圣勞倫斯禮拜堂，萬塔，芬蘭

建筑設(shè)計：亞梵拓建筑師事務(wù)所/威爾·哈拉，安奴·普斯蒂農(nóng)

ARCHTECTS: Avanto Architects/Ville Hara, Anu Puustinen

環(huán)境

墓地的禮拜堂位于萬塔歷史悠久的圣勞倫斯教堂附近。

圣勞倫斯教堂的舊石材和鐘樓現(xiàn)在仍是該地區(qū)景觀的主要特征。禮拜堂被分為幾部分以適應(yīng)周邊環(huán)境的尺度感?；橄盗械?個不同大小的禮拜堂嵌套在垂直相交的石砌墻體內(nèi)，使得墓地中堆砌的石塊也與禮拜堂的設(shè)計相呼應(yīng)。

建筑使用了與該地區(qū)的舊建筑物相似的材料：墻角的砌磚、天然石材、生銹的銅片和銅網(wǎng)。分隔墻則都是現(xiàn)澆的白色混凝土材質(zhì)。禮拜堂的預(yù)計使用壽命是200年。在確定最后的施工圖之前還進行了一次公開的藝術(shù)競賽，以此確保建筑的藝術(shù)創(chuàng)意上能與設(shè)計融為一體。

悲傷的空間

禮拜堂在功能上主要為前來哀悼的人服務(wù)，提供寄托哀思的場所。參加葬禮的人無聲地遵循動線通過一系列宗教性的空間，線路間穿插著若干房間。這些房間的作用是讓來訪者在此為葬禮的下一個環(huán)節(jié)做準(zhǔn)備。白色的石砌墻和其旁邊連續(xù)的天窗引導(dǎo)人們從一處空間進入下一處，從低處昏暗的地方走向光明的高處。

路線，具有象征性的動線

禮拜堂建筑的動線象征著一個基督徒的靈魂從這里走向來世的過程。

人們沿著外墻走過。墻壁和位于其盡頭的鐘樓象征著世俗的旅程和其終點。人們轉(zhuǎn)過身，沿著墻經(jīng)過有天頂?shù)淖呃?，來到小院子中，園中有小小的池塘，池底鋪著天然石材。

接著進入昏暗、低矮的大堂空間，這里可以窺見入口的庭院和之后牧師住所的老院子。在這里可以停歇一會兒，回憶與逝者一起的經(jīng)歷和生活。

之后，順著天窗的引導(dǎo)進入禮拜堂。禮拜堂敞開，高聳的空間的盡頭是被照亮的石砌墻的交界處，在這里吊唁者將與死者見面。通往墓地的墻是半透明的，兩面都罩著銹面的銅網(wǎng)，寓意顯示今生和來世的屏幕。離開禮拜堂時將走過一個小花園，到達墓地。道路雖然曲折，但向前延續(xù)。□（司馬蕾 譯）

1 外景/Exterior view（攝影/Photo: KUVIO）

Context

Cemetery chapel is situated in the vicinity of the historic Church of St. Lawrence in Vantaa.

The old stone church with its bell tower remain the dominant features in the landscape. The chapel has been divided in smaller parts to adapt with the scale of the surroundings. The stacked stone walls of the cemetery are echoed in the design－a series of three chapels of different sizes are nested within orthogonal masonry walls.

The building uses similar materials as the old structures in the area: rendered brickwork, natural stone, patinated copper sheet and mesh. The partition walls are in-situ cast white concrete. The lifespan target for the chapel is two hundred years. An open art competition was scheduled before the final construction documents were drafted, so that the art could be integrated as a seamless part of the architecture.

Space for Grief

The chapel is designed to assist the mourner,giving space for grief. The people attending the funeral follow a silent route through a series of sacral spaces, punctuated by intermediate rooms.The intermediate spaces prepare the visitors for the next phase of the funeral. The whitewashed masonry walls and a continuous skylight next to it lead from one space to the next, from the low and dark to the lofty and light.

2 總平面/Site plan

3 外景/Exterior views（攝影/Photos: KUVIO）

Path, a Symbolic Route

The chapel's architecture is a depiction of the passage of a Christian soul from here to the hereafter.

We approach alongside the outer wall. The wall and the bell tower at its end speak of the earthbound journey and its ending. We turn the corner and, sheltered by an overhang, follow the wall, to a small courtyard－a small pond, with natural stones at its bottom.

We enter a dimly lit lobby with a low ceiling,we can glimpse the entrance court and the old garden of the vicarage behind us. Here it is possible to stop for a moment and reflect on the experiences and life shared with the deceased.

We follow the skylight to the chapel. The chapel opens up, a high space terminating in the brightly lit junction of the masonry wall, where the deceased will be met by the mourners. The wall towards the graveyard is semi transparent, glazed with a patinated copper mesh on either side, a screen between this life and the hereafter. From the chapel we exit, through a small garden, to the graveyard.The path turns－but continues.□

4 外景/Exterior views（攝影/Photos: KUVIO）

5 外景/Exterior views（攝影/Photos: KUVIO）

6 外景/Exterior views（攝影/Photos: KUVIO）

獲獎情況/Competition: 2003年公開建筑競賽一等獎/Open architecture competition, 1st prize, 2003

竣工時間/Year of Completion: 2010

建筑面積/Gross Area: 1 879m2

造價/Total Cost: €10M

業(yè)主/Client: Vantaa Parish Union

助理/Assistants: Felix Laitinen, Tommi Tuokkola,Jonna K?ppi, Piotr Gniewek, Asami Naito

室內(nèi)設(shè)計/Interior Designer: Avanto Architects Ltd/Kai Korhonen

景觀設(shè)計/Landscape Architect: Landscape Architects Byman Ruokonen Ltd / Eva Byman, Niina Strengell

結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計/Structural Design: R J Heiskanen Engineers Ltd / Kari Toitturi, Helena Lomperi

暖通設(shè)計/HVAC Design: Leo Maaskola Engineers Ltd/Jukka Sainio, Esa Leino

電氣設(shè)計/Electric Design: Veikko Vahvaselk? Engineers Ltd/Rauno Nyblom, Lassi Jalava

燈光設(shè)計/Lighting Design: Tülay Schakir

聲學(xué)設(shè)計/Acoustic Design: Akukon Ltd/Olli Salmensaari

織物設(shè)計/Textile Design: Avanto Architects Ltd

總承包商/Prime Contractor: Rakennuspartio Ltd

電氣制造/Electric Contractor: Lassila & Tikanoja Ltd/Building Services/Electric Services

暖通制造/HVAC Contractor: S?hk?peko Etel?-Suomi Ltd

藝術(shù)家/Artists: Petti Kukkonen, Pekka Jylh?

景觀制造/Landcape Contractor: Lemmink?inen Ltd and Suomen Graniittikeskus Ltd

7 首層平面/Ground floor plan

8 地下層平面/Basement plan

9 北立面/North elevation

10 西立面/West elevation

11 剖面/Sections

12 剖面/Sections

13 東立面/Eest elevation

14 南立面/South elevation

15 院落草圖/Courtyard sketch

16 入口/Entrance

17 大廳/Lobby

18 走廊/Corridor（16－18攝影/Photos: Tuomas Uusheimo）

19 大型禮拜堂草圖/Large chapel sketch

20 中型禮拜堂/Middle chapel

21 大型禮拜堂/Large chapel（20、21攝影/Photos: Tuomas Uusheimo）

22 禮拜堂內(nèi)的藝術(shù)雕塑/Sculptures in the chapel（攝影/Photos: Minna Hopia）

23 禮拜堂內(nèi)的藝術(shù)雕塑/Sculptures in the chapel（攝影/Photos: Minna Hopia）

24 禮拜堂內(nèi)的藝術(shù)雕塑/Sculptures in the chapel（攝影/Photos: Minna Hopia）

25 小型禮拜堂/Small chapel（攝影/Photo: Tuomas Uusheimo）