摘 要: 名詞性從句是高中語法的重要組成部分,是歷年高考的必考內(nèi)容。在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句。文章介紹了that在主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句中的具體用法。
關(guān)鍵詞: 名詞性從句 主語從句 賓語從句 表語從句 同位語從句
在講連詞that的用法前,讓我們先了解名詞性從句。名詞性從句是高中語法的重要組成部分,是歷年高考的必考內(nèi)容。在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses)。名詞性從句相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞,在復(fù)合句中能充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等,根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能,名詞性從句分為四類:主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句,下面介紹that在這四類從句中的具體用法。
一、主語從句
That引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)在句中不充當(dāng)成分,沒有詞匯意義,不但能省略。如:That she was wrong is very clear.That引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)多用形式主語it來代替并將從句后置,從而達(dá)到平衡句子的目的。如:It is certain that she will succeed.
二、賓語從句
That用于引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)在從句中不充當(dāng)成分,沒有詞匯意義,有時(shí)可以省略。如:I think(that)she is right.
That引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)在以下幾種情況中不能省略:
1.賓語從句為多個(gè)并列句時(shí),第一個(gè)分句的連詞that可以省略,但后面分句的連詞that不能省略,如:
I wish(that)we could go to Beijing this summer vocation and that we could visit Beijing University.
2.賓語從句本身為一個(gè)復(fù)合句且復(fù)合句中的從句位于主句前時(shí),that不能省略,如:
You should know that what your parents did is good for you.
3.主句與賓語從句中加入了插入語時(shí),如:
He said that,as we know,doing exercise is good for our health.
4.that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句后置,用形式賓語it代替時(shí),如:
I hate it that you talk to me in that way.
5.跟在介詞but,besides,except等后引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí),如:
The house is very beautiful except that the garden is a little small.
三、表語從句
That引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí)在句中不充當(dāng)成分,沒有詞匯意義,但不能省略。如:My opinion is that we should finish our work first.
四、同位語從句
同位語從句是對名詞的內(nèi)容給予具體、詳細(xì)的說明。That常放在這些名詞后引導(dǎo)同位語從句。如:fact,news,idea,truth,hope,suggestion,question,problem,doubt,fear,belief等。That引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)在句中不充當(dāng)成分,沒有詞匯意義,不能省略。如:They were delighted at the news that their team had won.
在名詞性從句中一定要把what與that區(qū)分開。What在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)一定成分并且具有特殊含義“……的人(地方、東西)等”;that在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分,沒有詞匯意義,有時(shí)可以省略。(在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí),有時(shí)可以省略。)
What he said was true.
That he did not do his homework made the teacher angry.
(兩句中what與that不能互換。)
此外,名詞性從句中還要把whether與that區(qū)別開來。What與that在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)都不充當(dāng)句子成分,但that沒有詞匯意義,what則有一定的詞匯意義“是否”。
Whether he will come today is unknown.
That he won the first price is a prize of good news for us all.
(兩句中what與that不能互換。Whether表“是否”的含義。)
高考題例:
1.It is by no means clear the president can do to end the strike.(2012年全國新課標(biāo)卷)
A.how B.which C.that D.what
選D,it是形式主語,真正的主語為主語從句“—the president can do to end the strike”,在這一從句中,do后面缺少賓語,用what引導(dǎo)主語從句且在從句中做賓語。整句話的翻譯:總統(tǒng)會(huì)做什么來制止罷工是不清楚的。
2.It doesn’t matter you pay by cash or credit card in this store.(2012年山東卷)
A.how B.whether C.what D.why
選B,it是形式主語,真正的主語為主語從句。Whether引導(dǎo)主語從句在句中不做成分,意思是“是否”。
3.The limits of a person’s intelligence,generally speaking,are fixed at birth,but he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.(2012年安徽卷)
A.where B.whether C.that D.why
選B,“generally speaking”為插入語。本題考查的仍然是主語從句。從句“he reaches these limits”中不缺少成分,用whether引導(dǎo)主語從句意義“是否”。