段落成分、過渡性連接詞

一、段落成分

理解段落內(nèi)部的邏輯，閱讀時就能抓住重點，關(guān)注次重點，忽略次要細節(jié)，從而提高做題的正確率。段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：段落主題句（簡稱為TS，即topic sentence）—段落支撐句（簡稱為SS，即supporting sentences）—段落總結(jié)句（CS，即concluding sentence）。有時，段落沒有總結(jié)句，那么段落的結(jié)構(gòu)就簡化為：TS—SS。還有的時候，段落開始沒有主題句，而在段末有總結(jié)句，那么段落的結(jié)構(gòu)就簡化為：SS—CS。使情況更為復雜的是有時整個段落中沒有明顯的主題句和總結(jié)句，其主題要由閱讀者自己總結(jié)出來。如：

A

Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease （illness）， cancer， cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example， it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally， studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer， cancer， smoking is harmful. Is it worth it？

這一段文章中主題句 （topic sentence） 是：Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.

支撐句 （supporting sentences）： Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease （illness）， cancer. Cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example， it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally， studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. 其中...show...， besides，...， for example，... finally， ...等都是用來舉例進一步陳述事實的。

總結(jié)句 （concluding sentences）： Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer， cancer， smoking is harmful. Is it worth it？

這篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)是： TS—SS—CS，即：

全文的內(nèi)容要點如下：

B

Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand， nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So， it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.

這段文章沒有主題句，它的主題是通過總結(jié)句體現(xiàn)出來的。

支撐句：Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand， nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. 其中often， and， on the other hand 等都是用來陳述或強調(diào)事實.

總結(jié)句：So， it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.

這篇文章的機構(gòu)是：SS—CS。即：

全文的內(nèi)容要點如下：

C

Tom studied for four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and， later， Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami， Florida.

The main idea of this paragraph is that_______ .

A. Tom， who had studied at Paris Universities for four years， moved to another university.

B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.

C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin University.

D. Tom received an excellent education.

答案是：D。

該篇文章中既沒有主題句，也沒有總結(jié)句，所提供的都是一些細節(jié)性的內(nèi)容，但通過這些細節(jié)我們可以總結(jié)出它的主題。

練習：

A

Modern day horse breeds come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. This variety didnt exist in the horse population before domestication. The Shetland horse is one of the smallest breeds—typically reaching only one meter tall. With short， strong legs， the animals were bred to pull coal out of mine shafts （礦井） with low ceilings. Huge horses like the Clydesdale came on the scene around 1700. People bred these heavy， tall horses to pull large vehicles used for carrying heavy loads.

The author uses the Shetland horse as an example to show_______ .

A. it is smaller than the Clydesdale horse

B. horses used to have gentle personalities

C. some horses have better shaped than others

D. horses were of more varieties after domestication

B

Advertisers （廣告商） will sometimes use halftruths. Its against the law to make 1 statements so they try to mislead you with the truth. An advertisement might say， “Nine out of ten doctors advised their patients to take Yucky Pills to cure toothache.” It fails to mention that they only asked ten doctors and nine of them work for the Yucky Company. （2008年全國II）

What can we know from the example of the Yucky Pill advertisement？

A. False statements are easy to see through.

B. Halftruths are often used to mislead people.

C. Doctors like to act in advertisements.

D. Advertisements are based on facts.

C

If you were planning to buy a television set， the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention： “Color TV. Only $79. Two days sale. Hurry.” However， when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs $395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement， and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.

The paragraph could be entitled_______ .

A. Buying A TV Set B. A Selling Method

C. Buyer Beware D. TV On Sale

D

At this time the state of South Carolina was having hard times. Year after year the soil had been planted to the same crop. It was farmed by uneducated and careless slaves， and the planters knew little about soil conservation. Because the soil was beginning to wear out， crops were smaller. The younger people were not satisfied to raise cotton on the poor soil of the old South. Many of them moved westward and started cotton plantations （種植園） in Alabama and Mississippi. What was more， so much cotton had been shipped to factories in England and New England that they had as much cotton as they could use. This brought the price of cotton down. More and more slaves were needed to work on the new and large plantations， and higher and higher prices were demanded for them. Planters found their expenses rising and their incomes from the sale of cotton reduced. Hard times had come to South Carolina.

Which of the following sentences can summarize （概括） the main idea of the passage？

A. Hard times had come to South Carolina.

B. Planters found their expenses rising and their incomes from the sale of cotton reduced.

C. The soil was farmed by uneducated and careless slaves.

D. More and more slaves were needed to work on the new and large plantations.

答案：DBCA

二、過渡性連接詞

過渡性連詞在一篇文章中起著舉足輕重的作用。連接詞的正確使用能使書面表達層次更分明，脈絡(luò)更清楚。

一） 高中英語書面表達中常見的過渡性連詞有以下幾種：

1. 表順序。

首先，其次……，最后（而且）

（1） First， second， third或者 firstly， secondly， thirdly / finally

（2） to begin with， besides / in addition， whats more / whats worse， last but not least

2. 表對比。

相反的是：by contrast， on the contrary

然而：while， however， nevertheless

3. 表舉例。

for example， for instance， such as， take...for example

4. 表解釋。

In other words， that is， i.e.

5. 表因果。

For one thing， for another

On the one hand， on the other hand

Therefore， as a result， thus， fortunately ...

6. 表總結(jié)。

On the whole， in conclusion， in a word， in brief，in summary， in short， in general， generally speaking， to conclude， to summarize， to sum up...

二） 書面表達中連詞實用范例

面對中學生“出國熱”，社會對此有不同的看法。請你以“Studying Abroad”為題，根據(jù)以下提供的信息，談談自己的看法。

AdvantagesDisadvantages

1.良好的語言環(huán)境，更利于語言學習。

2.拓寬視野，學習國外先進的科學技術(shù)。

3.傳播各民族間的不同文化。

1.年紀小，缺少生活經(jīng)驗，自理能力差。

2.情感孤獨，思鄉(xiāng)。

3.生活學習費用高。

注意：1.第一句已為你寫好，不計入總詞數(shù)；

2.詞數(shù)150左右；

3.參考詞匯：媒介，中間人mediator

One possible version：

Studying Abroad

In recent years， studying abroad has been popular. Tens of thousands of Chinese students have gone to foreign countries to study. Many people are trying their best/trying by all means/ making great efforts to apply to go abroad.

There are both advantages and disadvantages about studying abroad. Generally speaking， its advantages can be seen as follows. Firstly， it can provide the students with a good atmosphere to learn a foreign language. Secondly， studying abroad can broaden their horizons and they can learn much more advanced knowledge of science and technology from foreign countries. Thirdly， it helps spread different cultures.

But everything has two sides. There are also some disadvantages about it. To begin with， most of the students are too young to live alone without any living experience. Besides， being far away from their home country， they may feel lonely and homesick. Of course the costs are much higher there than at home.

In my opinion， the students had better finish their college education in China and then go abroad to experience another education and culture. If parents do hope to send their children to study abroad， I advise them to look before they leap.

（作者：吳蝶，海安縣實驗中學）