AL SHAQAB馬術(shù)學(xué)院表演中心，多哈，卡塔爾

安德魯·里德/Andrew Reid

1 表演中心南部景觀(guān)及大樓入口/Southern view of arena and entrance building

Al Shaqab 馬術(shù)訓(xùn)練學(xué)校是卡塔爾基金開(kāi)發(fā)建設(shè)之教育城項(xiàng)目的其中一部分。馬術(shù)學(xué)校的總平面布局采用環(huán)形布置，設(shè)置在周邊位置的各類(lèi)小型輔助設(shè)施，包括馬廄、騎術(shù)訓(xùn)練場(chǎng)及醫(yī)院等，將橢圓形的Emirs馬廄及菱形的表演中心圍合在中央位置。使長(zhǎng)350m高34m的表演中心成為整個(gè)規(guī)劃的中心焦點(diǎn)。

表演中心的功能主要包括3個(gè)部分：中心東部是馬匹熱身區(qū)域，西部是室內(nèi)表演場(chǎng)，而中心區(qū)域則是室外表演場(chǎng)。最初的設(shè)計(jì)理念是在室內(nèi)表演場(chǎng)及熱身區(qū)上部建造兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的屋頂，同時(shí)為室外表演場(chǎng)提供表演照明所需的高架組燈。但是客戶(hù)并不希望使用高架組燈的方式，于是設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)薄殼大屋面—這個(gè)屋面涵蓋了東西中部3個(gè)主要功能，并將室外照明設(shè)備容納其中，解決了慣常使用的高架組燈對(duì)空間的干擾問(wèn)題。薄殼大屋面下囊括了3個(gè)主要的功能同時(shí)又可以容納為室外表演場(chǎng)提供照明的燈光設(shè)備，此方案解決了使用高架組燈的問(wèn)題。不但為各功能區(qū)間提供了良好的遮蔽功能以抵抗阿拉伯惡劣的天氣，還透過(guò)清晰明朗的屋面線(xiàn)條強(qiáng)化了建筑的整體形象。

概念上，表演中心建筑被處理成3個(gè)獨(dú)立的元素：基座、屋頂、以及聯(lián)系兩者的中間部分。屋面的設(shè)計(jì)體現(xiàn)了傳統(tǒng)的沙漠帳篷形式并沿水平展開(kāi)，屋面的曲線(xiàn)沿兩個(gè)方向伸展并在室內(nèi)表演場(chǎng)的上空達(dá)到最高點(diǎn)從而提供最大的室內(nèi)空間。屋面在室內(nèi)表演場(chǎng)的北側(cè)和南側(cè)玻璃幕墻外都有懸挑，這樣的設(shè)計(jì)降低了兩側(cè)幕墻的熱負(fù)荷，另外在室外大看臺(tái)的上部也有出挑為看臺(tái)提供了很好的遮陽(yáng)效果。更高的室內(nèi)空間、更有效的結(jié)構(gòu)解決方案成為決定屋面形式的主要因素。雙曲線(xiàn)的薄殼屋面形式同樣有利于減少封閉空間的面積，結(jié)合使用底層分層空調(diào)策略更可以降低室內(nèi)表演場(chǎng)的空調(diào)負(fù)荷。圍合室內(nèi)表演場(chǎng)的基座部分被處理成一個(gè)整體從而使人聯(lián)想起該地區(qū)典型的堡壘形式。這個(gè)基座表面覆蓋切面洞石，在視覺(jué)上與周邊沙漠景觀(guān)形成呼應(yīng)，而入口處大而深的嵌入空間使建筑看上去更加雄偉。在建筑兩端的扶垛支撐著9條屋面桁架，并運(yùn)用三維計(jì)算模式盡量減小它們的視覺(jué)體量同時(shí)與建筑基座完美的融合在一起。

玻璃幕墻則被設(shè)計(jì)成插入的元素，以盡量減小玻璃幕墻的復(fù)雜性，從而產(chǎn)生屋面懸浮在基座上的視覺(jué)形象。玻璃幕墻沿著室內(nèi)表演場(chǎng)馬蹄形的平面展開(kāi)，并按照基座的角度伸展出去形成連續(xù)的視覺(jué)效果。玻璃幕墻由后面的弓形桁架提供支撐，弓形桁架與主屋面通過(guò)杠桿連接，這些連接提供了3個(gè)方向的位移可能，以抵消屋面受熱后的變形。玻璃幕墻采用隔熱玻璃單元，由于支撐系統(tǒng)懸掛在屋面，所以保證了這些玻璃單元最大限度的通透效果。在屋面上設(shè)有6條由東到西的采光帶，將光線(xiàn)引入室內(nèi)表演場(chǎng)及熱身區(qū)。為了避免太陽(yáng)光的直射，室內(nèi)采用了天光漫射板，這些漫射板同時(shí)也起到了調(diào)節(jié)室內(nèi)光線(xiàn)及聲音回響的作用。大看臺(tái)是其中一個(gè)主要設(shè)計(jì)原素可觀(guān)看室內(nèi)及室外表演場(chǎng)。為了減小大看臺(tái)的尺度并強(qiáng)調(diào)它的水平延展，大看臺(tái)被劃分成3個(gè)部分以三維曲線(xiàn)形式與屋面形成呼應(yīng)。所有設(shè)計(jì)的努力都是為了創(chuàng)造一個(gè)優(yōu)美的屋面并將所有的功能聯(lián)系在一起，同時(shí)又為室內(nèi)區(qū)域創(chuàng)造完美的空間環(huán)境?！?/p>

2 室內(nèi)表演中心/Indoor arena

3 表演中心縱向剖面圖/Arena long section

4 表演中心總平面圖/Arena site plan arrangement

5 室外表演中心橫向剖面圖/Short section through outdoor arena

6 室外表演中心/Outdoor arena

7 室內(nèi)表演中心/Indoor arena

Al Shaqab is an equestrian academy, which is part of the Education City complex being developed by the Qatar Foundation for the people of Qatar.The master plan is set out in a circular configuration with the smaller perimeter ancillary structures,housing stabling, equine training and hospital facilities establishing a protective courtyard for the elliptical shaped Emirs stables and the lozenge shaped performance arena. The performance arena with a length of almost 350 metres and a height of 34 metres acts as the focus of the courtyard.

The performance arena houses three primary functions; the eastern end houses the warm up area, the western end houses an indoor performance arena, whilst the central area houses the outdoor performance arena. Early concept designs were composed of two separate roofs that covered the indoor arena and the warm up area respectively,with hi masts supporting the performance lighting required for the external arena. The client was not in favour of the hi mast solution therefore the design team took the opportunity to create a single roof that encompassed all three primary activities whilst also serving to house the performance lighting and hence omit the need for the hi mast configuration. This single change provided a significant enhancement to the building form allowing a clear expression of roof as the allencompassing entity shielding the activities below from the harsh Arabic climate.

8 室外表演場(chǎng)地的開(kāi)敞頂篷/Opening in the main roof over external performance area

9 室外表演中心夜景/Outdoor arena at night note integrated lighting

10 室內(nèi)表演中心的東部末端/East end of indoor arena

Conceptually the building is treated as three distinct elements; the plinth base, the roof and the infill that links these two elements. The roof form,which recalls traditional desert tents hovering on the horizon, is curved in two directions with its high point over the indoor arena to provide the maximum volume relative to the maximum plan footprint in this area. The roof cantilevers over the north and south indoor arena glazed walls and the external face of the grandstand to provide shade, which significantly reduces heat load on these glazed surfaces. The shaping of the roof form is also determined to create enough vault height in both directions to create a more efficient structural solution. The double curved form also acts to reduce the enclosed volume to a minimum, which in tandem with the use of a low level stratified air conditioning strategy helps to reduce conditioning load in the indoor arena area. The plinth that encloses the indoor arena is treated in a monolithic manner akin to the fort like structures of the region. The plinth is clad with split face travertine to visually link it to the surrounding desert landscape treatment, with large deep rebated punched openings for access points reinforcing its monumentality. The buttresses at each end of the building that support the nine roof trusses have been three dimensionally modeled to reduce their visual weight and to blend them into the plinth in a seamless manner.

The glass wall is considered as an infill element and is therefore its complexity is played down as much as possible to allow the roof to float over the plinth. The glass wall follows the line of the horseshoe plan form of the inner arena and extends out at the same angle of the plinth to ensure visual continuity. The glass wall is supported by bow back truss mullions that are supported from the main roof via a lever arm assembly that caters for the three dimensional movements that the roof experiences under heat load. The glass wall uses insulated glass units that can be very transparent due to the overhang of the roof. Six skylight strips run east to west on the roof to bring light into the indoor performance area & the warm up area, direct sunlight is shielded by the use of skylight diffuser panels that also act as a mounting facility for the performance lighting and other audiovisual equipment. The grandstand is one of the key features of the design that allows viewing to both indoor and outdoor arenas. To reduce the scale of the grandstand facility and to create a horizontal emphasis the grandstand has been split up into three elements that are three dimensionally curved to create a relationship to the overall roof plane. The overall objective has been to create an elegant roof form that unifies the facilities whilst providing significant environmental performance benefits to the covered areas.□