任務(wù)型閱讀是一項(xiàng)考查綜合能力的題目,它主要考查考生綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力,既考查考生快速獲取信息的能力,又考查考生組織信息、加工處理和表達(dá)信息的能力。它要求考生能夠順利讀懂文章,并能夠掌握文章大意,分析文章框架結(jié)構(gòu),進(jìn)行判斷、推理。同時(shí)也要求考生擁有扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)和詞匯知識(shí),做到應(yīng)用自如。
任務(wù)型閱讀考題設(shè)置的題型,或以表格形式或以樹(shù)狀圖表的形式,將原文主要內(nèi)容重新呈現(xiàn)。無(wú)論是表格形式或樹(shù)狀圖表形式,都各有特點(diǎn)。表格形式的強(qiáng)調(diào)推理判斷,樹(shù)狀圖形表更直觀地反映出文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。
一、把握“脈絡(luò)”,準(zhǔn)確定位,捕捉信息
任務(wù)型閱讀題側(cè)重于語(yǔ)篇分析,它剖析文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)及框架, 而其考題的設(shè)置,無(wú)論是以表格形式還是以樹(shù)狀形的圖表,他們無(wú)疑要緊扣原文。為此,解題時(shí),首先應(yīng)將表格或圖表與閱讀原文進(jìn)行對(duì)照,借助所給圖表的結(jié)構(gòu),分析和抓住文章中心內(nèi)容,把準(zhǔn)文章的脈絡(luò),并確定表格中某一行或某一列與文章中某一句或某一自然段之間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。把握好“脈絡(luò)”,準(zhǔn)確定位,才能準(zhǔn)確捕足信息。
僅以2010年江蘇高考試題任務(wù)型閱讀題為例:
原文一共有12個(gè)自然段,通過(guò)快速閱讀瀏覽原文與圖表,發(fā)現(xiàn)它們與表格的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系為:
注:上表中的斜體字及最左一欄為筆者所加,原表格因節(jié)省篇幅而作略減)
從上面的分析,可以看出圖表與原文自然段的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。為此,我們?cè)诮忸}時(shí),通常需要在其對(duì)應(yīng)的部分尋找信息源,查找相關(guān)信息,從而進(jìn)行有效的信息組織和信息加工。
二、轉(zhuǎn)換是組織和加工信息的重要手段
考生在對(duì)照原文相關(guān)部分時(shí),結(jié)合圖表所提供信息,找出關(guān)鍵詞,確定該詞匯的變化形式。
1) 詞性轉(zhuǎn)換,常見(jiàn)為動(dòng)詞與名詞轉(zhuǎn)換、形容詞與副詞轉(zhuǎn)換、形容詞與名詞轉(zhuǎn)換等。
如:①(表格) Our earth is a big magnet and a little freely (71) ▲ magnetic needle lines itself with the earth magnet to point north and south.
(原文) So a little magnetic needle that swings freely lines itself with the big earth magnet to point north and south
說(shuō)明:在表格a little freely和magnetic needle 間的空格應(yīng)為形容詞修飾magnetic needle,故將原動(dòng)詞swing 轉(zhuǎn)換成可作形容詞的ving形式,答案:swinging。
②(表格) One piece of evidence is the (73) ▲ of many birds between their summer homes and winter homes.
(原文) Many birds migrate twice a year between their summer homes and winter homes.
說(shuō)明:在表格the 后應(yīng)為名詞,故需將migrate轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞,答案:migration。
③(表格) The (78) ▲ of the magnetic stuff for the animal compass
(原文) When people discovered that idea about a thousand years ago and invented the compass,it allowed sailors to navigate (航海) on ocean voyages, even under cloudy skies.
說(shuō)明:表格中the 后應(yīng)為名詞,故需將discovered 轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞。答案:discovery。
2) 轉(zhuǎn)換為同義詞
如:(表格)The (75) ▲ on pigeons’ and bees’ builtin compasses
(原句) One interesting experiment was to attach little magnets to the birds’ heads to block their magnetic sense...
Further study showed that each little bacterium had a chain of dense particles inside,...
That led to a search to see whether animals might have it.
說(shuō)明:文章中多次提到experiment,study, search等,他們均表達(dá)同一詞意,故該題除了可用原詞外,還可換用同義詞tests/study/research 等。答案:experiments/tests/study/research。
3) 句子結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換
有時(shí),圖表或表格中的句子與原句有較大的差異,需做細(xì)心比較,找出句子結(jié)構(gòu)差異,確定所用句式。常見(jiàn)的有語(yǔ)態(tài)間的變換,主從復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句間的變換等。
(原文) Our earth itself is a big magnet (磁體). So a little magnetic needle that swings freely lines itself with the big earth magnet to point north and south.When people discovered that idea about a thousand years ago and invented the compass,it allowed sailors to navigate (航海) on ocean voyages, even under cloudy skies.
(表格) ◇(72) ▲ on the idea above, the navigating compass was invented.
說(shuō)明:用過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)歸納了上文所述。答案:Based。
4) 選用原句中某些適當(dāng)?shù)脑~
有時(shí),我們還可以從原文中找出答案,無(wú)需作任何形式上的變化。(僅為詞形相同,詞性不同)。
如:①(表格) Little rodlike bacteria were found by chance to swim together in the direction of (79) ▲ .
(原文) He found accidentally little rodlike bacteria that all swam together in one direction—north.
說(shuō)明:從原文中的 in one direction—north可知,該題應(yīng)選用north, 兩個(gè)均為名詞。
②(表格) Some animals had a chain of dense magnetic particles in or close to the (80) ▲ inside their bodies.
(原文) In each animal,except for the bee, the magnetic stuff was always in or closer to the brain.
說(shuō)明:從原文中的in or closer to the brain到表格中的in or close to the (80) ▲ 幾乎沒(méi)有變化,可知需用名詞brain(s)即可。
③(表格) Little magnets were tied to the pigeons’ heads to (76) ▲ their magnetic sense.
(原文) One interesting experiment was to attach little magnets to the birds’ heads to block their magnetic sense—just as a loud radio can keep you from hearing a call to dinner.
說(shuō)明:從 to block their magnetic sense,可知用動(dòng)詞block。
三、細(xì)節(jié)決定成敗
任務(wù)型閱讀的題目設(shè)置,圍繞不同的閱讀技能和語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用而展開(kāi),涉及詞性轉(zhuǎn)換、詞語(yǔ)釋義、同義替換、語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)、歸納演繹、結(jié)構(gòu)分析、細(xì)節(jié)理解等。任務(wù)型閱讀的表達(dá)部分即有字?jǐn)?shù)限制 (通常每空一詞),也有一些要求,諸如大小寫(xiě)、單復(fù)數(shù)、答題的前后的一致性及詞性等等,這常常是考生所忽視的。按高考閱卷要求,不合要求的是不得分的。
往往細(xì)節(jié)決定成敗。
如:①(表格) ◇ (72) ▲ on the idea above, the navigating compass was invented.
答案為: Based。此處需要首字母大寫(xiě)。
②(2008表格) (74) _________
答案為: Suggestions (除了需大寫(xiě)首字母外,還需用復(fù)數(shù)形式)
研究圖表,強(qiáng)調(diào)與原文的對(duì)照,借助所給圖表結(jié)構(gòu)抓住文章的主要內(nèi)容、各章節(jié)或自然段的內(nèi)容,把握文章的脈絡(luò),捕捉有用的信息, 運(yùn)用我們掌握的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)和詞匯轉(zhuǎn)換的相關(guān)知識(shí),這樣才能準(zhǔn)確地去答題。
(作者:楊定生,南京市第四中學(xué))