程小成,張國中,楊佳,鄒紅鈺,劉增長
對比冷凍消融和射頻消融治療房室結折返性心動過速的薈萃分析*
程小成**,張國中,楊佳,鄒紅鈺,劉增長
目的:本研究旨在對比冷凍消融和射頻消融治療房室結折返性心動過速(AVNRT)的有效性和安全性。
房室結折返性心動過速;冷凍消融;射頻消融;薈萃分析
(Chinese Circulation Journal, 2014,29:1005.)
房室結折返性心動過速(AVNRT)是臨床上最常見的心律失常之一。射頻消融因其極高的成功率和良好的安全性已經(jīng)被推薦為治療AVNRT的一線方式[1,2]。然而,在射頻消融過程中卻有無意損傷房室結導致永久性房室傳導阻滯(AVB)的風險,該并發(fā)癥的報道波動在0.8%~3.0%不等[1,3,4]。在過去的十余年中,冷凍能量逐漸成為可能代替射頻能量用于治療心律失常的新能源[5]。射頻消融成功與否往往只能在組織形成永久損傷后才能做出準確評估,與之相反,冷凍能量在合適的溫度下,能在組織永久變性之前對其消融效果進行預判,并且在消融過程中對組織的侵襲性更小,加之冷凍導管可以黏附在心內膜,從而減少導管移動的風險。理論上,冷凍消融潛在的有效性和安全性可能優(yōu)于射頻消融,然而眾多臨床研究的結果仍然具有爭議。鑒于此,本研究對近年來發(fā)表有關于此的臨床研究進行統(tǒng)計學的二次分析,以評價冷凍消融和射頻消融治療AVNRT的有效性和安全性。
數(shù)據(jù)檢索 本研究對Medline、Cochrane and Embase數(shù)據(jù)庫進行系統(tǒng)性搜索,以便能檢索出所有有關冷凍治療AVNRT的臨床研究,檢索截止日期到2014-05。檢索關鍵詞包括:atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, AVNRT, supraventricular tachycardia,cryoablation,icemapping,cryoenergy。檢索語言局限于英語。
納入和排除標準 本研究主要臨床終點為對比冷凍消融和射頻消融的即刻成功率、復發(fā)率和永久性AVB的發(fā)生率,次要終點為對比兩者的手術時間、X線透視時間。納入標準:①為了能真實反映AVNRT的復發(fā)率,隨訪時間需大于2個月;②研究樣本量大于20例;③納入的研究需至少提供一個主要臨床終點的詳細資料。
資料提取與質量評價 本薈萃分析遵循PRISMA組聲明[6]。兩名作者獨立進行資料提取,有不同意見的地方進行商議決定。納入的隨機對照研究(RCT)使用Delphi標準進行質量評價[7],對非隨機對照試驗使用Newcastle-Ottawa Quality(NOS)評分[8]。NOS評分從納入人群的選擇、組間可比較性和暴露因素的測量三方面進行評價,包括9個問題共計9分。納入的隨機對照研究和NOS評分大于6分的回顧性研究視為高質量研究。最終5篇隨機對照研究和14篇回顧性研究入選。研究總人群2 900例,其中1 384例分布在冷凍組,1 516例分布在射頻組。
統(tǒng)計學分析 二分類變量使用比值比(OR)作為統(tǒng)計指標,連續(xù)性變量使用加權均數(shù)差異(WMD)作為統(tǒng)計指標,并對每個研究的95%可信區(qū)間(CI)進行描述。使用Q檢驗評估各研究之間的異質性,統(tǒng)計量I2值代表研究間異質性的大?。?~100%)。當I2<50%使用固定效應模型進行分析,但I2≥50%使用隨機效應模型進行分析。研究的主要臨床終點根據(jù)如下研究特點進行亞組分析:①是否為隨機對照研究; ②患者平均年齡是否大于18歲;③是否為高質量研究;④冷凍組是否使用4 mm導管。使用森林圖對即刻成功率和復發(fā)率的發(fā)表偏倚進行評估,并使用Bgge和Egger檢驗對每個臨床終點進一步檢測。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義,分析過程使用Review Manager 5.0和STATA 12.0。
2.1納入研究的基線特征
初步檢索出476篇研究,經(jīng)過逐一評估,最終納入19篇臨床對照研究共計2 900例患者[9-27]。其中5篇隨機對照研究[10,11,20,24,27],14篇回顧性研究,1 384例分布在冷凍組,1 516例分布在射頻組。13篇研究共2 387例患者涉及成人,余下為兒科研究[13,15,16,18,21,26]。在整體人群中,冷凍組5篇研究使用4 mm導管[9-11,15,23],7篇使用6 mm導管,4篇使用4 mm和6 mm兩種導管[13,14,16,18],1篇使用8 mm導管[24],2篇資料缺失[12,22]。經(jīng)質量評價后,6篇視為低質量研究(NOS評分<7分)[9,12,13,18,22,23]。表 1
2.2即刻成功率
納入的17篇研究提供即刻成功率的詳細資料,共計2 519例患者。其中,僅1篇研究報道冷凍組即刻成功率明顯低于射頻組[14],總體結果顯示,冷凍組即刻成功率較射頻組略低(95.3% vs 97.1%, OR: 0.63; 95%CI 0.42~0.96, P<0.05), 研究之間沒有明顯的異質性(I2=0%,P=0.59)。余下的研究中,兩組之間均沒有顯著性差異。圖1
2.3復發(fā)率
納入的18篇研究提供AVNRT復發(fā)率的詳細資料,共計2 661例患者。冷凍組經(jīng)過平均13.5月的隨訪后,124例 (10.1%)患者AVNRT復發(fā),射頻組經(jīng)過平均14.1月的隨訪后,49例 (3.4%)患者復發(fā)??傮w結果顯示,冷凍組患者復發(fā)率較射頻組更高(10.1% vs 3.4%, OR: 2.89; 95%CI 2.05~4.06,P<0.01), 差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。研究之間沒有明顯的 異質性 (I2= 0%, P=0.94)。圖2
表1 19篇臨床對照納入研究的基線特征
2.4消融誘導的永久性房室傳導阻滯
納入的所有研究均提供永久性AVB發(fā)生率的詳細資料。冷凍組僅Avari等[16]報道1例9歲男孩術后發(fā)生并伴有癥狀的永久性I°AVB。然而射頻組23 例(1.52%)患者發(fā)生永久性AVB,其中11例(0.73%)發(fā)生高度永久性AVB(II°II或III°)需要植入永久性起搏器??傮w結果顯示,冷凍組與射頻組比顯著減少了永久性AVB的發(fā)生率(0.07% vs 1.52%, OR: 0.27; 95%CI 0.11~0.62,P<0.01)和永久性起搏器植入的風險(0% vs 0.73%, OR: 0.30; 95%CI 0.11~0.88, P<0.05)。差異均具有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.5手術時間和X線透視時間
納入的16篇研究共計2 471臺手術報道手術時間,17篇研究共計2 568臺手術報道X線透視時間,總體結果顯示,冷凍組較射頻組平均每臺手術增加約11 min手術時間(WMD: 10.97 min; 95%CI 3.35~18.58,P<0.01; I2=81%,P<0.01),然而每臺手術縮短約3 min的X線透視時間(WMD: -3.36 min;95%CI -5.58~-1.15, P=0.003; I2=84%,P<0.01) 。差異均具有統(tǒng)計學意義。
圖1 即刻成功率的森林圖
圖2 復發(fā)率的森林圖
2.6亞組分析
納入的16篇研究描述冷凍組導管大小情況,共計1 096例患者。其中479例使用4 mm導管(4 mm導管亞組),617例使用6 mm或8 mm導管(6 mm或8 mm導管亞組)。結果顯示,兩亞組之間即刻成功率(94.6% vs 95.3%, OR:0.96, 95%CI 0.96~1.02;P=0.59)和復發(fā)率(11.0% vs 10.0%, OR:1.11, 95%CI 0.77~1.59;P=0.59)均沒有顯著性不同。在成人或高質量的亞組中,即刻成功率、復發(fā)率和永久性AVB的發(fā)生率三個主要終點結果與總體結果保持一致。在隨機對照研究亞組中,冷凍組復發(fā)率較射頻組仍然顯著更高(9.5% vs 3.6%,OR:2.85,95%CI 1.57~5.15;P<0.01),而即刻成功率(96.9% vs 97.8%, OR:0.71,95%CI 0.32~1.58;P=0.40)和永久性AVB的發(fā)生率(0% vs 1.1%,OR:0.33,95%CI 0.03~3.22;P=0.34)差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。表 2
表2 根據(jù)研究設計、人群特征和研究質量對兩種消融的主要臨床終點進行分析的結果
2.7發(fā)表偏倚
對即刻成功率和復發(fā)率兩個臨床終點,評價發(fā)表偏倚的漏斗圖提示兩側對稱,表明沒有明顯的發(fā)表偏倚存在。本文分析的五個臨床終點,Begg檢驗和Egger檢驗差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(急性成功率: PEgger=0.79,PBegg=0.75;復發(fā)率:PEgger=0.76,PBegg=0.54;永久性AVB:PEgger=0.31,PBegg=1;手術時間:PEgger=0.89,PBegg=0.84;X線透視時間:PEgger=0.26,PBegg=0.09)。
即刻成功率:從國際射頻消融的資料顯示[1,28,29],射頻消融治療AVNRT的即刻成功率高達95%~99%,這與本研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)吻合(97.1%)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)冷凍消融的即刻成功率略低于射頻消融(95.3%),這也與先前大多數(shù)研究報道的數(shù)據(jù)相似[10,15,19]。與之相反,先前有學者報道冷凍消融的成功率僅85%左右[14,30,31],這可能是部分受學習曲線作用的影響。
復發(fā)率:冷凍組和射頻組隨訪時間沒有顯著性差異,然而冷凍組顯著更多的患者復發(fā)AVNRT。先前的數(shù)個研究[1,2,29]和一項薈萃分析[32]顯示射頻消融治療AVNRT的復發(fā)率波動在3%~7%,這與本文保持一致(3.4%)。然而研究報道冷凍消融治療AVNRT的復發(fā)率較射頻消融明顯更高,波動在7%~20%[10,14,20]。導致冷凍消融高復發(fā)率最可能的原因是,一方面冷凍消融易形成同質病灶,缺乏大的組織壞死區(qū)域。另一方面冷凍消融后組織仍保留完整性,導致組織更容易再生和缺乏后期的纖維收縮效應,一旦冷凍導管引起的組織水腫消失,形成的病灶比射頻消融小。理論上講,適當?shù)脑黾訉Ч艽笮⌒纬筛蟮牟≡?,可能會提高冷凍消融的長期有效性。然而本文分析顯示6 mm和8 mm導管并沒有改善短期成功率和減少AVNRT復發(fā)率,因此如何改進冷凍消融的長期有效性可能從消融方式和消融終點研究更為合理。
永久性AVB:不經(jīng)意的永久性AVB是射頻消融治療AVNRT的主要風險。在本文的總體人群中,該并發(fā)癥為1.52%,較之于早期報道的發(fā)生率并沒有顯著性改善(0.8%~3.0%)[1,3,4]。換言之,射頻消融治療AVNRT的成功率穩(wěn)步上升,然而相應的并沒有顯著減少永久性AVB的發(fā)生率。亞組分析也發(fā)現(xiàn)在成人或高質量研究的亞組中,永久性AVB的發(fā)生率與總體結果相似。冷凍能量能在消融前進行冷凍標測可能是避免房室結損傷的主要原因,冷凍標測是指,在形成永久性病灶之前能夠對組織的功能做出評估[5,33]。這方面與射頻消融相反,射頻消融的效應僅能在形成永久性病灶之后進行評估。因此,即使消融靶點靠近間隔部位的患者進行冷凍消融也極少發(fā)生永久性AVB[34]。然而值得注意的是,在回顧性研究中射頻組導致永久性AVB明顯較冷凍組多。這可能是因為在回顧性研究中,納入射頻組的患者做消融的時間明顯較冷凍組更早,手術經(jīng)驗、技術較研究當時會有一定差異。而在隨機對照研究中,兩組之間的手術時間基本一致,因此永久性AVB的發(fā)生率沒有顯著性不同。
手術時間和X線透視時間:與先前大多數(shù)臨床研究結果一致[17,22,33],冷凍消融較射頻消融平均增加了約11 min的手術時間。這可能是因為冷凍消融后常伴有30 min的觀察時間,并且在消融前常需要標測多個靶點[12,20,21]。隨著導管消融治療心律失常的日益增多,對介入工作者和患者而言,如何減少X線透視時間也是一個重要目標[35]。本文發(fā)現(xiàn)冷凍消融減少約3 min的X線透視時間,部分原因可能是冷凍消融過程中的冷凍黏附現(xiàn)象,使操作者在手術過程中能短暫的停止X線透視,但近年來隨著射頻三維導航技術的應用,射頻消融AVNRT的射線時間和劑量得到極大的減少,甚至部分研究報道“零射線”[36-38]。
研究局限:本薈萃分析有如下局限性:第一,納入的研究中,只有5個隨機對照研究,其他均為回顧性研究。第二,研究中入選兒科患者僅513例,因此對于兒科患者,有待進一步證實本研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)。第三,冷凍組僅20例患者使用8 mm導管[25],因此本研究并不能很好的評價8 mm冷凍導管治療AVNRT的安全性和有效性。
本薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管在安全性方面,冷凍消融有效的避免了發(fā)生永久性AVB的風險,而在有效性方面,冷凍消融治療AVNRT的即刻成功率和長期成功率均顯著低于射頻消融。除此之外,更大冷凍導管似乎并沒有改善AVNRT的即刻和長期成功率。
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Comparison Between Cryoablation and Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation for Treating the Patients With Atrio-ventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia by Meta-analysis
CHENG Xiao-cheng***, ZHANG Guo-zhong, YANG Jia, ZOU Hong-yu, LIU Zeng-zhang.
Department of Cardiology, Second Aff i liated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing (400010), China
LIU Zeng-zhang, Email: liuzeng@163.com
Objective: The compare the safety and efficacy between cryoablation (CRYO) and radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) for treating the patients with atrio-ventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) by meta-analysis.Methods: We systemically searched the Medline, Cochrane library and Embase database to fulf i ll our pre-def i ned criteria until the publication of May 2014.Results: There were 5 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 14 retrospective trials enrolled in our study with 2900 patients. The patients were allocated into 2 groups: CRYO group, n=1384 and RFCA group, n=1516. The overall pool-analysis demonstrated that compared with RFCA group, CRYO group had the lower risk of permanent atrio-ventricular nodal block (OR: 0.27, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.62, P<0.01) and shorter X-ray exposure time (WMD: -3.36, 95% CI -5.58 to -1.15, P<0.01); while CRYO group had the lower immediate procedural success rate (OR: 0.63, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.96, P<0.05), longer procedural time (WMD: 10.97, 95% CI 3.35 to 18.58, P< 0.01), and higher long-term arrhythmia recurrence rate (OR: 2.89, 95% CI 2.05 to 4.06, P<0.01).Conclusion: Although CRYO could decrease the risk of permanent atrio-ventricular nodal block, while its effectiveness was lower than RFCA for AVNRT treatment in relevant patients.
Atrio-ventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia; Cryoablation; Radiofrequency catheter ablation; Meta analysis
2014-05-28)
(編輯:漆利萍)
重慶市衛(wèi)生局科研基金資助項目(2009-2-171)
401320 重慶市,重慶醫(yī)科大學附屬第二醫(yī)院 心血管內科
程小成 住院醫(yī)師 碩士 主要從事心律失常研究 Email:chengxiao860203@126.com**現(xiàn)在重慶市巴南區(qū)人民醫(yī)院 心血管內科***Now working at Chongqing City Bananqu People's Hospital 通訊作者:劉增長 Email:liuzeng666@163.com
R541
A
1000-3614(2014)12-1005-06
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2014.12.012
方法:對Medline、The Cochrane Library、Embase數(shù)據(jù)庫進行系統(tǒng)性檢索,檢索截止時間為2014-05,納入滿足選擇標準的研究。
結果:最終5篇隨機對照研究和14篇回顧性研究入選。研究總人群2 900例,其中1 384例分布在冷凍組,1 516例分布在射頻組??傮w結果顯示,與射頻消融相比,盡管冷凍消融減少永久性房室傳導阻滯(AVB)的風險(OR: 0.27; 95%CI 0.11 ~ 0.62, P<0.01) 和X線透視時間(WMD: -3.36; 95%CI -5.58 ~ -1.15, P<0.01),但冷凍消融的即刻成功率略低(OR: 0.63; 95%CI 0.42 ~ 0.96, P<0.05),花費更長的手術時間(WMD: 10.97; 95%CI 3.35 ~ 18.58, P<0.01),而且復發(fā)率明顯更高 (OR: 2.89; 95%CI 2.05 ~ 4.06, P<0.01)。
結論:雖然冷凍消融治療AVNRT減少房室阻滯的風險,但有效性低于射頻消融。