張繼英, 郇志華, 龐志剛, 張懿芳, 杜??? 李 賀
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心-踝血管指數(shù)——?jiǎng)用}粥樣硬化無創(chuàng)檢測指標(biāo): 845例分析
張繼英1, 郇志華1, 龐志剛1, 張懿芳1, 杜海科2, 李 賀2
(1武警山西總隊(duì)醫(yī)院老年病科, 太原 030006;2武警醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院老年病科, 天津 300162)
用無創(chuàng)方法檢測青年和老年人心-踝血管指數(shù)(CAVI), 分析動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(AS)和血管硬度的影響因素。845例住院、門診及正常體檢者(男594例、女251例, 年齡35~85歲)測定CAVI, 并進(jìn)行診室血壓、血脂、血糖、腎功能、心電圖及胸部X線檢查, 記錄既往史。845例中54.2% CAVI異常(458例); CAVI增加與年齡、血壓、脈壓差等因素密切相關(guān); 隨年齡增長, 并存疾病如高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病、腦卒中及血脂異常, 特別是冠心病、高血脂檢出率升高; 吸煙對CAVI影響顯著, 吸煙并存疾病可使CAVI進(jìn)一步升高。CAVI是新的AS評估指標(biāo), 與多種因素有關(guān), 吸煙及吸煙并存疾病對CAVI均有明顯影響。結(jié)果提示, AS應(yīng)根據(jù)患者各自不同的影響因素進(jìn)行個(gè)性化綜合防治。
心-踝血管指數(shù); 動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化; 年齡; 心血管疾病; 危險(xiǎn)因素
心-踝血管指數(shù)(cardio-ankle vascular index, CAVI)用于檢測、評估血管硬化程度是較踝-臂指數(shù)更新的無創(chuàng)檢查方法。CAVI主要反映動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis, AS)血管硬度的變化[1, 2]。研究表明CAVI與心血管疾病預(yù)后、心功能異常、冠狀動(dòng)脈病變程度等相關(guān)密切, 近年來應(yīng)用逐年增加[3-6]。AS與年齡、血壓、腎功能、代謝異常等多種因素均有密切關(guān)系[7-9], 是心血管疾病預(yù)后重要預(yù)測因子, 早期評估血管結(jié)構(gòu)及AS程度, 對預(yù)防、治療心血管突發(fā)事件有重要意義。我們通過檢測不同年齡青年和老年人CAVI, 分析其與血壓變化、心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease, CVD)、糖尿病的關(guān)系, 研究了AS發(fā)展規(guī)律, 為AS早期臨床評估, 預(yù)防干預(yù)及治療提供了依據(jù)。
入選2008年1月~2009年5月住院、門診及正常體檢者中進(jìn)行無創(chuàng)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化檢測者, 共845例(男594例、女251例), 年齡35~85歲, 平均(637±110)歲。根據(jù)年齡分為35~54歲(225例)、55~64歲(161例)、65~74歲(235例)、75~85歲(224例)組。高血壓診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采用美國預(yù)防檢測評估與治療高血壓全國委員會(huì)第七次報(bào)告(JNC7)指南[10], 包括正在服用降壓藥治療的血壓正常者。冠心病、腦卒中、糖尿病、高血脂的診斷分別依據(jù)美國心臟病學(xué)會(huì)指南[11, 12]、糖尿病學(xué)會(huì)指南[13]及美國國家膽固醇教育計(jì)劃專家組Ⅲ標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[14]。記錄既往史(糖尿病、高血壓病、高脂血及吸煙等)、實(shí)驗(yàn)室及心電圖、胸部X線等輔助檢查結(jié)果。計(jì)算機(jī)錄入血壓、心率、年齡、身高和體質(zhì)量。
1.2.1 診室血壓測定受檢者休息15 min后, 采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)袖帶水銀柱式血壓計(jì)測量坐位右臂血壓。Korotkoff I音各年齡組血壓與脈搏波速度、將硬度 III 的血壓讀數(shù)為診室收縮壓, Korotkoff V音的血壓讀數(shù)為舒張壓, 間隔2 min測量1次, 取3次測量的平均值。
122四肢血壓檢測 采用全自動(dòng)無創(chuàng)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化檢測儀(VS-1000, 北京福田電子醫(yī)療儀器有限公司), 被測者基本信息(姓名、年齡、性別、體質(zhì)量、身高)輸入后, 平臥放松, 將特制袖帶綁于四肢, 以右上臂、右踝、左上臂、左踝的順序測量, 四肢血壓測量分2次進(jìn)行。
123 CAVI測定 按VS-1000全自動(dòng)無創(chuàng)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化檢測儀要求操作, 檢測心電圖和心音圖、記錄肱動(dòng)脈和踝動(dòng)脈脈搏波形; 測定心臟到腳踝脈波傳播速度(heart to ankle pulse wave velocity, haPWV), 依據(jù)僵硬系數(shù)β(血管原有硬化程度指標(biāo)), 排除血壓對檢測結(jié)果的影響, 得出CAVI值。CAVI標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為正常: CAVI<80m/s; 臨界: 80 m/s≤CAVI≤90m/s; 動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化: CAVI≥90m/s。CAVI≥90m/s為異常, 提示早期動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化。動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化程度, 輕度: 10 m/s<CAVI/PWV≤12m/s; 中度: 12 m/s<CAVI/PWV≤15 m/s; 重度: CAVI/PWV>15 m/s。
采用SPSS115軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示, 用相關(guān)分析、2檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)處理。<005為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
男性受檢者身高和體質(zhì)量與女性受檢者差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<005), 其他指標(biāo)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表1)。
表1 受檢者一般資料
注: 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa。與女性比較,*<005
結(jié)果顯示, 隨年齡增加, 受檢者高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病、腦卒中及血脂異常檢出率升高, 以冠心病、高血脂更為明顯(表2)。
本文845例受檢者中459例CAVI超過正常值?!?5歲受檢者高血壓檢出率明顯增加, 收縮壓/舒張壓水平、CAVI值均明顯高于<65歲各組。相關(guān)分析顯示, 年齡增加(= 0845,<005)、收縮壓(=0634,<005)、舒張壓(= 0538,<005)升高、脈壓差(= 0725,<005)均與CAVI呈正相關(guān), 但≥65歲組血壓、CAVI無進(jìn)一步升高(>005; 表3)。
表2 不同年齡組并存疾病檢出率
注: 與55~64歲組比較,*<005; 與65~74歲組比較,#<005; 與75~85歲組比較,△<005
表3 各年齡組血壓和CAVI
注: CAVI: 心-踝血管指數(shù)。1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa。與35~54歲組比較,*<005; 與55~64歲組比較,#<005
各年齡組吸煙者較不吸煙者CAVI異常率顯著升高(<005)。各年齡組吸煙同時(shí)并存糖尿病、高血脂、冠心病、腦卒中、高血壓病的受檢者中5561%有不同程度的血管彈性減退, 僵硬度增加, CAVI異常, 而非吸煙健康者中CAVI異常僅2443%(<005; 表4, 5)。
CAVI為心臟到踝脈波傳播速度(cardio-ankle, caPWV), 是新的AS評價(jià)指標(biāo), 傳統(tǒng)意義上的PWV是血液壓力波在動(dòng)脈系統(tǒng)中兩個(gè)部位之間傳播速度, 其快慢主要取決于動(dòng)脈順應(yīng)性, 一定程度上受血管內(nèi)壓力影響。經(jīng)典的PWV計(jì)算方法是測定受檢者頸動(dòng)脈與股動(dòng)脈起始點(diǎn)脈搏波時(shí)間差, 計(jì)算PWV值。CAVI測量采用彈性參數(shù)β方法, 不受血壓影響, 反映固有血管硬化程度和主動(dòng)脈、股動(dòng)脈、踝動(dòng)脈整體僵硬度及中央和外周動(dòng)脈功能[1,2]。CAVI值升高提示頸動(dòng)脈、冠狀動(dòng)脈的粥樣硬化進(jìn)展, 較PWV更能反映AS變化。研究顯示, CAVI與冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄嚴(yán)重程度密切相關(guān)[15-17]。高血壓是AS的主要危險(xiǎn)因素之一, 但血壓變化并不一定伴隨CAVI升高或下降, Ibata等[4]觀察到, 青、中年受檢者[年齡分別為(359±13)、(487±19)歲]CAVI增加不依賴于血壓變化, 提示CAVI僅反映動(dòng)脈硬度變化; Bokuda等[18]的報(bào)道與之相近。上述研究說明盡管AS程度與CAVI關(guān)系密切, 但血管硬度與高血壓水平并非一定呈正相關(guān)。本研究觀察到, (1)隨年齡增加CAVI升高, 并存疾病如高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病、腦卒中及血脂異常, 特別是冠心病、高血脂檢出率升高; (2)CAVI增加與年齡、血壓、脈壓差等因素關(guān)系密切; (3)吸煙對CAVI影響顯著, 并存疾病可使CAVI進(jìn)一步升高。
表4 吸煙對CAVI的影響
注: CAVI: 心-踝血管指數(shù)。與非吸煙者比較,*<005
表5 吸煙及并存疾病患者CAVI變化
注: CAVI: 心-踝血管指數(shù)。與非吸煙者比較,*<005
已有研究顯示, 年齡增加是AS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素, 與CAVI正相關(guān)[9, 15, 19]。目前CAVI與血壓之間關(guān)系的研究結(jié)果不完全一致, Nakamura等[16]觀察一組60~70歲老年患者, CAVI與收縮壓無明顯相關(guān), 與脈壓差正相關(guān); Shirai等[20]觀察40~79歲(平均年齡63歲)血液透析患者, CAVI與收縮壓升高相關(guān), 與舒張壓無相關(guān)。我們觀察到, 隨年齡增加的CAVI升高, 與血壓、脈壓差關(guān)系密切, 同時(shí)并存疾病增加; 但在65~85歲年齡段受檢者未觀察到隨年齡增加CAVI、血壓的進(jìn)一步升高, 可能說明此年齡階段患者, 血管老化、AS可能處于相對穩(wěn)定狀態(tài), 或可能與降壓藥物影響血壓有關(guān)。
研究顯示, 吸煙是導(dǎo)致CAVI增加的重要因素[21-24],Kubozono等[23]報(bào)道, CAVI與吸煙的量和時(shí)間長短有關(guān), 與平均血壓無相關(guān)。與之相同, 本組受檢者中吸煙者CAVI異常人數(shù)(4125%)較健康非吸煙者(2443%)增加近1倍。本研究還觀察到, 吸煙并存疾病的受檢者CAVI異常人數(shù)增多更為明顯, 高于健康非吸煙受檢者的2倍, 說明并存疾病可加重AS, 進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈硬度增加, 有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道并存疾?。ü谛牟 ⑻悄虿?、慢性腎病、心電圖異常)患者CAVI明顯高于無動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性疾病者[15,19], 本研究結(jié)果與之一致。
動(dòng)脈硬度增加為血管老化的重要表現(xiàn), 但并非完全代表AS改變, 單純血管老化與AS組織學(xué)變化不同。血管老化是AS疾病的前驅(qū)表現(xiàn), 另一方面, AS可加速血管老化[9,25]。動(dòng)脈硬度與AS之間關(guān)系密切, 可反映AS進(jìn)展程度, 而AS與心腦血管疾病、代謝異常之間的關(guān)系已為人們熟知[9,25]。與許多研究結(jié)論一致, 我們的觀察結(jié)果說明, CAVI升高除受不可控的年齡增加因素影響外, 多種心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素如吸煙、并存疾病均與之有關(guān)。我們的結(jié)果提示, 戒煙、有效地治療并存疾病對降低動(dòng)脈硬度, 減輕AS具有重要意義。
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(編輯: 任開環(huán))
Cardio-ankle vascular index—a marker of atherosclerosis: analysis of 845 cases
ZHANG Jiying1, XUN Zhihua1, PANG Zhigang1, ZHANG Yifang1, DU Haike2, LI He2
(1Department of Geriatrics, Shanxi Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese Armed Police Forces, Taiyuan 0300061, China;2Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Chinese Armed Police Forces, Tianjin 300162, China)
To determine the risk factors of atherosclerosis(AS) and arterial stiffness assessed non-invasively by the cardio-ankle vascular index(CAVI)A total of845 subjects aged from 35 to 85 years were subjected to CAVI measurement. Blood pressure(BP), lipids, glucose, renal function, chest X-ray radiographs, previous medical records were also obtained for all subjects. CAVI was measured using a VaSera VS-1000 and calculated by heart to ankle pulse wave velocity(haPWV, m/s)CAVI was high in 458 subjects(542%)CAVI was significantly positively correlated with age, BP, and pulse pressureDetection rates of hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease(CHD), stroke and dyslipidemias, especially CHD and hyperlipidemias, increased with aging. Smoking was significantly correlated with CAVI. The smokers with other comorbidities displayed further higher CAVI.CAVI, as a new parameter of arterial stiffness, is influenced by various cardiovascular risk factorsSmoking and the comorbidities are all involved in elevation of CAVIA personalized comprehensive prevention and treatment strategy should be recommended for patients with AS
cardio-ankle vascular index; atherosclerosis; age; cardiovascular disease; risk factor
R54
A
10.3724/SP.J.1264.2012.00029
2011-03-21;
2011-08-12
李 賀, Tel: 022-60577530, E-mail: hli. kardia@gmail. com