無(wú)錫大劇院，無(wú)錫，中國(guó)

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：薩米寧建筑師事務(wù)所

ARCHITECTS: PES-Architects

2011年底開(kāi)業(yè)的無(wú)錫大劇院是芬蘭建筑師在中國(guó)設(shè)計(jì)的大工程的范例。大劇院的建筑設(shè)計(jì)，以及包括從功能方案到室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)、景觀設(shè)計(jì)、主體鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、劇院技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)和照明、聲學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)等的整體概念設(shè)計(jì)都是由薩米寧建筑事務(wù)所的團(tuán)隊(duì)及其中方合作伙伴一起完成的。劇院的總建筑面積為7.8萬(wàn)m2。

2008年，佩卡·薩米寧教授和建筑師托馬斯·西維諾寧在無(wú)錫大劇院的受邀國(guó)際建筑設(shè)計(jì)競(jìng)賽中獲得了一等獎(jiǎng)。

無(wú)錫大劇院的主要構(gòu)思來(lái)自其地理位置：劇院選址在太湖北岸地區(qū)的人造半島上，附近有一座公路大橋。該位置決定了大劇院將成為重要的地標(biāo)建筑。在造型上，建筑將如同巨大的雕像一般從基地高度逐步升起到50m高處。建筑的8個(gè)巨大的屋頂如翅膀般遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)伸出外墻，讓劇院看起來(lái)像一只蝴蝶或8片巨大的樹(shù)葉，大屋頂同時(shí)也有利于阻擋陽(yáng)光的熱量進(jìn)入室內(nèi)。

建筑包括一個(gè)1 680座的主歌劇廳和一個(gè)較小的700座綜合演出廳。主廳是供京劇和西方歌劇表演用的，但也能作為高品質(zhì)的音樂(lè)廳使用。此外，也可供會(huì)議或舞蹈表演之用。

主廳的聲學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)根據(jù)最新的歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采用了1.7s的混響時(shí)間和可變聲學(xué)系統(tǒng)，能根據(jù)表演需要變更設(shè)置。

副廳主要供室內(nèi)聲樂(lè)表演和戲劇表演使用，也可以兼做多功能廳，用于時(shí)裝表演等。

兩個(gè)音樂(lè)廳均采用了國(guó)際最先進(jìn)的劇院技術(shù)。

歌劇廳內(nèi)包括一個(gè)主舞臺(tái)、后臺(tái)、3個(gè)側(cè)舞臺(tái)、若干間排練室和設(shè)備用房。將來(lái)廳內(nèi)將能容納正式的室內(nèi)歌劇演出，并因此成為中國(guó)最先進(jìn)的歌劇演出大廳。

功能布局上的一個(gè)重要特征是將主入口大廳設(shè)置在了6m高的景觀平臺(tái)上。這個(gè)中央大廳將建筑分為兩部分：位于5片屋頂翼之下的主歌劇廳和位于3片屋頂翼之下的綜合演出廳。在臨太湖一側(cè)也有一個(gè)通往中央大廳的入口，該入口使用大面積的玻璃幕墻，并面向湖面開(kāi)敞。

以鋼之翼為概念的光學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)由上千只LED燈組成。因?yàn)樵阡撘硐聜?cè)包裹了穿孔鋁板，這些燈可以讓鋼翼根據(jù)表演的性質(zhì)變換顏色。

另一個(gè)特別之處在于由50根光之柱形成的“森林”。光柱從主入口的廣場(chǎng)開(kāi)始，支撐起中央大廳的屋頂，并通過(guò)沿湖側(cè)的入口延伸至湖中。這些高9m、直徑75cm的圓形光柱外側(cè)覆蓋著玻璃板，半透明的玻璃板后裝有LED燈。每一條屋頂翼的前緣都略微彎曲向上，讓總體造型看起來(lái)更優(yōu)雅，也更接近傳統(tǒng)中國(guó)建筑的感覺(jué)。

室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)采用了西方當(dāng)代風(fēng)格，但建筑中仍有一處非常具有中國(guó)特色的地方：所有的木質(zhì)材料都使用了竹材。竹子是古今都非常常用的地方建材，最近中國(guó)還開(kāi)發(fā)出了竹子加工的新技術(shù)。

這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)讓主歌劇廳實(shí)現(xiàn)了所有墻面上使用約8cm厚的竹塊（高10cm，長(zhǎng)90cm）貼面，共用了2萬(wàn)塊面材，且每塊各不相同。這些材料使用竹加工的最先進(jìn)技術(shù)，采用數(shù)控切割和組裝工藝制成。此外，在綜合演出廳、VIP和排練室中也用多種方式使用了竹制材料。

在公共區(qū)域中，竹材則和具有西方設(shè)計(jì)感的材料，例如可麗耐（Corian）復(fù)合材料和不銹鋼等結(jié)合起來(lái)使用。

此外，劇院還采用了一項(xiàng)具有芬蘭特色的材料，即劇院觀眾大廳沿湖一側(cè)的弧形墻上經(jīng)過(guò)特別設(shè)計(jì)的玻璃磚?！酰ㄋ抉R蕾 譯）

1 草圖/Sketch

1 草圖/Sketch

2 外景/Exterior view

Opening of Wuxi Grand Theatre at the end of 2011 will be a large scale example of Finnish design in China. It is not only question of architecture,but the whole concept from functional program to interior design, landscape design, main steel structure, theatre technology, lighting and acoustical design are made by PES-Architects' team,together with their Chinese partners. The total floor are a of the building is 78 000m2.

In 2008 Professor Pekka Salminen and Architect Tuomas Silvennoinen won the first prize in the invited international architectural competition for Wuxi Grand Theatre.

The main idea of Wuxi Grand Theatre is based on its location: the manmade peninsula on the northern shore area of Taihu Lake and the highway bridge nearby. Due to this location the building will be an impressive landmark, rising like a big sculpture from the terraced base up to a total height of 50 meters. Its eight gigantic roof wings stretch far over the facades, giving the building a character of a butterfly or eight big leaves, while protecting the building from the heat of the sun.

The building includes the Main Opera Hall with 1680 seats and the smaller Comprehensive Performance Hall with 700 seats. The main hall is designed for Chinese and Western opera performances, but it can also function as a high quality concert hall. Other possible functions are conferences and dance performances.

The acoustics of this main hall will be according to latest European standards with reverberation time 1,7 seconds and variable acoustics, according to needs of the performances.

The smaller hall is for chamber music and theatre performances, as well as for other multipurpose functions like fashion shows etc.

Both performance halls are designed according to highest international standards in theatre technology.

The Opera Hall with a main stage, back stage and three other side stages, many rehearsal rooms and workshops, allow a full scale in-house opera production in the future, thus being the most modern opera performance hall in China.

An important layout feature is that the main entrance lobby is located on the upper level of 6 m high landscape terraces. This central lobby divides the building in two parts: five wings covering the Main Opera Hall and three wings covering the Comprehensive Performance Hall. There is also a lakeside entrance to the central lobby area, which opens to the lake with a big glass wall.

The lighting concept of the steel wings comprises of thousands of LED lights inside of them. This makes it possible to change the colour of the wings according to the character of the performances etc.This is possible, because the undersides of the wings are covered by perforated aluminium panels.

Another special feature is the "forest" of 50 light columns, which start from the main entrance square, support the roof of the central lobby and continue outside of the lakeside entrance until the lake. These round light columns, 75cm diameter and 9 m high, are covered by glass sheets and LED lights behind the opaque glass.

The front edge of each roof wing is slightly curved upwards, which give more elegant overall image for the whole building, but also refers to traditional Chinese architecture.

The interior design follows mainly contemporary western style. Anyhow there is one very strong Chinese feature throughout the building: all wood used is bamboo. This is both traditional and modern Chinese material, because recently a new technology of using bamboo has been developed in China.

This has made it possible that all walls in the Main Opera Hall are covered by ca 8cm thick and heavy bamboo blocks (10 cm high, 90 cm long) altogether 20 000 pieces, each different.Most advanced technology in bamboo production,CNC cutting and assembling has been used.Bamboo is also used in many different ways in the Comprehensive Performance Hall, in the VIP and rehearsal rooms etc. Bamboo is combined in public areas with western high design products, like Corian composite material and stainless steel.

There is also one material with a Finnish character, namely specially designed glass tiles covering the curved wall of the opera auditorium in the lakeside lobby.□ (Pekka Salminen)

3 總平面/Site plan

4 外景/Exterior view

建筑設(shè)計(jì)/Architects: PES建筑師事務(wù)所赫爾辛基－

上海設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/PES-Architects Design Team, Helsinki-Shanghai

負(fù)責(zé)建筑師/Architect in Charge: Pekka Salminen

合作者/Collaborators: Tuomas Silvennoinen(Partner),Martin Lukasczyk(Project manager), Elina Modeen, Lailinli, Kai Lindvall, Matti Haaramo(steel structure), Harri Ripatti (ecology), Gretel Hemg?rd (landscape),Henrik M?ller & Eckhard Kahle(acoustics), Roope Siiroinen (lighting)

當(dāng)?shù)睾献髡?Local Partners:上海建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院/Shanghai Institute of Architectural Design and

Research Co; 蘇州金螳螂建筑裝飾股份有限公司/Gold Mantis, Suzhou;上海聯(lián)創(chuàng)建筑設(shè)計(jì)有限公司/United Design Group Co UDG, Shanghai

業(yè)主/Client: Office for the Important Urban Projects in Wuxi /FAN Chunyu, ZHOU Jian

競(jìng)賽時(shí)間/Competition: 2008

建造時(shí)間/Date of Construction: 2009－2011

總建筑面積/Total Floor Area: 78 000 m2

攝影/Photos: Martin Lukasczyk

5 +6m標(biāo)高平面/Plan +6m level

6 西立面/West elevation

8 南立面/South elevation

9 剖面B-B/Section B-B

10 天花反射板/Ceiling reflector

11 主音樂(lè)廳（建設(shè)中）/Main auditorium(under construction)

12 竹表面/Bamboo

13 內(nèi)景渲染/Interior view rendering

14 綜合演出大廳（建設(shè)中）/Comprehensive performance hall(under construction)