中職學(xué)生英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤及其原因分析

許桂民

(廣州市醫(yī)藥職業(yè)學(xué)校，廣東 廣州 514300)

錯(cuò)誤分析理論是英國(guó)應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Corder 于1967 年提出的.對(duì)此理論的研究主要建立在行為主義理論基礎(chǔ)上.行為主義理論把語(yǔ)言看做為一套習(xí)慣.在學(xué)習(xí)新的習(xí)慣(目的語(yǔ))時(shí)，舊的習(xí)慣(母語(yǔ))根深蒂固地會(huì)對(duì)其產(chǎn)生影響.這種影響被稱為“遷移.”對(duì)目標(biāo)語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)有促進(jìn)作用的影響稱為“正遷移”，有妨礙作用的影響稱為“負(fù)遷移”，學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤便是“負(fù)遷移”的產(chǎn)物.但“正”“負(fù)”遷移是可以相互轉(zhuǎn)化的.錯(cuò)誤如果得到及時(shí)糾正，負(fù)遷移便可轉(zhuǎn)化為正遷移，從而對(duì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)起到促進(jìn)作用.因此，從行為主義理論角度看，研究學(xué)生語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中的錯(cuò)誤意義有三.第一，告知教師，如果進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的錯(cuò)誤分析，就會(huì)知道學(xué)生離語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的目標(biāo)還有多遠(yuǎn)，還要學(xué)哪些.第二，給研究語(yǔ)言是怎樣習(xí)得的、語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中中使用了哪些策略和程序的研究者們提供研究依據(jù).第三，在某種意義上也是最重要的方面，和學(xué)習(xí)者本人密不可分的，因?yàn)殄e(cuò)誤是學(xué)習(xí)者運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的一種方法，也是檢驗(yàn)對(duì)他正在學(xué)的語(yǔ)言本質(zhì)的假設(shè)的一種方法.錯(cuò)誤分析既是孩子們習(xí)得母語(yǔ)，也是成人習(xí)得二語(yǔ)所使用的重要策略.

1 中職學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤

廣州市醫(yī)藥職業(yè)學(xué)校是醫(yī)藥職業(yè)學(xué)校，學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)較差，英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)更是錯(cuò)誤連篇，有拼寫錯(cuò)誤、用詞不當(dāng)、意義表達(dá)不清、結(jié)構(gòu)不行等等，最突出和嚴(yán)重的是語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤.可以說(shuō)，很難找到一句沒(méi)語(yǔ)病的句子.為此，根據(jù)我校20 個(gè)受試學(xué)生的書面表達(dá)(Can money buy happiness?)羅列他們常犯的八類語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤.需說(shuō)明的是，為了錯(cuò)誤歸類的順利，不少句子部分改正過(guò)了的.即使是這樣，挑出來(lái)的這些句子中有些在意義表達(dá)上存在問(wèn)題，該文只就句子中的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤作分析.

1.1 詞性功能紊亂

不同詞性的詞各司其職.一般來(lái)說(shuō)，名詞和代詞可作主、賓、表語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)，形容詞作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，數(shù)詞可作定、主、賓、表語(yǔ)，副詞作狀語(yǔ)，介詞后接名詞、代詞，若把名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、介詞作謂語(yǔ)，那就是詞性功能混亂不清了.

(1)Busy making money will sometimes make you tired.(Being busy......形容詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ))

(2)We must friendly to others.(be friendly，形容詞作謂語(yǔ))

(3)Without money is possible.(No money，介詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ))

(4)They sure they have many friends to share happiness and sorrow.(are sure，形容詞作謂語(yǔ))

(5)They are the most happiness people in the world.(happy，名詞作定語(yǔ))

(6)You can very sad.(be very sad，形容詞短語(yǔ)作謂語(yǔ))

(7)Happiness doesn't like the goods from the supermarket.(isn't like，介詞作謂語(yǔ))

(8)They have no communicate with money.(communication，動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ))

(9)The little can be cured and his family can back to happiness.(be back，副詞作謂語(yǔ))

(10)No one gets touch with them sincerity.(sincerely，名詞作狀語(yǔ))

(11)When you relatives were sick，you can support them a good hospital.(your，代詞作定語(yǔ))

1.2 不一致性

不一致性包括主謂不一致、名詞單復(fù)數(shù)不一致、主從復(fù)合句時(shí)態(tài)不一致、結(jié)構(gòu)的不一致.如主語(yǔ)是三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要加S;可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前要加不定冠詞a(n)，復(fù)數(shù)要加S;主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)平行、一致.

(1)Many people with a lot of possession don't live a happy life.(possessions)

(2)A rich couple is quarrelling every day.(are)

(3)It should depend on how he spend money.(spends)

(4)To such question，my answer is that money can buy happiness.(a question)

(5)The rich person want to buy the poor person's health.(wants)

(6)Every coin has two side.(sides)

(7)The stress become more and more.(becomes)

(8)There are no smile.(smiles)

(9)I firmly believe that happiness exist in my mind.(exists)

(10)The man who are kindhearted and hardworking can get it.(is)

(11)He think his life is miserable.(thinks)

(12)Money are not everything.(is)

(13)Some of them did not have a real friends.(real friends)

(14)He said he will go home soon.(would)

(15)To see is believing.(Seeing 或to believe)

(16)Knife should be taken away from babies.(knives)

1.3 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)

時(shí)態(tài)是表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是中職學(xué)生英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的最難點(diǎn)，也是出錯(cuò)率最高的地方.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)共有16種，語(yǔ)態(tài)只有主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)2種，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象.但是語(yǔ)態(tài)學(xué)習(xí)中，學(xué)生要記住，不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).

1)時(shí)態(tài)

(1)The time will never came back.(come)

(2)It's do great harm to health.(does)

(3)Happiness is really exist in our life.(exists)

(4)The only thing after he open his eyes is to think about how to earn money.(opens)

(5)He have hear the story twice.(has heard)

(6)These men didn't had much money.(didn't have)

(7)She saw me twice.(has seen)

(8)They go shopping yesterday.(went)

(9)We sit here now.(are sitting)

(10)We are liking rabbits.(like)

(11)Li Bai is the famous poet of ancient China.(was)

(12)The king give him money to stay in the palace.(gave)

(13)As we all known，money is very important.(know)

2)語(yǔ)態(tài)

(1)The beggar was died at the roadside.(died，vi)

(2)The car accident was taken place at the junction of two highways.(took place，vi)

(3)The story was happened long long ago.(happened，vi)

(4)I watched him until he was disappeared.(disappeared，vi)

(5)New bicycles must keep inside.(be kept)

(6)The money has to return to the bank someday.(be returned)

(7)The food has cooked.(has been cooked)

(8)The book is sold well.(sells，此句為vi)

(9)I seated beside her.(was seated)

(10) Happiness can't buy with money.(be bought)

(11)When you feel sad，you could have someone to be listened to you.(listen)

1.4 成分殘缺或混亂

句子成分殘缺指的是句子缺主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或引導(dǎo)詞等.

(1)As I have found much evidence to prove that money can't buy happiness.(只有從句，缺主句，應(yīng)將As 去掉)

(2)When you shopping，you are happy.(are shopping，缺謂詞)

(3)Even if you have much money is meaningless.(it is，缺主語(yǔ))

(4)There is a story is about money.(去there is或去后一個(gè)is，一句兩謂)

(5)There are some people do not have much money.(一句雙謂，去There are 或在do 前加引導(dǎo)詞who)

(6)Money just a requirement.(缺謂語(yǔ)，just 前加is)

(7)We also can happy.(be happy，謂語(yǔ)不全)

(8)A person who have nothing but health.(只有主語(yǔ)，去掉who 后把have 改為has 或另補(bǔ)全謂語(yǔ)部分)

(9)So why people nowadays seeking for richness?(缺助動(dòng)詞，在why 后加are)

(10)A family，their happiness comes from harmony.(主語(yǔ)混亂，A family's)

(11)It easy to see that money is not the whole thing in our life.(缺謂語(yǔ)，is easy)

(12)We living in the world.(缺謂語(yǔ)，are living)

(13)We need money buy things.(一句雙謂，to buy)

(14)They still living an unhappy life.(缺謂語(yǔ)，are still living)

(15)We can become rich depend on our own efforts.(一句雙謂，by)

(16)Always compare with others.(缺主語(yǔ)，加復(fù)數(shù)人稱主語(yǔ))

1.5 搭配不當(dāng)

搭配不當(dāng)包括詞、詞組或短語(yǔ)搭配不當(dāng)，如單位詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)賓詞組、介賓詞組、動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)、than 前用比較級(jí)等搭配不當(dāng)?shù)?

(1)Money can brings all.(bring)

(2)You need not to worry about your basic living.(don't need to worry 或needn't worry)

(3)You can enjoy the happiness of help others.(helping)

(4)I want to be superior than others.(more superior)

(5)Money can add happiness but can not create happiness.(add to)

(6)They cares nothing unless earn money.(care for nothing but)

(7)In our daily life we can always heard somebody complaint about his money is not enough.(hear)

(8)She smiled at first，then burst out cry.(crying)

(9)The parents are busy with making money.(in)

(10)I have no money for take part in activities.(taking)

(11)My teacher explained me the text very carefully.(explained......about)

(12) God endows us healthy body.(endows......with)

1.6 中國(guó)式英語(yǔ)

由于受母語(yǔ)的干擾，學(xué)生們常常會(huì)寫出high 3(高三)，表妹(watch sister)這樣令人啼笑皆非的中國(guó)式英文表達(dá).學(xué)生在這方面的錯(cuò)誤主要是根據(jù)中文思維逐詞逐句地翻譯，以下錯(cuò)句同出一轍.

(1)The money came from all directions standed for Chinese warm heart.(錢來(lái)自各方代表了 中國(guó)人的熱心)

(2)It can't represent money can buy everything.(它不能代表錢能夠買一切)

(3)Love stands for pay off.(愛代表付出)

(4)They have a good body.(他們有個(gè)好身體)

(5)Our food，clothes，house，car，all need money to buy.(我們的食物、衣服、房子、車子所有的需要錢買)

(6)Happiness is not only need money.(幸福是不僅需要錢)

(7)He thinks people around him is want to cheat him.(他認(rèn)為他周圍的人是想欺騙他)

(8)I think money can't buy happiness.(英語(yǔ)里think 賓語(yǔ)從句的否定必須前置)

(9)He work often very busy.(他工作經(jīng)常很忙)

(10)I know money smells bronze.(我知道錢散發(fā)著銅臭味)

1.7 過(guò)度規(guī)則化

規(guī)則要學(xué)，但任何規(guī)則都有其例外.如果把規(guī)則擴(kuò)大到例外的情況上，那就是過(guò)度歸納或過(guò)度規(guī)則化.如形容詞比較級(jí)，動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞，名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)，動(dòng)詞的三人稱單數(shù)等.

(1)When you wear beautiful clothes，you will be look like more pretty.(prettier)

(2)He was writting a letter to his parents.(writing)

(3)Money can send his childs to college.(children)

(4)We boys like to be policemans.(policemen)

(5)He drinked bottled water.(drank)

(6)It makes people to crime.(crime)(由ask sb.to do sth.類推)

(7)I insist to say money can't buy happiness.(on saying)(由hope to do sth.類推)

(8)She suggested us to go to the park.(going)(由tell sb.to do sth.類推)

(9)He is more cleverer than his classmate.(cleverer)

1.8 引導(dǎo)詞用錯(cuò)

(1)You can do anything what do you want to do.(that)

(2)Although they have a lot of money，but it can't buy happiness.(Although 和but 只能留一個(gè))

(3)How do you know they love your money or wealth?(they 前加whether)

(4)Even they have a lot of money，the money cannot buy the time they wasted.(Even if)

(5)Many people can easily find it，many people can't see it.(第二分句前加but)

(6)Happiness is something need to be created by ourselves.(that needs)

以上對(duì)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤的總結(jié)主要?dú)w為八類，事實(shí)上語(yǔ)法方面的錯(cuò)誤還不止這些方面，如虛擬語(yǔ)氣錯(cuò)誤，代詞所指不一致和代詞的格混用，幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞堆一塊，成分多余等.另外在錯(cuò)誤分類中，有時(shí)即可以列為這一類，又可列為那一類，主要根據(jù)錯(cuò)誤的特點(diǎn)來(lái)的，如They parents are busy with making money和A family，their happiness comes from harmony 兩句，既可以說(shuō)是Chinglish，又可以說(shuō)是詞性功能紊亂，還可以說(shuō)主語(yǔ)成分混亂不清.鑒于篇幅，只歸為其中一類.

2 原因分析

2.1 語(yǔ)際錯(cuò)誤—母語(yǔ)的干擾

自出生起，母語(yǔ)就在腦袋里扎了根.當(dāng)學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)單詞時(shí)，學(xué)生總要依靠其中文意思才能領(lǐng)會(huì)和記住它.學(xué)英語(yǔ)句子時(shí)，學(xué)生也總喜歡把它和中文的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則加以比對(duì).由于語(yǔ)言的共性和差異性，當(dāng)中英兩種語(yǔ)言的規(guī)則一致時(shí)，這種比對(duì)會(huì)生成正確的句子，這就是前文所說(shuō)的正遷移，對(duì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)有促進(jìn)作用;但當(dāng)兩種語(yǔ)言的規(guī)則不一致時(shí)，這種比對(duì)就會(huì)生成不合英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的Chinglish 句子，這就是負(fù)遷移，對(duì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)有干擾作用.中文里，動(dòng)詞沒(méi)時(shí)態(tài)之說(shuō)，名詞沒(méi)有單復(fù)數(shù)形式，主語(yǔ)是三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)動(dòng)詞也沒(méi)變化，同一個(gè)詞的名詞和動(dòng)詞都是一個(gè)形式，而在英語(yǔ)里英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)16種之多，名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)之分(datum，data)，動(dòng)詞的三人稱單數(shù)后加S(He thinks...)，同一意義而不同詞性有不同的詞形(originate，original，originality)等等.正因?yàn)閷W(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)言的差異性掌握不夠，所以才生成不合語(yǔ)法的句子來(lái).

語(yǔ)際錯(cuò)誤，說(shuō)白了，是中西兩種思維模式的差異.所以，教師要提醒學(xué)生養(yǎng)成用英語(yǔ)思維的習(xí)慣.

2.2 語(yǔ)內(nèi)錯(cuò)誤—規(guī)則的放大

學(xué)習(xí)者經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間的學(xué)習(xí)，對(duì)目標(biāo)語(yǔ)獲得了一定的知識(shí)積累.在語(yǔ)言產(chǎn)出的過(guò)程中，往往根據(jù)邏輯推陳出新，但是任何規(guī)則都有例外，由于沒(méi)掌握規(guī)則中的例外，于是犯了放大規(guī)則的語(yǔ)內(nèi)錯(cuò)誤.這就是語(yǔ)言學(xué)中所說(shuō)的過(guò)度規(guī)則化(overgeneralization).例如:(1)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，由two rooms，two cars 推出two sheep，two fish，two knifes(2)形容詞、副詞比較級(jí)，more nicer(把用于多音節(jié)形容詞比較級(jí)的more 用到了單音節(jié)形容詞比較級(jí)前)，more pretty(prettier，prettiest)雙音節(jié)形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)，有部分隨單音節(jié)形容詞和副詞，有部分隨多音節(jié)形容詞和副詞的.(3)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞，由worked 推出teached(taught)，shooted(shot)，sitted(sat);由blow(blew，blown)推出flow(flew，flown).(4)由tell sb.to do sth./ ask sb.to do sth.推出make sb.to do sth./ let sb.to do sth./ suggest sb.to do sth./ remind sb.to do sth./ mind sb.to do sth.

以上分析的是語(yǔ)內(nèi)干擾、語(yǔ)際干擾兩大主要原因，實(shí)際的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中，也可能由于別的因素的干擾而寫出不合語(yǔ)法的句子，這就有待進(jìn)一步的研究和挖掘.

3 結(jié)語(yǔ)

對(duì)于學(xué)生中出現(xiàn)的這些語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，教師應(yīng)該持寬容的態(tài)度，告知他們犯錯(cuò)是語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中很自然和難免的，不要一出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤就厭煩，盯著不放，責(zé)備學(xué)生這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)沒(méi)掌握，給學(xué)生造成心理壓力.同時(shí)也要告知學(xué)生重視這些錯(cuò)誤，努力糾正他們.另外老師教學(xué)中也要積極地采取委婉的糾正策略，如面批時(shí)，帶著微笑重復(fù)這個(gè)句子“A rich couple is quarrelling everyday.”并將is 重讀予以暗示，學(xué)生自己就可能將錯(cuò)誤糾正過(guò)來(lái)，嘗到成就感.

總之，語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤是任何語(yǔ)種學(xué)習(xí)面臨的大問(wèn)題，只有不斷地糾正錯(cuò)誤，學(xué)習(xí)者才能不斷取得進(jìn)步，才能產(chǎn)出地道的目標(biāo)語(yǔ)句子和篇章來(lái)，教師教學(xué)也才更具針對(duì)性.

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［3］束定芳，莊智象.現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)教學(xué)—理論、實(shí)踐與方法［M］.上海:上海英語(yǔ)教育出版社，1996.

［4］文秋芳.英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)策略論［M］.上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，1996.

［5］徐天舒.錯(cuò)誤分析與口語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的糾錯(cuò)策略［J］.西南交通大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社科版)，2003，4(4):88-90.