from the double-blind,prospective,randomized Tailoring Treatment with Tirofiban in Patients Showing Resistance to Aspirin and/or Resistance to Clopidogrel study[J].Circulation,2009,119(25):3215-3222.
[30]Cuisset T,F(xiàn)rere C,Quilici J,et al.Glycoprotein Ⅱb/Ⅲa inhibitors improve outcome after coronary stenting in clopidogrel nonresponders:a prospective,randomized study[J].JACC Cardiovasc Interv,2008,1(6):649-653.
[31]Wallentin L,Becker RC,Budaj A,et al.Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes[J].N Engl J Med,2009,361(11):1045-1057.
[32]Montalescot G,Wiviott SD,Braunwald E,et al.Prasugrel compared with clopidogrel in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction(TRITON-TIMI 38):double-blind,randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2009,373(9665):723-731.
[33]Gurbel PA,Bliden KP,Butler K,et al.Response to ticagrelor in clopidogrel nonresponders and responders and effect of switching therapies:the RESPOND study[J].Circulation,2010,121(10):1188-1199.
[34]Brandt JT,Payne CD,Wiviott SD,et al.A comparison of prasugrel and clopidogrel loading doses on platelet function:magnitude of platelet inhibition is related to active metabolite formation[J].Am Heart J,2007,153(1):66-69.
[35]Price MJ,Berger PB,Teirstein PS,et al.Standard-vs high-dose clopidogrel based on platelet function testing after percutaneous coronary intervention:the GRAVITAS randomized trial[J].JAMA,2011,305(11):1097-1105.
[36]Trenk D,Stone GW,Gawaz M,et al.A randomized trial of prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with high platelet reactivity on clopidogrel after elective percutaneous coronary intervention with implantation of drug-eluting stents:results of the TRIGGER-PCI(Testing Platelet Reactivity In Patients Undergoing Elective Stent Placement on Clopidogrel to Guide Alternative Therapy With Prasugrel)study[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2012,59(24):2159-2164.
[37]Collet JP,Cuisset T,Range G,et al.Bedside monitoring to adjust antiplatelet therapy for coronary stenting[J].N Engl J Med,2012,367(22):2100-2109.
[38]Mehta SR,Tanguay JF,Eikelboom JW,et al.Double-dose versus standarddose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes(CURRENTOASIS 7):a randomised factorial trial[J].Lancet,2010,376(9748):1233-1243.
[39]Hamm CW,Bassand JP,Agewall S,et al.ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation:The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes(ACS)in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC)[J].Eur Heart J,2011,32(23):2999-3054.
[40]O’Gara PT,Kushner FG,Ascheim DD,et al.2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction:executive summary:a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines[J].Circulation,2013,127(4):529-555.
[41]Brar SS,Ten BJ,Marcucci R,et al.Impact of platelet reactivity on clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention.A collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2011,58(19):1945-1954.
[42]Aradi D,Komocsi A,Price MJ,et al.Efficacy and safety of intensified antiplatelet therapy on the basis of platelet reactivity testing in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention:systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Int J Cardiol,2013,167(5):2140-2148.
[43]Wright RS,Anderson JL,Adams CD,et al.2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction(Updating the 2007 Guideline):a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines[J].Circulation,2011,123(18):2022-2060.
[44]Hamm CW,Bassand JP,Agewall S,et al.ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation:The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes(ACS)in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC)[J].Eur Heart J,2011,32(23):2999-3054.