王 彬
(淮北師范大學(xué) 外語(yǔ)教育學(xué)院,安徽 淮北235000)
招股說(shuō)明書英語(yǔ)文體特點(diǎn)及翻譯
王 彬
(淮北師范大學(xué) 外語(yǔ)教育學(xué)院,安徽 淮北235000)
招股說(shuō)明書;文體特點(diǎn);翻譯
招股說(shuō)明書英語(yǔ)屬于專門用途英語(yǔ),在文體上具有鮮明的特征。本文通過(guò)對(duì)詞匯和句法的分析,討論了招股說(shuō)明書英語(yǔ)的文體特點(diǎn),并對(duì)如何翻譯才能再現(xiàn)招股說(shuō)明書英語(yǔ)的專業(yè)性、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性和準(zhǔn)確性進(jìn)行了探討。
隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的日益加深,各國(guó)之間經(jīng)濟(jì)的相互依存日益密切,越來(lái)越多的國(guó)內(nèi)外企業(yè)走向國(guó)際市場(chǎng),很多企業(yè)都通過(guò)到境外發(fā)行股票的方式以尋求更多的資金。為此,發(fā)行人必須根據(jù)有關(guān)法律規(guī)定,以招股說(shuō)明書(prospectus)的形式向社會(huì)公眾投資人公開進(jìn)行募股。這就使得招股說(shuō)明書的翻譯成為譯界亟待研究的一個(gè)課題。Martin Joos按照語(yǔ)言使用的正式程度提出了五種變體,它們是:(1)莊重文體(the frozen style);(2)正式文體(the formal style);(3)商議文體(the consultative style);(4)隨便文體(the casual style);(5)親密文體(the intimate style)。[1]招股說(shuō)明書是各種英語(yǔ)文體中正式程度最高的一種,即莊重文體。本文擬從詞匯和句法兩個(gè)方面討論招股說(shuō)明書英語(yǔ)的文體特點(diǎn)及翻譯策略,以期對(duì)招股說(shuō)明書的翻譯有所裨益。
由于內(nèi)容龐雜,招股說(shuō)明書中經(jīng)常充滿一些專業(yè)性很強(qiáng)的相關(guān)專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ),比如法律術(shù)語(yǔ)、金融證卷術(shù)語(yǔ)、商業(yè)貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)等。其中出現(xiàn)較多的法律術(shù)語(yǔ)有:principal委托人/當(dāng)事人;verdict裁決;arm’s length 公平交易;constitution公司章程等。其中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的金融證卷術(shù)語(yǔ)有:number of Offer Shares發(fā)售股份數(shù)目;number of Public Offer Shares公開發(fā)行股票數(shù)目;Offer Price發(fā)售價(jià);Stock Code股份代號(hào);spot foreign exchange即期外匯;retail investors散戶(投資者);bad or doubtful debt壞賬或呆賬/呆壞賬;bailee clause受托人條款;nestegg存款備用金;sale charge認(rèn)購(gòu)費(fèi)等。出現(xiàn)頻率較高的商業(yè)貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)有:cushion存貨;indent國(guó)外訂單;spot delivery現(xiàn)場(chǎng)交易;tradable quotation交易報(bào)價(jià);aggregate investment投資總額;sale of assets售賣資產(chǎn)等。
縮略詞語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)代科技英語(yǔ)中一種重要的構(gòu)詞手段。由于科技術(shù)語(yǔ)詞比較長(zhǎng),通常由多個(gè)名詞連用構(gòu)成,所以這種構(gòu)詞法必然是一種很受歡迎的新詞創(chuàng)造法,具有選詞簡(jiǎn)練、使用簡(jiǎn)便的優(yōu)勢(shì)。[2]為了使交流方便和書寫更為簡(jiǎn)便、易識(shí)記,招股說(shuō)明書中經(jīng)常使用縮略詞,準(zhǔn)確理解這些縮略詞語(yǔ)非常重要。招股說(shuō)明書中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的縮略語(yǔ)有:GEM創(chuàng)業(yè)板;OTC場(chǎng)外買賣等。
招股說(shuō)明書中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一些新穎詞匯。比如:private key私人密碼匙;key pair配對(duì)密碼匙;electronic signature電子簽名;asymmetric cryptosystem非對(duì)稱密碼系統(tǒng)等。
為了使文體正式,招股說(shuō)明書中還經(jīng)常使用古舊詞匯。如:
例1 A copy of this Prospectus,having attached thereto the documents specified in the section headed “Documents Delivered to the Registrar of companies”…….
例2 The Company has thereby applied for a waiver…
例3 Notice of meetings and business to be conducted thereat;
上述例子中,“thereto”,“thereby”和“thereat”的使用體現(xiàn)了招股說(shuō)明書英語(yǔ)行文正式、嚴(yán)肅的文體特征。
招股說(shuō)明書最明顯的句式特點(diǎn)是句子冗長(zhǎng)、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、語(yǔ)序復(fù)雜,大量使用長(zhǎng)句和套句等。
由于需要明確地闡明相關(guān)情況,避免不必要的曲解、誤解,招股說(shuō)明書中常常使用多種形式的長(zhǎng)句來(lái)表達(dá)多重而又密切相關(guān)的內(nèi)容,體現(xiàn)了其嚴(yán)密、正式的文體風(fēng)格。例如:
例4 We are required to ensure that all our listing documents and share certificates include the statements stipulated below and to instruct and cause each of our share registrars not to register the subscription,purchase or transfer of any of our Shares in the name of any particular holder unless and until such holder delivers to the share registrar a signed form in respect of those Shares bearing statements to the following effect,that the acquirer of Shares:
agrees with us and each shareholder,and we agree with each shareholder,to observe and comply with the PRC Company Law,the Special Regulations and the Articles of Association;
agrees with us and each shareholder,Director,Supervisor,manager and other officer and we acting both for the company and for each Director,Supervisor,manager and other officer,agree with each shareholder to refer all differences and claims arising from the Articles of Association or any rights or obligations conferred or imposed by the PRC Company Law or other relevant laws and administrative regulations concerning our affairs to arbitration in accordance with the Articles of Association. Any reference to arbitration will be deemed to authorize the arbitration tribunal to conduct its hearing in open session and to publish its award. Such arbitration will be final and conclusive;
agrees with us and each shareholder that Shares are freely transferable by the holder thereof; and
authorizes us to enter into a contract on his behalf with each Director and officer whereby such Directors and officers undertake to observe and comply with their obligations to shareholders as stipulated in the Articles of Association.
此例句很好地表現(xiàn)了招股書中長(zhǎng)句的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn),語(yǔ)句長(zhǎng)達(dá)270個(gè)英文單詞,分別使用了賓語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。
招股說(shuō)明書的目的在于向投資者介紹該上市公司及其股票發(fā)行相關(guān)的重要信息,以便他們?cè)谡J(rèn)購(gòu)股份時(shí)做出合理的決策。招股說(shuō)明書同一般科技類文章一樣,在不必說(shuō)明行為者以及為了客觀地描述相關(guān)情況時(shí),經(jīng)常使用被動(dòng)句。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用是招股說(shuō)明書追求敘述客觀性和規(guī)范性的一個(gè)重要手段。例如:
例5 CNOOC is obliged to provide benefits and services to its employees and employees of its associates .
例6 No action has been taken to permit a public offering of the Offer Shares or the distribution of this Prospectus in any jurisdiction other than Hong Kong.
各個(gè)國(guó)家的招股說(shuō)明書都有自己的基本格式。比如我國(guó)大陸的招股說(shuō)明書分為封面、目錄、正文、附錄和備查文件五個(gè)部分。而香港特區(qū)的招股章程一般分為首頁(yè)與重要提示(Face and Important)、預(yù)期時(shí)間表(Expected Timetable)、目錄(Contents)、正文(Body)和附錄(Appendixes)五個(gè)部分。[3]招股說(shuō)明書的每個(gè)部分都要求程式化、規(guī)范化和條理化,因此招股說(shuō)明書中大量使用套語(yǔ)和套句。例如,香港的招股章程幾乎都有“重要提示(Important)”這一重要項(xiàng)目。“重要提示”的內(nèi)容是由《公司條例》規(guī)定的:
原文:
If you are in any doubt about this Prospectus,you should consult your stockbroker,bank manager,solicitor,professional accountant or other professional adviser.
譯文:
如閣下對(duì)本招股章程存有任何疑問(wèn),應(yīng)咨尋閣下之股票經(jīng)紀(jì)人、銀行經(jīng)理、律師、專業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)師或其他專業(yè)顧問(wèn)。
招股說(shuō)明書屬于財(cái)經(jīng)法律類文本,因此其中大量的信息是用圖表和數(shù)字來(lái)表達(dá)的,這樣可以省去一些繁瑣的語(yǔ)言表達(dá),達(dá)到直觀醒目的目的。例如:
例7 As of December 31, As of June 30,1999 2000 2001 2002 Selected Balance Sheet Data:Cash and cash equivalents 935,072 870,376 871,124 164,315 Current assets 1,519,200 1,678,897 1,787,195 1,492,348 Property, plant and equipment, net 2,480,273 2,721,901 3,048,945 4,134,958 Interests in jointly-Controlled entities 69,270 81,149 193,922 155,310 Interests in an associate‥ — 36,487 — —
As of December 31, As of June 30,1999 2000 2001 2002 Total assets 4,074,938 4,518,434 5,030,062 5,782,616 Current liabilities 1,0379,708 1,371,992 1,721,057 850,735 Long term bank and other oans,net of current portion 4,500 55,000 30,000 —Total long-term liabilities‥ 329,500 422,000 374,000 1,260,300 Total liabilities 1,369,208 1,793,992 2,095,057 2,111,035 Owner’s/shareholder’s equity 2,705,730 2,724,442 2,935,005 3,671,581
劉宓慶在《文體與翻譯》中指出:“作為翻譯,我們的任務(wù)不僅限于傳達(dá)原意,而且應(yīng)在拿到原文以后通過(guò)反復(fù)閱讀、鉆研,掌握原文的總體風(fēng)貌,包括:用詞傾向(專業(yè)詞、深難詞、淺易詞、俚俗詞等等);句式特點(diǎn)(簡(jiǎn)單句、復(fù)雜句、省略句、祈使句、疑問(wèn)句、句式變化等等);修飾手段(比喻、對(duì)仗、夸張等等);表意方式(否定式、反問(wèn)式、間接式、直接式等等)詞語(yǔ)情態(tài)以及句段安排等等方面的問(wèn)題,并運(yùn)用自己學(xué)到的翻譯技能處理原文,使自己的譯文盡可能適應(yīng)原文的總體風(fēng)貌?!盵4]筆者贊同劉宓慶先生的觀點(diǎn)。筆者認(rèn)為譯者在翻譯招股說(shuō)明書時(shí)也應(yīng)該努力再現(xiàn)其專業(yè)性、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性和準(zhǔn)確性的文體特點(diǎn)。為此,在翻譯文中的專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)、縮略語(yǔ)、長(zhǎng)句和套語(yǔ)時(shí)譯者應(yīng)采取一些策略。
“翻譯專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ),首要遵循的基本原則是準(zhǔn)確性和統(tǒng)一性原則。”[5]我們?cè)诜g招股說(shuō)明書中一些專業(yè)性很強(qiáng)的專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)和縮略語(yǔ)時(shí),要結(jié)合上下文和相關(guān)專業(yè)領(lǐng)域來(lái)確定其含義,切忌主觀臆測(cè)。如;arm’s length不能按照字面意思理解成“手臂的長(zhǎng)度”,而是“公平交易”;“satisfaction”不是“滿意”,而是“清償/信納”;balance ticket不能譯成“平衡票據(jù)”,而是“決算單/銷售股票憑證”……。所以,譯者在翻譯這些術(shù)語(yǔ)和縮略語(yǔ)的時(shí)候,如果不確定它們的意思,應(yīng)該請(qǐng)教專業(yè)人士或查閱專業(yè)工具書,以確保譯文的專業(yè)性和準(zhǔn)確性。
如上文所述,招股說(shuō)明書中為了使所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容具有很強(qiáng)的準(zhǔn)確性、嚴(yán)密性和邏輯性,不給曲解、誤解留下可乘之機(jī),使用了大量的長(zhǎng)句。這些長(zhǎng)句結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,修飾成分很多,給翻譯工作帶來(lái)很大的困難。譯者在翻譯這些長(zhǎng)句的時(shí)候,應(yīng)該先分析其語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu),找出句中各成分之間的邏輯關(guān)系,再將原文的信息用目的語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣表達(dá)出來(lái)。如:
例8 Our valuation of each of the property interests represents its open market value which we would define as intended to mean an opinion of the best price at which the sale of an interest in property would have been completed unconditionally for cash consideration on the date of valuation,assuming:
(a) a willing seller
(b) that,prior to the date of valuation,there had been a reasonable period for the proper marketing of the interest,for the agreement of the price and terms and for the completion of the sale;
(c) that the state of the market,level of values and other circumstances were,on any earlier assumed date of exchange of contracts,the same as on the date of valuation;
(d) that no account is taken of any additional bid by a prospective purchaser with a special interest;and
(e) that both parties to the transaction had acted knowledgably,prudently and without compulsion
本句結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,修飾成分很多,語(yǔ)句較長(zhǎng),給翻譯帶來(lái)了相當(dāng)?shù)睦щy。譯者在動(dòng)手翻譯之前應(yīng)該先分析其語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu),找出句中各成分之間的邏輯關(guān)系。該句中多次使用定語(yǔ)從句(which 和at which)和賓語(yǔ)從句(以that引導(dǎo)的b-e項(xiàng))。
譯文:吾等對(duì)各項(xiàng)物業(yè)權(quán)益進(jìn)行之估值既有關(guān)物業(yè)權(quán)益之公開市值。就吾等所下定義而言,乃指認(rèn)為某項(xiàng)物業(yè)權(quán)于估值之日在下列假定情況下以現(xiàn)金代價(jià)無(wú)條件完成出售,預(yù)計(jì)可合理取得之最高價(jià)格:
(a) 有自愿賣方;
(b) 于估值之日前,有一段合理時(shí)間在市場(chǎng)適當(dāng)推銷權(quán)益、協(xié)商價(jià)格及條款及完成銷售;
(c) 于任何較早假定交換和約之日,市況、價(jià)值水平及其他情況均與估值當(dāng)日相同;
(d) 不考慮具有特殊興趣之有意買家之任何追加出價(jià);及
(e) 交易雙方均在知情、審慎及并無(wú)強(qiáng)迫之情況下進(jìn)行交易。
我們?cè)诜g招股說(shuō)明書中的套語(yǔ)時(shí),在確保樣譯可靠的情況下,可以采取照搬的原則。這樣既照顧到文體的一致性,又提高了效率。比如上文所述的香港招股章程中的“重要提示(Important)”這一項(xiàng)目即可把譯文照搬過(guò)來(lái)。同樣對(duì)于其它部分的套語(yǔ),我們也可以把譯文照搬過(guò)來(lái)。
作為一種專門用途英語(yǔ),招股說(shuō)明書英語(yǔ)具有鮮明的文體特點(diǎn)。在翻譯招股說(shuō)書的時(shí)候,譯者不僅要具備相關(guān)的專業(yè)知識(shí),而且要把握其文體特點(diǎn),才能再現(xiàn)招股書英語(yǔ)的專業(yè)性、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性和準(zhǔn)確性,使招股說(shuō)明書發(fā)揮其應(yīng)有的作用。
[1] 楊國(guó)燕. 法律英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)及翻譯技巧[J].石家莊學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2005(1).
[2] 李春紅.報(bào)關(guān)英語(yǔ)的詞匯特點(diǎn)及英譯初探[J].中國(guó)科技翻譯,2008(3)
[3] 李克興 張新紅.法律文本與法律翻譯[M].北京:中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司,2005:269-271.
[4] 劉宓慶.文體與翻譯[M].北京:中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司,1998:577-578.
[5] 吳潔.租賃合同的特點(diǎn)與翻譯[J].中國(guó)科技翻譯,2009(3).
Research into Style Features of Prospectus English and its Translation
WANG Bin
(Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei Anhui 235000, China)
prospectus English; style features; translation
As a variety of English for ESP, prospectus English has its special style features. This paper discusses the style features of prospectus English by analyzing its lexical features and syntactic features, and goes further into the principles on how to reproduce its specialty, rigorousness and accuracy.
H315.9
A
1673–2804(2011)01-0116-04
2010-04-15
淮北師范大學(xué)校級(jí)教研項(xiàng)目 JY09221