探尋規(guī)律 查找關(guān)鍵詞 巧解細(xì)節(jié)題

得閱讀理解者得天下。高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解部分考查的重點(diǎn)之一是考生對(duì)于文章細(xì)節(jié)信息的捕捉、理解和分析能力。閱讀理解中細(xì)節(jié)理解題是高考英語(yǔ)試題每年都要涉及的題型，也是學(xué)生常出錯(cuò)的地方。近幾年在高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解試題中，細(xì)節(jié)理解題呈增多趨勢(shì)。2010年江蘇高考閱讀理解中，細(xì)節(jié)理解占5題；而2011高考試題中，細(xì)節(jié)理解占11題之多。下面我們探討閱讀理解題中細(xì)節(jié)題的命題特點(diǎn)，并結(jié)合近幾年江蘇高考部分試題，探究其解題技巧。

一、閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)題命題規(guī)律

此題目要求考生根據(jù)短文中提供的直接信息選擇正確答案， 一般在通讀短文后，能夠讀懂文章的內(nèi)容，包括主要事實(shí)及各個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，并可以直接找出答題依據(jù)，難度較小，屬淺層理解題目。

細(xì)節(jié)理解題是針對(duì)文中某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)、某句話或某部分具體內(nèi)容設(shè)置問(wèn)題，正確答案的根據(jù)一定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改寫(xiě)往往成為正確選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)也并非與文章完全對(duì)應(yīng)，而是換一種表達(dá)方式，選項(xiàng)分成兩類(lèi)：本身意義成立與不成立。前者答非所問(wèn)、文不對(duì)題、超出范圍；后者體現(xiàn)為偷換概念、張冠李戴、細(xì)節(jié)含糊。

細(xì)節(jié)理解題的正確選項(xiàng)通常具有語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化、關(guān)鍵詞被替換、正話反說(shuō)等特征。語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化，體現(xiàn)在把原文中的復(fù)雜語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化，變成選項(xiàng)，并成為正確答案。關(guān)鍵詞替換，把原文中的一些詞換成意義相近的詞，成為正確選項(xiàng)。正話反說(shuō)體現(xiàn)在把原文中的意思反過(guò)來(lái)表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)。

二、部分江蘇高考閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)題解題分析

1.關(guān)鍵詞搜尋法

2011江蘇卷A篇中57題題干為Professor Joan McLean’s course aims to _________，在通讀全文后，鎖定關(guān)鍵詞Joan McLean，在Joan Mclean think so. In fact， Mclean， a professor of physics at Mountain University in Range， feels so strongly about this matter that she’s developed a course on the topic. In addition to learning “who”invented“what”， however， Mclean also likes her students to learn the answers to the “why” and “how” questions. According to Mclean， “When students learn the answers to these questions， they are better prepared to recognize opportunities for inventing and more motivated to.”中有3個(gè)McLean，同時(shí)選項(xiàng)D“prepare students to try their own invention”是文章內(nèi)容“give inventing a try”的替換。

2011江蘇卷D篇68題題干The smallest boy threw the ball high and far over the third baseman’s head， probably because that boy _________. 鎖定關(guān)鍵詞為the third baseman，并定位到第七段By the time Shay rounded towards second base， the smallest guy on their team， who had a chance to be the hero for his team for the first time， could have thrown the ball to the second baseman， but he understood the pitcher’s intentions and he too intentionally threw the ball high and far over the third baseman’s head. 他明白pitcher的意圖并且?guī)椭薙hay的成功?？梢?jiàn)答案“was obviously aware of the pitcher’s purpose”正確。

2009江蘇卷D篇67題題干The layer of soil that provides necessary nutrients for plant growth is called _________. 其中關(guān)鍵詞為“nutrients”及“l(fā)ayer”，在The topsoil layer is made up of small particles of rock mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus (腐殖質(zhì))， which is black and gives the topsoil its dark color. This layer is usually rich in nutrients，oxygen，and water．中，可以直接找到答案，可知應(yīng)該選擇“topsoil”。

2.關(guān)鍵詞同義替換法

2011江蘇卷B篇中，60題題干為Which of the following is discouraged by the Friends organization? 其中關(guān)鍵詞為discouraged，故在We keep an eye on planning applications， Park Authority policies and threats to the National Park such as massive leisure complexes. We work with likeminded organizations such as the Campaign for National Parks to make our voice more effective.段中，threats與其同義，這一組織不贊成建大量的休閑娛樂(lè)設(shè)施，應(yīng)選擇答案“To build massive complexes for public amusement.”。

2010江蘇卷D篇第68題題干為the greatest challenge to the new highspeed railway plan is _________．中“the greatest challenge”與But the key issue is really money．China is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan on domestic railway expansion．中的“the key issue”同義，可以知道“financial problems”，答案本身也是與“money”一樣的意思。

2009江蘇卷A篇第56題題干為While watching TV with others， women usually talk a lot because they _________.中“watching TV”與Besides， women consider that the point of all getting together is to have a good time and develop relationships—not just to sit there like couch potatoes staring at the screen.中的“staring at the screen”同義，故可以得出答案“think they can have a good time and develop relationships”。

3. 關(guān)鍵詞詞性變化法

2011江蘇卷C篇第63題題干為T(mén)he Hywind project uses totally new technology to ensure the stability of _________. 關(guān)鍵詞為stability，在The steel spar， which is filled with stones and goes 328 feet below the sea surface， will be tied to the ocean floor by three cable (纜索)；these will keep the spar stable and prevent the turbine from moving up and down in the waves.中，發(fā)現(xiàn)stability的形容詞stable，段落大意就是“新技術(shù)的使用是為了確保spar的穩(wěn)定性”，可知選“the spar which is floating in deepsea water”。

4. 關(guān)鍵詞排除法

選出文中未提及的選項(xiàng)遠(yuǎn)比選出與文章意思吻合的選項(xiàng)難度大，這要求在文章中仔細(xì)尋找并排除信息，方可以得出答案，考查選項(xiàng)跨度很大。

2010江蘇卷B篇中第60題題干為According to the passage，some people in North America favor killing wolves for all the following reasons EXCET that _________．要求選擇一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的答案，這就要求先把符合文章的正確的選項(xiàng)給確定下來(lái)，最后得出不符合文章細(xì)節(jié)的正確答案。A項(xiàng)“there are too many wolves”與However， laws were established to protect the wolves from sportsmen and people who catch the animals for their fur．So the wolf population has greatly increased. Now there are so many wolves that they are destroying their own food supply．意思吻合；B項(xiàng)“they kill large numbers of deer”與If the wolves continue to kill large numbers of deer，their prey(獵物)will disappear some day．And the wolves will， too．意思吻合。C項(xiàng)“they attack cows and chickens for food”與In another northern state，wolves attack cows and chickens for food．意思吻合。D項(xiàng)未提到，故選D項(xiàng)“they destroy the wilderness plant life”。

5. 信息整合法

2009江蘇卷B篇中第60題題干為According to the passage，the little girl got_________from her brother．其實(shí)關(guān)鍵詞為“brother”以及“got”，在But I struggled with my jacket because it didn’t fit well. It was a handmedown from my brother，中知道“jacket”；在I said，“They are my brother’s boots．My mother makes me wear them，and I hate them!”中知道“boots”?？芍x擇B項(xiàng)“the jacket and the boots”。

三、探究高考細(xì)節(jié)理解題的解題技巧

細(xì)節(jié)理解題一般屬于淺層理解題，難度較低，答案明確具體，解答這類(lèi)試題時(shí)，可用兩種方法來(lái)快速確定答案。

(一) 關(guān)鍵詞法。我們?cè)诜治龈呖碱}細(xì)節(jié)題部分，大都采用此法。抓住文章大意，迅速瀏覽考題，選定關(guān)鍵詞，帶關(guān)鍵詞，快速閱讀材料?？墒褂藐P(guān)鍵詞法、關(guān)鍵詞同義詞法、關(guān)鍵詞詞性變化法等，來(lái)分析信息的有效性，迅速查找相關(guān)信息。

(二) 尋讀法。先讀題，然后帶著問(wèn)題快速閱讀短文，找出與問(wèn)題有關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)或句子，再對(duì)相關(guān)部分進(jìn)行分析對(duì)比，找出答案。

另外，要提高閱讀理解的解題速度和解題正確率，具體從四個(gè)步驟來(lái)展開(kāi)：

1．通讀全文，把握文章大意。拿到閱讀篇章，第一步就是要求通讀全文，了解文章的脈絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)。

2．細(xì)讀題干，查尋轉(zhuǎn)換內(nèi)容。把握文章大意后，集中注意力到文章題目上來(lái)，提煉出題干內(nèi)容中最能夠說(shuō)明問(wèn)題的詞、詞組或者句型，然后在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上從文章中找出同義詞、詞組或者句型，這一遍要帶著目的讀文章，必須是字斟句酌、非常仔細(xì)。

3．掃讀語(yǔ)塊，搜索有效信息。在文章中找到了與題干吻合的單詞、詞組或者句型的基礎(chǔ)上，在吻合單詞、詞組或者句型周?chē)鷴呙瑁?zhēng)找到能夠說(shuō)明問(wèn)題，幫助選擇正確答案的信息。

4．查讀選項(xiàng)，定位正確答案。在搜索到有效信息的基礎(chǔ)上，找出正確答案。

（作者：趙長(zhǎng)江，江蘇灌南華僑雙語(yǔ)學(xué)校;徐紅，無(wú)錫輔仁高級(jí)中學(xué)）