郭麗麗
(同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬第一婦嬰保健院,上海 200040)
ObjectivesTo determine which prenatal ultrasound findings indicate the need to also obtain PCR studies for viral genome in women undergoing midtrimester amniocentesis.
Methods This was a retrospective observational study on women that underwent amniotic fluid karyotyping and viral PCR testing for history or ultrasound based indication.Amniotic fluid was tested for adenovirus,cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus,enterovirus,Epstein-Barr virus,and parvovirus B19 using multiplex PCR study with multiple appropriate controls.Ultrasound findings were coded as normal or abnormal with 34 categories of ultrasound abnormality stratified into 18 subgroups.Relationships between these subgroups and karyotype/PCR results were tested by Pearson chi-square method or Fisher's exact test and overall logistic regression analysis.
ResultsAmniotic fluid samples from 1191 patients were obtained for the study.Abnormal karyotype was detected in 5.4%of cases(64/1191),and PCR was positive in 6.5%of cases(77/1191).Abnormal fetal ultrasonographic findings were observed in 28.4%of cases(338/1191).There was an association between intrauterine growth restriction,nonimmune hydrops fetalis,hand/foot anomalies or neural tube defects(NTDs),and PCR positivity.NTDs were associated with PCR positivity in fetuses with normal karyotype and nuchal thickening,cardiac or ventral wall defects were specifically associated with aneuploidy.
ConclusionAmniotic fluid viral PCR testing should be considered for fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction, nonimmune hydropsfetalis, hand/foot anomalies,or NTDs.After aneuploidy is excluded,NTDs are associated with PCR positivity.
該文章于2012年1月由《Prenatal Diagnosis》雜志發(fā)表。作者采用了回顧性研究方法對(duì)羊水病毒PCR技術(shù)在中孕期產(chǎn)前診斷中的應(yīng)用時(shí)機(jī)進(jìn)行了深入的分析和探討。主要內(nèi)容如下:
PCR技術(shù)作為快速且先進(jìn)的分子遺傳學(xué)診斷方法,通過(guò)對(duì)病毒核酸的檢查用于宮內(nèi)病毒感染的診斷,具有較高的敏感性和特異性,在產(chǎn)前診斷中有助于做出快速、正確的臨床決策。由于羊水PCR檢查費(fèi)用較高,不適合作為常規(guī)篩查方法,故選擇合適的人群顯得尤為重要。本文作者認(rèn)為,產(chǎn)前超聲檢查中某些特殊的表現(xiàn)可能與宮內(nèi)病毒感染相關(guān),在對(duì)該人群行羊水胎兒核型分析時(shí),可以同時(shí)考慮行羊水病毒PCR檢查。
為了驗(yàn)證該設(shè)想,作者采用了回顧性研究方法,篩選出了以病史或產(chǎn)前超聲檢查中異常等為指征而行羊水胎兒核型分析和羊水病毒PCR檢查的1191例病例,羊水穿刺時(shí)孕周為16~28周。采用多重PCR檢查了羊水樣本中包括腺病毒、巨細(xì)胞病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、腸病毒、EB病毒和微小病毒B19在內(nèi)的共6種病毒。超聲檢查異常的患者分為18個(gè)亞組,共計(jì)34項(xiàng)。作者采用了Pearson卡方法或Fisher精確檢驗(yàn)和整體的Logistic回歸分析對(duì)每個(gè)亞組和核型分析/羊水病毒PCR檢查結(jié)果的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。
該研究共收集了1996年3月至2007年3月期間在作者單位行羊膜腔穿刺的所有病例,共計(jì)1336例,其中145例由于存在雙胎妊娠、穿刺時(shí)不在14~28孕周內(nèi)、宮內(nèi)胎兒死亡和羊水細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)失敗等原因被排除。在其余1191例患者中,核型異常、PCR陽(yáng)性和產(chǎn)前超聲檢查異?;颊叻謩e占5.4%、6.5%和28.4%。
產(chǎn)前超聲檢查中胎兒生長(zhǎng)受限(intrauterine growth restriction,F(xiàn)GR)、神經(jīng)管缺陷(neural tube defects,NTDs)、胎兒手足異常和非免疫性水腫(nonimmune hydrops fetalis,NIHF)等異常與PCR結(jié)果陽(yáng)性顯著相關(guān)。其中,15.4%(10/69)的FGR胎兒與27.8%(5/18)的NTDs胎兒腺病毒PCR結(jié)果陽(yáng)性;NIHF胎兒中分別有6.8%(1/15)和20%(3/15)微小病毒B19和巨細(xì)胞病毒PCR結(jié)果陽(yáng)性。
多因素Logistic回歸分析分別檢驗(yàn)了羊水PCR陽(yáng)性(A組)、PCR陽(yáng)性/核型正常(B組)、核型異常(C組)以及PCR陰性/核型異常(D組)等4組和不同超聲異常亞組間的相關(guān)性,結(jié)果顯示雖然NTDs或胎兒手足異常均與A組相關(guān),但僅NTDs與B組相關(guān)。胎兒頸部透明層厚度增厚(nuchal thickening,NT)、心臟或腹壁缺損及超聲檢查中疑似宮內(nèi)感染的標(biāo)志性改變等超聲異常亞組僅與D組相關(guān),提示NTDs僅與PCR結(jié)果異常且核型分析正常的胎兒相關(guān),而胎兒頸部透明層厚度增厚與心臟或腹壁缺損特異地與核型分析異常的胎兒相關(guān)。
本文有以下幾個(gè)方面對(duì)臨床具有參考價(jià)值:首先,雖然羊水病毒PCR檢查具有準(zhǔn)確、快速等優(yōu)勢(shì),但它是有創(chuàng)的檢查且價(jià)格昂貴,必須有針對(duì)性地篩選高危人群進(jìn)行檢查;其次,產(chǎn)前超聲檢查為臨床上有效篩選這些病例提供了可能,其中孕16~28周期間超聲檢查提示FGR、NIHF、NTDs及胎兒手足異常等與羊水PCR陽(yáng)性顯著相關(guān),提示上述超聲異常情況是宮內(nèi)病毒感染的高危因素;最后,在排除羊水染色體核型異常的情況下,NTDs與羊水PCR陽(yáng)性顯著相關(guān)。