游牧城市/極光觀測

位置：挪威

時(shí)間：2012年

“游牧城市”建在挪威摩城附近的斯堪的納維亞山脈里一個(gè)長年封凍的R?ssvatnet 湖上，它是一個(gè)交叉學(xué)科的藝術(shù)景觀，在它身上同時(shí)體現(xiàn)了環(huán)境藝術(shù)、建筑學(xué)、社會學(xué)以及生存學(xué)等學(xué)科的理念。游牧城的居民們，有的來自芬蘭阿爾托大學(xué)環(huán)境藝術(shù)高級講學(xué)班，有的來自瑞典隆德大學(xué)可持續(xù)城市設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)部，有的來自馬德里歐洲大學(xué)建筑學(xué)系，有的來自德國鮑豪斯大學(xué)美術(shù)系，還有的來自比利時(shí)布魯塞爾自由大學(xué)坎布雷奧爾塔建筑學(xué)部，以及在城中定居的來自挪威Mosjoen和Varntresk協(xié)會的建筑專家。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，這些學(xué)生和教授來自19個(gè)不同的國家，他們大多是城市游民。他們被尋找原始力量的渴望驅(qū)使著來到這片冰湖，這種本真的力量能夠引領(lǐng)他們自由穿梭于建筑、環(huán)境藝術(shù)和城市設(shè)計(jì)等學(xué)科之間。定居兩周后，他們已學(xué)會在冰封的湖水中捕獲小魚。

魚是真的！

建筑是一門環(huán)境藝術(shù)。學(xué)生們的任務(wù)是在城中自行設(shè)計(jì)住所，并共同建造冰上可移動的游牧城市桑拿房和極光觀測站。冰下是鮭魚的近緣魚類——鱒魚和北極鮭，要捕獲這些魚兒需要當(dāng)?shù)貪O民的不傳之秘。而附近的漁民們也非常熱心地指導(dǎo)學(xué)生們，并關(guān)注學(xué)生們能否在北歐極寒的嚴(yán)酷氣候條件下成功完成任務(wù)。除了生存下去，學(xué)生們還必須以1：1比例完成設(shè)計(jì)的建筑，在天寒地凍中通過自己的行動創(chuàng)造那份建筑的美麗。

熱情友好的Bjornadal一家借給我們一幢臨湖的小木屋。第一次打開木屋生起火來，同學(xué)們在溫暖的屋子里晾干彼此浸濕的衣物和靈魂后，他們就再也不想離開那間小屋了。于是我們對進(jìn)屋實(shí)行嚴(yán)格管控，學(xué)生們不得不結(jié)伴在森林中生火，從里到外烤干衣服，那里滿是樹木，一些樹下大約有兩米深的積雪。

每天晨光微曦，我們就出現(xiàn)在S?terstad農(nóng)場里，這個(gè)農(nóng)場是我們就餐和烘烤衣物的

Site: R?ssvatnet Lake, Varntresk Community, Norway

Time: 2012大本營。此時(shí)也是學(xué)生們自由地談?wù)?、審視他們的設(shè)計(jì)的時(shí)間。設(shè)計(jì)不是全部，設(shè)計(jì)不能代替現(xiàn)實(shí)而最最真實(shí)的莫過于大自然。在這個(gè)環(huán)境中，學(xué)生們逐漸學(xué)會接觸自然力量，他們的現(xiàn)代建筑設(shè)計(jì)也逐漸回歸自然，煥發(fā)生機(jī)。設(shè)計(jì)與規(guī)劃在這里變革，所謂的設(shè)計(jì)漸融漸消。學(xué)生們有的在農(nóng)舍的倉庫中工作，更有的中堅(jiān)力量整日在冰湖上生存，他們憑自己的力量捕捉小魚，還抽空享受著觀看極光的樂趣。

夜幕降臨的一個(gè)晚上，我們撿到了一只被車碾死的松雞做晚餐。同學(xué)們在室內(nèi)燈上晾曬襪子，小姑娘艾格尼絲?博恩正為我們吟唱著憂郁的布魯斯歌謠。伴隨著她的歌聲，那只松雞的翅膀和腿漸漸結(jié)冰了，身上的虱子什么的更是被凍死了。比利時(shí)的小伙子們做了一些佛蘭德披薩，同學(xué)們中的素食主義者竟然僅靠牛奶和意大利燉飯就存活了下來，即使有時(shí)候他們中的某些人又恢復(fù)了吃肉的習(xí)性。當(dāng)Bj?rn?dal教授批判了利己主義的商業(yè)交易形式并提出還存在另外一種無償贈送的經(jīng)濟(jì)形態(tài)后，意大利姑娘們?yōu)榇蠹液透浇霓r(nóng)民們奉上了美味的提拉米蘇和巧克力蛋糕。

在游牧城市桑拿房的冰洞角落享受一次健康桑拿浴，桑拿浴可是人類進(jìn)化史上最偉大的發(fā)明之一。當(dāng)?shù)氐霓r(nóng)戶同意由學(xué)生和協(xié)會負(fù)責(zé)建筑工作。現(xiàn)在，當(dāng)冬天旱季時(shí)，桑拿房就懸掛在半空中，夏天水豐時(shí)，它就漂浮在我們的游泳場上。冰上的漁民也可以使用極光觀測站的火爐，直接拿它烤制鮮魚。Varntresk觀光大道附近的學(xué)生個(gè)人建筑景觀將一直保留，作為環(huán)境藝術(shù)的永久工程。漁民們也常會給我們送來魚和凍山羊肉等補(bǔ)給。

總而言之，在湖上的一切活動都那么美好?？吹讲煌瑢I(yè)的同學(xué)們通力合作，與自然和諧共處是一個(gè)很棒的體驗(yàn)。學(xué)術(shù)專業(yè)并不意味著什么，只有廣闊的大自然才包涵萬象，人類如何融入自然是迄今最難的一門課。

Nomad City was a cross-disciplinary mix of environmental art, architecture, sociology and survival on top of the frozen R?ssvatnet Lake (March 2012) up in the Scandinavian mountains near Mo i Rana in Norway. The nomad citizens come from the environmental art masters class of the Aalto University in Finland, from Lund University Department of Sustainable Urban Design in Sweden, from Madrid European University Department of Architecture, from Bauhaus University Department of Fine Arts in Germany and from Université Libre de Bruxelles Faculté d'architecture La Cambre–Horta in Belgium backed up with the local collage of construction experts from Mosj?en in Norway and the Varntresk community.

The students and professors represent all together 19 nationalities and were mostly urban nomads. They were driven to the frozen lake by determination of finding something primeval that can show them some new and fresh ropes within the disciplines of architecture, environmental art and urban design. After two weeks on the frozen lake they also got some fish.

Fish is Real.

Architecture is environmental art. The students were given a task to make a personal nomad shelter and collectively to build a movable Nomad Sauna on skies and an Aurora Observatory. Under the ice there were beautiful salmon related fishes - trout and arctic char. Local Knowledge was needed in order to get them up. The farmers around the lake were generous in helping the students and more than that curious to see if they could manage in the demanding Nordic winter conditions. For the course the survival was not enough - the students had to manage to construct in 1:1 scale and find beauty through their actions in the frozen environment.

We had a cottage by the lake kindly supported by the Bj?rn?dal family. After opening up first time the cottage and building up the fire the students went in to dry their clothes and soaked souls and we realized that they will never come out. After that the cottage was highly regulated and the students had to rather do hard forestry work in small groups heating up the body to dry the clothes up from inside. There were partly two meters of snow and plenty of trees.

After the daylight we got together at the S?terstad farm which worked as our base camp to eat dinner and dry up clothes. This was also the natural time to talk and review their designs. To design is not enough. Design should not replace reality and there is only one real reality - nature. Step by step all the students were exposed to the elements and they started their modern archaeology towards the organic. Plans and design were changed;best of them were melted away. Some worked in the garage of the farmhouse, the most hard core students day after day on the frozen lake. They also got some fish and observed the aurora.

Without his Nomad Sauna modern man is just a common ape. One evening we had a road kill ptarmigan for dinner. The students dried their socks hanging in the living room lamp. Young Agnes Born was singing us sensitive blues songs while the wings and legs of the ptarmigan were being frozen for her collection and getting rid of lice. Belgian guys made some Flemish pizza and the vegetarian students survived amazingly with muesli and risotto. At some point some of them were also reverted in eating raw meat. The Italian ladies made for us and the farmers tiramisu and chocolate cakes after Professor Bj?rn?dal corrected the group from selfish behaviour and advised that there existed also another kind of economy: giving.

Taking a healthy dip in the Nomad Sauna ice-hole corner.

The farmers accepted the students and the community took over the constructions.Now the Nomad Sauna is on skies during the winters and floating on the community's swimming beach during the summers. Ice fishers are using the Aurora Observatory which also has a fireplace to straight prepare the fresh fish. The individual structures are ending up around Varntresk tourist road as permanent works of environmental art. We got full support from the local people including fish and goat meat.

All in all the experience on the frozen lake was good. It was great to see the students from different disciplines working together and facing the same big voice of nature.Academic discipline means nothing. Nature means everything. Human nature as part of nature is the hardest discipline.

Participating universities:

Aalto University Environmental Art Master Program, Finland

Lund University Department of Sustainable Urban Design, Sweden

Madrid European University Department of Architecture, Spain

Bauhaus University Department of Fine Art, Germany

Université Libre de Bruxelles. Faculté d'architecture La Cambre -Horta, Belgium

Mosj?en College / Construction

Workshop leaders:

Marco Casagrande / Aalto University Environmental Art

Hans-Petter Bj?rn?dal / Bj?rn?dalarkitektstudio

Jan Tyrpekl, Assistant / Liberec University Faculty of Architecture