設(shè)計(jì)大禮

安提·諾斯約基/Antti Nousjoki

1 埃斯波醫(yī)院設(shè)計(jì)/Espoo Hospital Proposal, K2S Architects

靈感

在最近出版的《解決方案：芬蘭》一書中，芬蘭建筑師馬蒂·卡利亞拉及其合著者向人們展示了有力的證據(jù)，說明芬蘭的意識(shí)形態(tài)如何在充滿挑戰(zhàn)的環(huán)境中尋求生存，并向當(dāng)前的主流社會(huì)妥協(xié)，逐漸失去創(chuàng)新精神。這就需要一種新的國家項(xiàng)目以延續(xù)從上世紀(jì)四五十年代開始的戰(zhàn)后重建工作。

丹麥的建筑明星比亞克·因格爾斯已經(jīng)詳盡闡述了斯堪的納維亞應(yīng)當(dāng)如何成為世界上其他國家的建筑實(shí)驗(yàn)室，這是一個(gè)穩(wěn)定、干凈的地方，可以進(jìn)行新觀念、新方法的測試，之后再輸出到更具有活力的其他環(huán)境中。或許，我們可以將這些做法與新國家項(xiàng)目的探索聯(lián)系起來？

為了向中國讀者解釋芬蘭建筑，我決定設(shè)定一個(gè)場景，假設(shè)芬蘭建筑能設(shè)計(jì)夠作為一種出口產(chǎn)品，可以買賣……或者捐獻(xiàn)。這個(gè)虛構(gòu)場景的主意能讓人更好地理解是什么使芬蘭建筑如此特別。

設(shè)計(jì)大禮

芬蘭的政界人物在與外國高官閑聊的時(shí)候普遍都有（大多時(shí)候并非自然而然）談?wù)摻ㄖO(shè)計(jì)話題的習(xí)慣。像2012年的“世界設(shè)計(jì)之都赫爾辛基”這樣的設(shè)計(jì)活動(dòng)，就旨在向海外宣傳國家形象，并制造一些向外國賓客展示和談?wù)摰膬?nèi)容。

當(dāng)賓客們離開之后，實(shí)際上支持強(qiáng)大建筑理念的興趣就變得沒多少了：更容易把設(shè)計(jì)當(dāng)作多余的東西。最近，K2S建筑師事務(wù)所在埃斯波醫(yī)院設(shè)計(jì)大賽中獲勝，這在芬蘭醫(yī)療建筑支持我們的公共醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)方面是一個(gè)很大的飛躍。設(shè)計(jì)改變了醫(yī)院原有的狀態(tài)，不再只是收容（偶爾治療）病患，多數(shù)是老年人，試圖令巨大的醫(yī)院呈現(xiàn)出村莊式的狀態(tài)，擁有具人文氣質(zhì)的環(huán)境。這不僅能夠改善老年人生命最終時(shí)刻的質(zhì)量，還能增強(qiáng)醫(yī)療能力。

然而，在建筑設(shè)計(jì)大獎(jiǎng)發(fā)放之后，所有一切似乎突然變得多余起來。作為芬蘭第二大城市的埃斯波，其政界人物開始轉(zhuǎn)身指責(zé)該設(shè)計(jì)為“花朵形狀的景觀”，可以簡單地采用“普通的”建筑物予以代替，這樣一來，用不多的費(fèi)用就能解決預(yù)算問題，但這種想法將會(huì)徹底地扼殺建筑設(shè)計(jì)方面的創(chuàng)意。

中國已經(jīng)成為了芬蘭政客們所關(guān)注的地方，他們?cè)噲D在中國依靠自身影響力來振興經(jīng)濟(jì)。每周都有各種級(jí)別的代表團(tuán)前往日新月異的上海和北京進(jìn)行參觀。甚至芬蘭的總統(tǒng)也參與到出口貿(mào)易之中，率領(lǐng)出口代表團(tuán)與中國當(dāng)?shù)氐念I(lǐng)導(dǎo)洽談。禮尚往來是各國的傳統(tǒng)，芬蘭設(shè)計(jì)于政治而言亦是一項(xiàng)不錯(cuò)的選擇。如果有那么一項(xiàng)重大的貿(mào)易機(jī)會(huì)，涉及中國政府高層，比如，改善火力發(fā)電技術(shù)以便減排，或芬蘭的武器，亦或，一份將載入史冊(cè)的設(shè)計(jì)禮物，則又如何？

如果芬蘭總統(tǒng)愿意向中國捐獻(xiàn)芬蘭建筑師一整年的工作怎么樣？

數(shù)量

芬蘭建筑師協(xié)會(huì)（SAFA）擁有3 100名正式會(huì)員。另外，在芬蘭，還有大約500名未注冊(cè)但具有資質(zhì)的建筑師。在這3 600名建筑師中，由于個(gè)人原因或身體原因，我們會(huì)留下其中的500名——有些從業(yè)人士年事已高，且早在以往的芬蘭國家項(xiàng)目中揮灑過他們的青春。

這些留在國內(nèi)的建筑師可以守住我們自己的后院，以防外國建筑師乘虛而入。協(xié)會(huì)的資深成員對(duì)于那些在芬蘭久負(fù)盛名的外國建筑師而言是非?；钴S的競爭對(duì)手。他們之間的競爭可以追述到上個(gè)世紀(jì)90年代，他們?cè)谒沟傥摹せ魻栕罱K獲勝的奇亞斯瑪現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館設(shè)計(jì)競賽中鎩羽而歸，但是，近年來，這些老將成功地抵制了赫爾辛基市中心由赫爾佐格與德梅隆建筑事務(wù)所設(shè)計(jì)的酒店項(xiàng)目。

3100名具有資質(zhì)的專業(yè)建筑師將前往中國工作，但工作時(shí)間應(yīng)當(dāng)按照芬蘭的慣例安排，每天7.5個(gè)小時(shí)，每周工作5天，除公共節(jié)假日（每年平均為8個(gè)工作日）之外還享有5周的帶薪假日。建筑師平均的病假時(shí)間為5天。從而每一位建筑師在一整年中將貢獻(xiàn)1 665個(gè)小時(shí)的工作時(shí)間，共計(jì)51.65萬小時(shí)。

團(tuán)隊(duì)將以芬蘭的方式開展中國項(xiàng)目的工作。這就是說，平均每1.5小時(shí)就有1m2的建筑成果產(chǎn)出，產(chǎn)生的完整設(shè)計(jì)資料總計(jì)占地34.41萬m2。

這些相當(dāng)于10座35層高的辦公大樓。

突然間，這大禮看起來不那么令人吃驚了。這份大禮是如此的珍貴、特別，其中正體現(xiàn)著世界上芬蘭建筑的現(xiàn)狀：存世之作寥寥無幾。為了最大化地體現(xiàn)出這份饋禮的價(jià)值，我們必須更加注重于標(biāo)新立異，而不是將那些頻臨滅絕的北極圈生物投入到無足輕重的大型項(xiàng)目之中。如果這些建筑師花上一整年的時(shí)間對(duì)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，讓我們看看這份大禮能帶來些什么。

環(huán)境條件

雖然芬蘭的建筑師大都思想開放，對(duì)大多數(shù)文化都充滿好奇，但如果從1月1日起能為他們提供一種倍感舒適的工作環(huán)境的話，對(duì)雙方而言都將是大有裨益的。請(qǐng)記住，我們需要工作50萬個(gè)小時(shí)。鄰近南海的海濱地區(qū)的條件比較適宜：芬蘭人在國外旅行的時(shí)候，他們一般都著迷于溫和的氣候。而對(duì)于團(tuán)隊(duì)建設(shè)和休閑消遣而言，揚(yáng)帆航海則是必不可少，畢竟按照芬蘭的工作時(shí)間安排，那些未曾攜帶家眷來此工作的專家人員的空閑時(shí)間通常頗多。

每位建筑師的居住面積最低不得少于30m2，這也是赫爾辛基的平均住房密度。則共計(jì)應(yīng)為9.3萬m2的居住面積，一般戶型即可，盡量避免采用芬蘭的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)，因?yàn)榉姨m建筑師（其他各地的建筑師也一樣）出門在外時(shí)不太喜歡那種仿佛又回到家里的感覺。在一棟雙層濱海小樓、或帶有后花園的4層聯(lián)排別墅、或任何高于16層的公寓之中度過一年的時(shí)光，將成為歸國之后向親戚朋友夸耀的人生資本。

工作環(huán)境的方案可能更加的直截了當(dāng)。芬蘭辦公大樓的平均指標(biāo)是每個(gè)員工25m2，這對(duì)于那些謙遜而且勤勞的建筑師而言已經(jīng)足夠。按照這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，需要在新商業(yè)區(qū)中租下62層高的共計(jì)7.75萬m2的辦公大樓。芬蘭建筑師大樓或簡稱FAT，將成為中國開發(fā)商競相爭奪的目標(biāo)。而且對(duì)于海外不動(dòng)產(chǎn)的租賃情況而言，芬蘭政府的口碑一向良好。

社交生活

除了航海之外，還可以為參與設(shè)計(jì)大禮的各位提供一些其他的社交活動(dòng)。一間簡樸低調(diào)的酒吧將是建筑師們工作之余的討論場所，那里該布置著粗野的新原始風(fēng)格裝飾、配有脾氣暴躁且派不上用場的服務(wù)員，每晚都開業(yè)到凌晨3點(diǎn)。午餐則是尤為重要：在工作日期間，要有不同的日間營業(yè)餐廳向志趣相投的參與者提供多種選擇，以確保合理膳食。

如果中餐理想的話，相信沒有建筑師會(huì)懷念芬蘭菜的。他們剛接觸到卡拉OK的時(shí)候可能會(huì)覺得有些可笑，但是不久之后他們就全情投入了（有時(shí)技術(shù)還不錯(cuò)），在這做項(xiàng)目的一年里，他們還希望憑借這個(gè)東西與當(dāng)?shù)厝私⑵鹩颜x。

芬蘭建筑事務(wù)所間的足球聯(lián)賽將在海外舉行，事務(wù)所主管將會(huì)被暫時(shí)降級(jí)而不再像在國內(nèi)一樣自動(dòng)出線。設(shè)計(jì)大禮將開啟一個(gè)嶄新的賽季：一整年，全新的組織結(jié)構(gòu)，并且機(jī)會(huì)均等。

將芬蘭的建筑師分為具體的團(tuán)隊(duì)和工作小組，體現(xiàn)他們的績效。

團(tuán)隊(duì)1：策劃師

政府將精挑細(xì)選出一批建筑師負(fù)責(zé)一整年工作的策劃和系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)。從國內(nèi)緊張的政治氣氛中解放出來，這些以制定政策、憤世嫉俗、一無是處的人物將把設(shè)計(jì)大禮的成果攬到自己身上，準(zhǔn)備展示一些幻燈片來說明創(chuàng)新的設(shè)計(jì)革命不過是一些瑣碎的基礎(chǔ)工作的延續(xù)以及表面政策而已。

雖然這一切都取決于政府選拔人才的悟性，但多少還是會(huì)帶來一些進(jìn)步。設(shè)計(jì)大禮需要的是一種絕殺的表現(xiàn)能力以及大眾化的概念：真正的策劃師可以為整個(gè)活動(dòng)提供宣傳并指引方向。這種獨(dú)特的安排應(yīng)當(dāng)采用最聰明的做法，無須以公式化的限制或是遵循保守的策略。

2 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施/Infra: 奧塔涅米地下車站/Otaniemi Underground Station,ALA Architects & Esa Piironen Architects

策劃師將占據(jù)FAT的一層樓，將為此舉辦一場國際室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)大賽，經(jīng)費(fèi)由芬蘭獨(dú)立基金會(huì)——芬蘭國家研發(fā)基金（Sitra）承辦，這一層的大部分最終使用者都會(huì)是他們的人。

團(tuán)隊(duì)2：規(guī)劃師

芬蘭最大的建筑事務(wù)所是一家公共市政機(jī)構(gòu)：赫爾辛基城市規(guī)劃辦公室。其中1/20的建筑師都將前往中國工作，但是按照（法律）規(guī)定，他們將不得設(shè)計(jì)人居類建筑。而實(shí)際上，他們所從事的市鎮(zhèn)詳細(xì)規(guī)劃工作與建筑類設(shè)計(jì)工作非常類似。

其他的芬蘭城市規(guī)劃師為私人事務(wù)所工作，大多負(fù)責(zé)赫爾辛基市之外的規(guī)劃活動(dòng)，其中大多數(shù)人將嚴(yán)格地一個(gè)項(xiàng)目接一個(gè)項(xiàng)目地做下去。芬蘭的規(guī)劃看起來就像是一場與開發(fā)商玩的游戲，在概念上通常比較薄弱，其專注的依然是那些老一套的實(shí)用參數(shù)，鮮有雄心壯志。

3 規(guī)劃/Planning: Kalastama 商業(yè)區(qū)/Kalastama Business District,H& Co Architects

在中國，規(guī)劃團(tuán)隊(duì)可以輕松地在這12個(gè)月內(nèi)安排好研討會(huì)，并為上海外灘照相取景。因此，最好是為他們安排一個(gè)清晰的實(shí)際項(xiàng)目：任命其為華北新居住項(xiàng)目的質(zhì)量檢測員，該地區(qū)的氣候和日照情況與芬蘭的情況極為相似。

芬蘭的規(guī)劃機(jī)器將會(huì)提交幾萬頁的評(píng)述以及針對(duì)總體規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)提案的批評(píng)意見，對(duì)于所挑選的場地的光照、公寓功能、停車場排布、人行道和自行車道、公共空間以及與表面的歷史和周圍環(huán)境因素的契合程度方面的問題開展一次全面的質(zhì)量審查。芬蘭的規(guī)劃師將會(huì)非常有助于清除惡劣的非人道的居住區(qū)域，比如，規(guī)格太低的社會(huì)住宅或工人駐扎區(qū)。

規(guī)劃師可能會(huì)要求提供一座供其工作的大樓，對(duì)于他們而言，那些“假古董”模樣的城市中心將是個(gè)不錯(cuò)的選擇。作為補(bǔ)償，總統(tǒng)將FAT的最上面的6層都劃留給他們，他們可以在這些房間里面堆上積滿灰塵的場地模型，因?yàn)樗麄兺ǔ?huì)前往距“假古董”市中心不遠(yuǎn)處的會(huì)議室參加研討會(huì)。

團(tuán)隊(duì)3：基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施專家

芬蘭的建筑事務(wù)所通常不大，每個(gè)大公司只有10－50名建筑師。而與之相反，芬蘭的建筑工程公司卻要大很多，它們與許多國際企業(yè)集團(tuán)都建立了良好的網(wǎng)絡(luò)互動(dòng)關(guān)系。在大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目上，它們通常會(huì)到那些更注重技術(shù)的工作室尋找設(shè)計(jì)合作伙伴。事務(wù)所的規(guī)模大小也決定了設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格的多樣性。在最新的赫爾辛基至埃斯波的地下擴(kuò)建工程中，我們就根據(jù)需要將站點(diǎn)的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)分配給了7家不同的事務(wù)所，其中沒有任何一家事務(wù)所的規(guī)模大到足以獨(dú)立承擔(dān)所有站點(diǎn)的設(shè)計(jì)。

雖然，與中國的項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)模相比，我們的這次大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目協(xié)同設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)歷猶如滄海一粟，不值一提，但是，我們也有我們的優(yōu)勢，我們?cè)谠O(shè)計(jì)中添加了不少實(shí)用元素，比如，我們的設(shè)計(jì)充分利用了有限資源，使生態(tài)環(huán)境更容易實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。與此同時(shí)，我們還有大批擅長工業(yè)和能源生產(chǎn)建設(shè)，甚至核電設(shè)計(jì)的建筑師。

設(shè)計(jì)大禮基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施團(tuán)隊(duì)不只涉足那些資源極度匱乏的城市運(yùn)輸或服務(wù)系統(tǒng)，他們還會(huì)將在這片土地上遇到的無數(shù)技術(shù)和物流挑戰(zhàn)當(dāng)成一項(xiàng)長期工作來研討。除中國自己開展的大型項(xiàng)目外，他們可以從芬蘭國內(nèi)邀請(qǐng)一些不錯(cuò)的交通規(guī)劃師（非建筑行業(yè)的）為中國的某些二級(jí)城市的公共交通運(yùn)輸提供即時(shí)的（彈出式）輕量級(jí)解決方案。

基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施團(tuán)隊(duì)可以在芬蘭建筑師大樓的地下室工作。

團(tuán)隊(duì)4：商業(yè)建筑師

在澳門賭場或亞洲大型購物中心的設(shè)計(jì)上，芬蘭商業(yè)建筑師還從未有過任何成績。雖然芬蘭人在對(duì)購物中心和私家車的依賴程度上更甚于中歐人，但是在設(shè)計(jì)商業(yè)建筑時(shí)，芬蘭建筑師似乎仍然有些局促不安。購物中心的建筑風(fēng)格稍顯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)和枯燥，這就需要在主要零售中心的設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格上添加一種高端品牌奧特萊斯所具有的氛圍。

當(dāng)然，這種設(shè)計(jì)趨勢可以明顯消除人們心中認(rèn)為城市中心區(qū)域不夠美觀的觀念，但是，這也在很大程度上影響了芬蘭建筑的整體設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格，如果連購物中心都需要設(shè)計(jì)得如此拘謹(jǐn)冷靜，那么辦公樓要多嚴(yán)肅，公共建筑又該是什么樣？在芬蘭，有這么一則老笑話，說的是建筑師總把灰色當(dāng)彩色用，可這正是悲哀的現(xiàn)實(shí)。

芬蘭商業(yè)建筑師在中國工作的這一年將成為他們擺脫可悲命運(yùn)的一年。200位專業(yè)的商業(yè)建筑師將受聘于一家做事更為嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)闹袊徫镏行拈_發(fā)商，針對(duì)亞洲購物體驗(yàn)的影響力和魅力進(jìn)行全面分析。他們將通過參觀制造效果燈光、瀑布、噴泉、室內(nèi)裝飾和塑料叢林的工廠來奠定設(shè)計(jì)基調(diào)。

芬蘭建筑師大樓的最下面4層（有自動(dòng)扶梯、中間有中庭），商業(yè)建筑師們將在這里最終呈現(xiàn)出異于托兒所和小教堂的設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格。

團(tuán)隊(duì)5：辦公樓設(shè)計(jì)師

芬蘭和中國的辦公樓在規(guī)模上存在天壤之別。僅位于北京的中央電視臺(tái)大樓的面積就相當(dāng)于全盛之年赫爾辛基全年的辦公建筑建設(shè)總量。小規(guī)模就意味著小型建筑。在芬蘭不存在摩天大樓，即使是20層－40層高的普通高層辦公樓也沒有。

荷蘭建筑師就已證明，他們可以將有限的范圍和規(guī)模轉(zhuǎn)變成優(yōu)勢，設(shè)計(jì)出一種新型的辦公大樓，探索出一種新型辦公大樓建筑模式。因此，這并不是芬蘭所特有的設(shè)計(jì)模式。事實(shí)上，在設(shè)計(jì)辦公大樓時(shí)應(yīng)該盡量用柔和的方式展現(xiàn)其雅致的一面，而不是突顯其呆板、平凡的一面。

幫助這些在中國工作的芬蘭辦公樓設(shè)計(jì)師尋找到自己相應(yīng)的位置，將有助于該戰(zhàn)略團(tuán)隊(duì)的協(xié)作與運(yùn)行。通過與芬蘭革新和重復(fù)利用專家的合作，他們可以尋找到更加合適的工業(yè)空間并可以將它們轉(zhuǎn)化成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的辦公場所。但是，你為什么想那么做呢？為現(xiàn)有建筑打造質(zhì)樸的粗狂之美可是中國建筑師的拿手好戲。

團(tuán)隊(duì)6：住宅設(shè)計(jì)師

到目前為止，住宅建筑師是芬蘭建筑師設(shè)計(jì)大禮團(tuán)隊(duì)最大的一部分，他們已經(jīng)預(yù)料到會(huì)十分艱苦地工作，因而結(jié)成了深厚的友誼。由于在一棟新的住宅建筑物上，房產(chǎn)中介掙的錢通常是建筑師的4倍，所以，微薄的收入經(jīng)常讓建筑師無奈地重復(fù)工作并形成壓抑緊張的氛圍。依次由規(guī)劃人員、開發(fā)商和建筑師自身提出的嚴(yán)格的類型限制將設(shè)計(jì)范圍縮小為一系列選項(xiàng)，在這個(gè)范圍之外，優(yōu)化方案會(huì)被一次次地剔除。對(duì)計(jì)劃中被浪費(fèi)的空間，大家都很憤怒：處于同等經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的其他國家相比，（芬蘭的）公寓十分狹小，所以每1m2都必須物盡其用。

在中國的這一年，住宅建筑師們是否會(huì)解除限制呢？還是再制定一套類似的限制規(guī)定？芬蘭的住宅設(shè)計(jì)師會(huì)認(rèn)為大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)（設(shè)計(jì)和施工）是理所當(dāng)然的，他們是否會(huì)一開始反對(duì)高層建筑而隨后又屈服于游戲規(guī)則，迅速地制造出一大批住宅設(shè)計(jì)文件呢？那這還有什么區(qū)別嗎？

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的芬蘭公寓建筑的設(shè)計(jì)通常會(huì)隱藏內(nèi)部的重復(fù)和對(duì)稱。即使是最少量的重復(fù)和對(duì)稱也很容易被認(rèn)為是不合乎人性的、需要用“戶型排布”來打破。因此，芬蘭幾乎沒有優(yōu)美的嚴(yán)格重復(fù)的新城市住宅建筑，并且設(shè)計(jì)工作似乎是在錯(cuò)誤地將龐大的公寓偽裝成大型別墅。

因此，項(xiàng)目可能會(huì)是這樣：忽略高度、密度和功效，并設(shè)計(jì)一些真正的私人別墅，而不是將北歐模式的住房引入中國郊區(qū)，讓我們?yōu)楦鲀r(jià)格水平的新的一體式住宅制定全面的計(jì)劃，并且從當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)中吸收精華，對(duì)后現(xiàn)代主義不要太在意，從而形成一套智慧型工具重建中國社區(qū)。

從當(dāng)?shù)夭牧系慕嵌瘸霭l(fā)進(jìn)行的設(shè)計(jì)，在芬蘭我們用的是石頭：當(dāng)?shù)氐氖^、竹子、陶瓷——并利用中國驚人的生產(chǎn)制造能力：定制鋁材，提高建筑外殼在炎熱氣候和寒冷氣候下的性能，并完善可被住戶支持、采納和再利用的結(jié)構(gòu)。

芬蘭建筑師對(duì)于如何改進(jìn)小規(guī)模住宅建筑有許多想法，但是這已經(jīng)嚴(yán)格限制了客戶和實(shí)施的范圍。在一年時(shí)間內(nèi)，他們會(huì)在實(shí)際生活中檢驗(yàn)他們的夢(mèng)想并在施工方面進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新，而不只是在遵守規(guī)則方面進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新。

住宅設(shè)計(jì)師會(huì)占領(lǐng)FAT的大部分，逐漸將標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的辦公室內(nèi)部變成進(jìn)行一對(duì)一的當(dāng)?shù)夭牧显敿?xì)試驗(yàn)和樣品收集的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。最終，設(shè)計(jì)師們會(huì)完全放棄大樓并設(shè)計(jì)出和大樓差不多的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單元及實(shí)物模型，并去不同的地方進(jìn)行研習(xí)旅行。

在將年度結(jié)果收進(jìn)暢銷書中后，芬蘭住房設(shè)計(jì)之路又會(huì)發(fā)生改變。

團(tuán)隊(duì)7：大師級(jí)人物

公共建筑的建筑工作是適應(yīng)特定地點(diǎn)、特定需求的獨(dú)特創(chuàng)造性工作，不同于普通的解決方案，它的各個(gè)步驟都要委托給最佳的隊(duì)伍：投標(biāo)、競標(biāo)、選拔過程、面試、資格預(yù)審、征求建議書、報(bào)價(jià)、組成多學(xué)科綜合團(tuán)隊(duì)，以及，如果沒有成立委員會(huì)的話，至少還要成立委員會(huì)，這些會(huì)占用大部分頗具才華的建筑師的時(shí)間。

進(jìn)入中國建筑市場的典型的動(dòng)機(jī)，既包含有獨(dú)特創(chuàng)造和事業(yè)野心的驅(qū)使，也有對(duì)資金充足的公共建筑項(xiàng)目的追求。過去10年，這導(dǎo)致了一陣令人沮喪的狂熱，大量皮疹式的虛榮的建筑在中國拔地而起，使很多有勇氣和才華的建成項(xiàng)目與創(chuàng)意聲名狼藉。

用一年時(shí)間來進(jìn)行世界級(jí)的公共建筑的綜合性設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)足夠了，但是要讓施工人員理解熟悉設(shè)計(jì)還不夠，更不要說在中國。設(shè)計(jì)大禮團(tuán)隊(duì)中有在公共建筑類型方面有經(jīng)驗(yàn)并且有才華的設(shè)計(jì)師。學(xué)校、醫(yī)院、機(jī)場、藝術(shù)演出建筑、博物館和宗教建筑都包括特定的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)。這些不是秘密，而且，在中國，具體的咨詢知識(shí)是具備的。

在助長設(shè)計(jì)師及政治家的自負(fù)和職業(yè)發(fā)展之外，中國的公眾和人民需要什么樣的建筑呢？目前的政治體系形成的中國公共領(lǐng)域正在發(fā)展。最擅長小規(guī)模決策和投資的芬蘭團(tuán)隊(duì)的到來，是否會(huì)有什么大的想法，來改變公共項(xiàng)目呢？

在偏離目前的英雄主義建筑氣候的一項(xiàng)史無前例的舉動(dòng)中，設(shè)計(jì)師大禮團(tuán)隊(duì)的公共工程部會(huì)設(shè)立中國社區(qū)在線資源來配置他們的共享空間。這一服務(wù)會(huì)包括共同使用空間的綱領(lǐng)性和功能性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及大眾反饋和討論工具，通過這個(gè)工具，公眾可以對(duì)資源的使用方式、提出功能需求及直接對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)程序進(jìn)行反饋的途徑進(jìn)行投票選擇。

中國建筑師可以在這個(gè)共同開發(fā)的設(shè)計(jì)工具的幫助下設(shè)計(jì)個(gè)別項(xiàng)目。芬蘭設(shè)計(jì)師會(huì)整理出一個(gè)圖解的公共建筑內(nèi)容列表（不同類型的禮堂、圖書館的主要功能元素、博物館的公眾體驗(yàn)和藏品維護(hù)要點(diǎn)，教堂圣壇等），這些都能夠被當(dāng)?shù)氐慕ㄖ熣虾褪褂?。他們有明確的最終建筑理念和表達(dá)，不必拘泥于這些版權(quán)開放的知識(shí)共享，卻能從中受益。

很多西方建筑師寄希望于中國來逃避無休止的民主程序，這些程序會(huì)影響他們的靈感。也許，最后到中國來的芬蘭建筑師會(huì)讓中國公眾了解到這些程序的精華部分。

在FAT大樓的部分樓層里，人們?cè)谘邪l(fā)新的中國公共建筑資源，那里會(huì)成為尋求替代性建筑方法的研究室。大師們，作為一個(gè)高度競爭的群體，內(nèi)部有很多派系并且關(guān)系緊張，今年他們不會(huì)互相競爭，而是一起合作。當(dāng)建筑師們返回芬蘭，這次的經(jīng)歷將會(huì)有助于形成團(tuán)結(jié)的氛圍，并且令人迫切期待產(chǎn)生更多新的建筑設(shè)計(jì)?！酰ㄈ~揚(yáng) 校）

Inspiration

In the recent book "Solutions: Finland", Finnish architect Martti Kalliala and his co-authors present compelling evidence on how the Finnish mentality thrives in challenging conditions and has become somewhat stale in the current comfort society. A new national project is needed in the vein of the postwar rebuilding effort of the forties and fifties.

Danish superstar architect Bjarke Ingels has spoken in length about how Scandinavia could be a design laboratory for the rest of the world, a stable and hygienic place where new concepts and methods could be tested, and then exported to more dynamic surroundings. Maybe this dimension could be combined with the search for a new national project?

In order to explain Finnish architecture to Chinese readers, I decided to formulate a scenario which considers Finnish Architecture as an export commodity, something that could be sold…or donated.The idea is to play with a fictional scenario in order to understand what makes Finnish architecture distinctive.

The Design Present

Finnish politicians typically develop an appetite for architecture and design when needing a subject of small talk (which never comes naturally) with foreign dignitaries. Design events like the Helsinki Design Year 2012 are arranged to develop the nation's brand abroad and to have something to show and to talk about with foreign guests.

When the guests have left, interest in actually supporting strong architectural concepts is rare: it is much easier to deem actual design as an excess.Recent competition winning hospital design in the city of Espoo by K2S Architects was supported as a major leap forward in the way Finnish hospital buildings support our public healthcare system.Instead of a being a straightforward machine for storing (and occasionally curing) sick, mostly old people, the design proposes a mega-hospital as a village-like, humane environment, which could conceivably improve not only the last moments of our senior citizens’ lives, but also contribute to an increased healing capacity.

All of this was suddenly deemed completely unnecessary when the first prizes for the construction and maintenance tender were received. The politicians of Espoo, the second biggest city of Finland, fell over themselves to condemn the design as "flower–shaped spectacle" which could easily be replaced by a "normal" building, solving the budget issue at no great cost, just by completely annihilating all architectural thinking.

China has become a main focus area for Finnish politicians seeking to use their influence to bolster the economy. Delegations of all levels visit the impressive sights of Shanghai and Beijing on a weekly basis. Even the Finnish president is in the export business, participating in export delegations who visit local politicians. Giving gifts is customary,and Finnish design is always a politically correct choice. What if there would be a really significant trade negotiation, involving some top government official from China, on something like efficient coalpower technology to reduce emissions from old plants, or some Finnish weaponry even, and a really impressive gift of design would be needed?

What if the president of Finland would donate a full year of work by all the Finnish architects to China?

The Numbers

The Finnish Association of Architects (SAFA)has about 3 100 full members. In addition there are about 500 non-registered but qualified architects in Finland. Of these 3 600 architects, we would leave 500 at home for personal or medical reasons- a quite few members of the profession are rather old, and have already contributed to the previous national projects of Finland.

The architects left behind will serve a useful purpose of keeping an eye out for any foreign architects trying the exploit the design vacuum created back home. The senior members of the association have been very active opponents of globally renowned architects building in Finland.The campaign against Museum of Contemporary Art "Kiasma" by Steven Holl was unsuccessful in the lean years of the 1990's, but recently the veterans mobilized successfully to repel Herzog and De

Meuron's hotel project in the centre of Helsinki.

The 3 100 qualified, professional architects will work in China but on a Finnish 7,5 hour day,5 days a week, with 5 weeks of paid holidays on top of days off for public holidays which averages 8 working days per year. The architects will also on average take 5 days off for sick leave. This will generate a total of 1 665 annual working hours per architect, and a total gift of 516 500 hours of Finnish architecture.

The team will work in Finnish way but for Chinese projects. This means an average production of one square meter of construction per 1.5 hours of work, and a total output of 344 100m2of completed design documentation.

This equals ten 35-floor office buildings.

Suddenly the present does not look outrageous at all. That is what is so precious and special about Finnish architecture globally: it is so rare it hardly exists. To get the most out of the gift, we have to be more specific, instead of dumping these almost extinct arctic creatures to work on a non-significant,bulk projects. Let's see what the Design Present could do if their one year project was engineered for optimum output.

The Conditions

While Finnish architects are in general an openminded and culturally curious bunch, it would be beneficial to create working conditions where they would feel comfortable from the 1st of January.Remember, we only have a bit over half a million hours to play with. A coastal location near the South China Sea would be optimum: once Finns travel abroad, they are obsessed with temperate climates.And good sailing is essential for teambuilding and relaxation, after all the Finnish working hours generate a lot of free time especially for the professionals whose families have decided not to follow them for the project.

The architects could be conveniently housed in a conservatively designed housing area with 30m2of space per architect, the average housing density in Helsinki. The required 93 000m2could be spread over a few generic but rare-in-Finland typologies,because if there is one thing a Finnish architect(or any architect for that matter) hates, it is being just like everyone else back home. So living a year sharing a duplex with a marina view, a 4-floor townhouse with a back garden, or any apartment higher than 16 floors off the ground would be something to brag about back home.

Working environment solution would be even more straightforward. A Finnish office building has an average efficiency of 25 gross floor meters per worker, and that will suit a humble and hardworking architect just fine. The resulting 77 500m2, 62-floor office tower will be a welcome anchor tenant for a new business park. The Finnish Architects Tower, or FAT, will have Chinese developers fighting over the contract to build it. The Finnish government has a reputation of being a really good tenant for their overseas properties.

Social Life

Besides the sailing a few other social perks should be provided to make the most out of the Design Present year for all parties. A simple,understated bar with a crude neo-primitive decoration and extremely grumpy and unhelpful staff should be open until 3 am on all nights for post-work discussions. Lunch is very important: a selection of different daytime restaurants would allow for a healthy formation of likeminded parties during the working day.

Not one architect would miss Finnish food if serious Chinese cooking would be served. Karaoke would be approached ironically at first, but later embraced with an emotion (and occasionally even skill) that would hopefully lead to relationships and connections with the locals beyond the project year.

The annual football tournament among Finnish architecture offices would be held in exile, with the temporarily demoted office owners not guaranteed an automatic starting role like back home. The Design Present would guarantee a fresh start: a year with new organizational structures and opportunities for all.

By dividing the Finnish architects into specific teams and work groups, the output of the year would start to emerge.

Team 1: Strategists

A few dozens of architects would be hand-picked by the government to formulate the strategic and systemic level of the year's work. Liberated from the political tensions back home, these policyoriented, cynical and largely useless figures would seek to gain credit for all the positive results of the Design Present, readily providing condescending Powerpoints on how the innovative designs were only a trivial continuation of the groundwork and visionary policy provided by them.

Depending on the savvy of the government selectors, some actual intelligent leaps forward could be achieved. The Design Present would need a killer presentation and popular conceptualization:the right strategists could provide publicity and direction for the whole affair. The potential for this unique arrangement should be tapped into by the cleverest of means, without formulating restrictive or conservative strategies.

The strategists would have one floor of the FAT, which would be furnished with an international design competition funded by the Finnish Independence Fund Sitra, the employer of most of the eventual occupants of the floor.

Team 2: Planners

The largest architecture office in Finland is a public municipal agency: Helsinki city planning office. One in twenty architects shipped to China work there, and none of them (by law) design any buildings for living. They do, however, work on absurdly detailed town plans in a way which closely resembles designing buildings.

Other Finnish urban planners work for the private practices and are mostly responsible for planning activities outside of Helsinki, most of which happen strictly on a project-by-project basis.Finnish planning is seen as a kind of game with the developers, and is typically very weak conceptually,focusing on important yet banal practical parameters and rarely aiming for anything ambitious anymore.

In China the planning team could easily spend the twelve months arranging seminars for themselves and taking photographs of the Bund.Therefore it would be best to assign them a clear hands-on project: being a quality surveyor of new housing projects in northern China, where the climate and light conditions are the most similar to Finnish ones.

The Finnish planning machine would churn out tens of thousands of pages of commentary and criticism of proposed master plans, giving a comprehensive quality review on selected sites on issues such as light conditions and functionality of apartments, parking arrangements, pedestrian and bicycle access, communal spaces, and adaptability to superficial historical and contextual factors.The Finnish planners could be specifically useful in weeding out the worst inhumanities of a very low spec social housing or workers housing area.

The planners would probably request a building of their own to work in, preferably in some mock-historical urban centre. To compensate,the president would give them the top 6 floors of the FAT, which they would occupy with dustgathering site models while attending seminars in a conference facility near the mock-historical urban centre.

Team 3: Infrastructure Specialists

Finnish architecture offices are very small:the major firms each have 10-50 architects working for them. Finnish engineering firms, on the other hand, are large and well networked with international conglomerations. When working with large infrastructure projects, the engineering corporations select design partners from the more technically oriented studios, and execute the large projects with them. Scale of the offices also creates diversity. In the new Espoo extension of the Helsinki underground, station design is divided to seven different firms out of necessity: no one office is big enough to handle all the stations alone.

This experience in collaborative design of large infrastructural projects is obviously a drop of Eau de Cologne in an ocean when brought to the Chinese scale. Still, Finnish infrastructure has useful qualities such as the use of limited resources to execute durable and easy to use environments.Finland also has a number of architects who

4 規(guī)劃/Planning: 赫爾辛基住宅區(qū)/Housing Area in Helsinki, Helsin City Planning Office

5 商業(yè)建筑/Commercial: J?tk?saari 酒店/J?tk?saari Hotel, Davidson& Tarkela Architects

6e l商in業(yè)建筑/Commercial: 瓦利拉辦公樓/Vallila office block, JKMM Architects

specialize in industrial and energy production construction, and even some current know-how in nuclear power design.

Rather than meddling with some metropolitan transit or service system with far too few resources,the Design Present infrastructure team could treat the year as a long workshop in a land of unlimited technical and logistic challenges. They could invite a few of the better traffic planners (not an architectural discipline in Finland) to visit, and design instant ("pop-up"), lightweight solutions for public transport problems in urban areas of secondary importance, out of reach of China's own megaprojects.

The infrastructure team would work in the basement of FAT.

Team 4: Commercial Architects

Finland has never had shameless commercial architecture in the vein of Macao's casinos or the Asian megamalls. Finnish people depend on the malls and the private cars more than Central Europeans, but still Finnish commercial architects seem to be slightly embarrassed by their projects.Architecture for shopping is very dry and humorless,resulting in prime retail centers acquiring an aura of high end outlet malls.

This trend has obviously been great in eliminating crass eyesores from urban centers, but it also affects the whole tone of Finnish architecture in a restricting way. If a shopping centre is so serious and sober, surely our offices have to be more serious, and public buildings even more. In Finland the old joke about architects using grey as the effect color is often sad reality.

The year in China could be a way out of this misery. The two hundred Finnish commercial specialist architects would be employed by one of the more scrupulous Chinese shopping centre developers,and supplied with a full analysis of how much effects and glamour the Asian shopping experience contains.Tours of factories producing effect lighting, waterfalls and fountains, decorative interior claddings and plastic jungles would set the tone.

In the four lowest floors of FAT (accessible by escalators, connected by an atrium) the work of commercial architects would be finally emerge as distinguishable from nurseries and chapels.

Team 5: Workplace Designers

Office buildings are perhaps the extreme indication of the difference in scales between Finland and China. The square meters of CCTV

7 k i住宅/Housing: 維雷斯住宅區(qū)/Vuores Residential Area, AOA Architects

8 住宅/Housing: Kotisaari住宅區(qū)/Kotisaari Housing Block, Playa Architects

Building in Beijing alone represent the entire Helsinki's annual workplace construction on a boom year. Small scale means small buildings: skyscrapers are impossible, and even normal high-rise office buildings (20－40 floors) do not exist.

Dutch architects have shown that limited scope and scale can be turned into an advantage,resulting in a catalogue of innovative office buildings exploring new workplace typologies. This is emphatically not the case in Finland, where workplace architecture is at best elegant and classy in a subdued way, at worst highly mechanistic and uninspired.

Finding a suitable role for the Finnish office designers in China would be a good way to get the strategy team up and running. Potentially teaming up with Finnish renovation and re-use specialists,they could seek suitable industrial spaces and convert them into standard office use－but why would you want to do that? Chinese architects are far superior in dealing with the rough beauty of existing structures.

Maybe the People's Liberation Army could do with an obedient and, again, very resource oriented and conservative design team. If not necessarily LEED–certified, the Finnish office designers could make hay with a series of modular shed designs in cost-effective camouflage patterns. As all Finnish men have been trained in the army, there would be a personal level of involvement as well.

Team 6: Housing Designers

Being by far the largest division of the Design Present team of Finnish architects, the housing designers enjoy a fraternal camaraderie shaped by the perceived toughness of their work back home.Meager fees make the work often cynically repetitive and create a bitter atmosphere, as real estate agents routinely earn four times as much as the architects on a new residential building. Strict typological restrictions imposed in turn by planners, developers and architects themselves have rendered the scope of design to a very narrow set of options, out of which an optimized solution should be squeezed out time after time. There is common outrage over wasted space in plans: every square inch must be utilized as apartments are very small compared to other countries in a similar economic position.

Would the year in China offer liberation, or just a new set of similarly binding rules? Finnish housing designers would take the mass production (in both design and construction) for granted, would struggle with high-rise buildings initially, but would probably pick up the game quickly enough to produce full documentation on a number of buildings. But would that make any difference?

Standard Finnish apartment buildings are often designed with an intention to hide the repetitions and symmetries inside. Even modest scale is easily deemed inhumane and in need of "breaking up"by"compositions". As a result there are hardly any elegantly urban, strictly repetitive new residential buildings in Finland, and the design effort seems a little misplaced in trying to disguise the bulky apartment buildings as large villas.

So maybe that would be the project: forget about the height, density and efficiency, and design

9 公共建筑/Public: 克爾頓演藝中心/Kilden Theatre and Concert hall, ALA Architects (攝影/Photo: Tuomas Uusheimo)

10 公共建筑/Public: 波蘭猶太人歷史博物館/Museum of the History of Polish Jews, Warsaw, Lahdelma &Mahlam?ki Architects and Kury?owicz & Associates

some actual private villas. But instead of introducing a few Nordic model houses to the Chinese suburbia,let's work on some comprehensive schemes for new detached houses in all price scales. And let's borrow some moves from local traditions, flirt with postmodernism a bit, and generate an intelligent tool kit for rebuilding Chinese communities.

Design by looking at local materials the way we use wood at Finland: local stones, bamboo, ceramics –and also utilizing the incredible manufacturing capabilities in China: getting customized aluminum detailing done, improving the building shell's performance in both hot and cold climate, and promoting structures which can be maintained, adopted and reused by the residents themselves.

The Finnish architects have a huge catalogue of ideas of how to improve residential architecture on small scale, but have had limited clientele and scope to execute them seriously. For one year, they could test their dreams in real life and get back to working with innovations in construction, not just innovations in bending the rule book.

The residential designers would occupy the bulk of the FAT building, and gradually turn the standard office interiors in to laboratories of one to one detail experiments, sample collections of local materials.Eventually the designers would start to abandon the tower completely and work on prototype units and mock-ups built next to the tower, as well as making study trips to different sites.

After collecting the results of the year into a best-selling book, life will never be the same in Finnish housing design.

Team 7: The Maestros

Architecture work of public buildings, unique creations to fit specific sets of needs on specific sites rather than generic solutions, is heavily characterized by methods of trying to get the best commissions: bids, competitions, selection procedures, interviews, pre-qualifications, RFP's,RFQ's, multidisciplinary team formations, and often if not designing as a committee, at least designing to a committee, are taking up the time of the supposedly most inspired architects.

Typical motivation to enter the Chinese architecture market has been an ego-driven search for the unique and ambitious, well-funded public buildings. This has led to a frustrating frenzy of rash vanity architecture which gives a bad name to many brave and genuinely great built projects and proposals in China during the last decade.

A year is long enough to do comprehensive design of a world class public building, but not enough time to expose this design to the builders let alone to build it, not even in China. The Design Present team contains talented designers with experience on most public building types. Schools,hospitals, airports, performing arts buildings,museums and religious buildings all contain specific design parameters. There are no secrets, however,and specific consultant knowledge is well available in China.

Instead of boosting the egos and careers of designers and politicians, what kind of buildings would the public, the people of China, need? The current political system produces the public realm which is being developed in China now. Could the arrival of the Finnish team, mostly fluent with small scale of decision-making, investment and importance, but also containing big thinking, make a difference in the way public projects are being instigated?

In an unprecedented move away from the current hero-building climate, the public projects division on the Design Present team could set up a Chinese online resource for communities to configure their shared spaces. The service would incorporate programmatic and functional criteria for common uses, as well as a democratic feedback and discussion tool where the public would be polled on the preferred use of their resources, as well as a way of giving functional requests and user feedback straight into the design process.

Chinese architects would execute individual projects with the help of this collaboratively created design tool. The Finnish designers could include a catalogue of schematic public parts(auditoria of different types, main functional elements of libraries, museum components for the public experience and collection maintenance,altars, etc.) which could be combined and utilized by the local architects, who would formulate the final architectural concepts and expressions, not restricted but benefited by the copyright-free shared knowledge.

Many westerns architects look to China to escape the relentless democratic processes which water down their bright ideas. Maybe the ultimate Finnish architecture gift to China would be to make the best parts of those processes available to the Chinese public.

The couple of generic floors in FAT, where the new Chinese public building resources would be developed,would become an intense laboratory of alternative architectural approach. The maestros, being a highly competitive bunch with lot of internal divisions and tensions, would also spend the year working together instead of competing with each other. After returning back home to Finland, the collegial atmosphere and the eagerly awaited new building designs would benefit from this experience.□