過去分詞做定語用法闡釋

王新豐

過去分詞做定語是歷屆高考試題中比較常見的考點，考生應(yīng)當對此引起高度重視。有關(guān)過去分詞做定語用法，請注意以下幾個問題：

（1） 過去分詞用作前置定語：若是單個的過去分詞或只帶副詞修飾的單個過去分詞做定語, 通常置于所修飾的名詞前，此時過去分詞具有形容詞的特點，側(cè)重狀態(tài)和比較永久的特點。

例如：a broken window 一扇壞了的窗戶；a recently?built house 最近建造的一所房子

We need more experienced teachers. 我們需要更多有經(jīng)驗的老師。

溫馨提示：有時為了強調(diào)，單個的過去分詞做定語也可以置于被修飾的名詞后面。

例如：Do you know the number of the books ordered? 你知道訂購了多少書嗎？

Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。

（2） 過去分詞用作后置定語：若是過去分詞短語做定語, 則通常置于被修飾的名詞之后。此時過去分詞既有形容詞的特征，又有動詞的特點，但主要突出動詞的特征，且不像前置定語那樣具有永久性的特點。做后置定語的過去分詞一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分，在語法上相當于一個定語從句。

例如： Well talk about the problem discussed(= that / which was discussed) at the meeting yesterday. 我們將談?wù)勛蛱鞎h上討論的問題。

（3） 過去分詞也可用作非限制性定語，前后用逗號隔開，相當于一個由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。

例如：The books, written by Lu Xun (= which were written by Lu Xun), are popular with many Chinese people. 這些書是魯迅寫的，受到了許多中國人的喜愛。

The meeting, attended by one thousand students(= which was attended by one thousand students), was a great success. 這次會議獲得很大的成功，共有一千名學生出席。

（4） 過去分詞做定語與所修飾的詞之間存在兩種關(guān)系：一是及物動詞表示被動或完成意義（有時也表示沒有一定的時間性）；二是不及物動詞只表示完成意義，不表被動。

（5） 過去分詞做定語與定語從句的關(guān)系。

過去分詞做定語相當于一個由which, that或who引導(dǎo)的定語從句。若過去分詞是及物動詞可以改為動詞為被動形式的定語從句；如果過去分詞是不及物動詞則可以改為動詞為完成式或動詞為表示狀態(tài)的定語從句。

例如：Whats the language spoken（= which is spoken）in Germany? 德國說什么語言？

Most of the guests invited(=who were invited) to the evening party were college students. 應(yīng)邀參加晚會的客人大多數(shù)是大學生。

a retired worker (= a worker who has retired) 一名退休工人

a returned soldier (= a soldier who has returned) 一位返鄉(xiāng)的士兵

（6） 過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動式和動詞不定式一般式的被動式做定語的區(qū)別：

過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動式和動詞不定式一般式的被動式都可以做后置定語，它們的共同點是都與所修飾的名詞或代詞存在邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系（即表示被動），但是過去分詞強調(diào)動作已經(jīng)完成，現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動式表示一個正在進行的被動動作，動詞不定式一般式的被動式表示一個將來的被動動作。請對比：

The meeting held yesterday was very important. 昨天開的會很重要。

The meeting being held now is very important. 現(xiàn)在正在開的會議很重要。

The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important. 明天要召開的會議很重要。

[練一練]

1. After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope ________. （2012山東卷）

A. providing

B. provided

C. having provided

D. provide

2. Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision ______ at the meeting will influence the future of our company. （2012重慶卷）

A. to be made

B. being made

C. made

D. having been made

3. “Its such a nice place,” Mother said as she sat at the table ________ for customers. （2012浙江卷）

A. to be reserved

B. having reserved

C. reserving

D. reserved

4. The club, ________ 25 years ago, is holding a party for past and present members. （2012上海卷）

A. founded

B. founding

C. being founded

D. to be founded

5. Cleaning women in big cities usually get ________ by the hour.

A. pay

B. paying

C. paid

D. to pay

6. A great number of students ________said they were forced to practice the piano.

A. to question

B. to be questioned

C. questioned

D. questioning