楊永德 印國兵 曾曉華
重慶醫(yī)科大學附屬第二醫(yī)院普外科,重慶 400010
局部進展期乳腺癌趨化因子受體CXCR4的表達與新輔助化療療效的相關性及預后研究
楊永德 印國兵 曾曉華
重慶醫(yī)科大學附屬第二醫(yī)院普外科,重慶 400010
背景與目的:目前已經確立新輔助化療在局部進展期乳腺癌(local advanced breast cancer,LABC)治療中的地位,達到病理完全緩解者可提高生存率,但仍有大量患者復發(fā)、死亡,而無法從中受益。因此,我們迫切需要從分子水平找到可以預測新輔助化療效果和預后的指標。目前已經證實趨化因子受體CXCR4與乳腺癌的侵襲和轉移有關,然而關于CXCR4能否作為LABC患者新輔助化療中的療效指標和預后指標,目前卻鮮有報道。本研究中,我們采用紫杉醇聯(lián)合蒽環(huán)類的新輔助化療方案治療LABC,同時比較CXCR4低表達和高表達與療效和遠期生存的相關性。方法:對接受4個周期紫杉醇聯(lián)合蒽環(huán)類的新輔助化療方案進行治療的86例ⅡB~ⅢB期(參照2002年AJCC乳腺癌TNM分期標準)LABC患者資料進行回顧性分析。用免疫組織化學法檢測新輔助化療前后乳腺癌組織CXCR4的表達,分析新輔助化療對CXCR4低表達和CXCR4高表達患者的臨床、病理療效及其與遠期生存的關系。結果:86例患者中58例(67.4%)為CXCR4高表達,28例(32.6%)為CXCR4低表達,新輔助化療后,CXCR4高表達49例(57.0%),低表達37例(43.0%),化療前后差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。86例患者的腫瘤原發(fā)灶總有效率(ORR)為90.7%(78/86),其中臨床完全緩解(cCR)占20.9%(18/86),部分緩解(PR)占69.8%(60/86),病情穩(wěn)定(SD)占9.3%(8/86),病理完全緩解(pCR)占15.1%(13/86)。CXCR4低表達cCR為39.3%(11/28),pCR為28.6%(8/28),明顯高于CXCR4高表達的cCR[12.07%(7/58)]和pCR[8.6%(5/58)](P<0.05)。新輔助化療后,LABC患者CXCR4高表達的復發(fā)和死亡的相對風險分別是CXCR4低表達的2.923(95%CI:1.418~6.023,P=0.003 6)倍和3.364(95%CI:1.190~9.509,P=0.022 1)倍。CXCR4高表達5年無復發(fā)生存率(RFS)為34%,低于CXCR4低表達組(59%)(P=0.002 7),CXCR4高表達5年總體生存率(OS)為57%,低于CXCR4低表達組(68%)(P=0.013 9)。COX回歸分析顯示,高表達的CXCR4是LABC患者在新輔助化療后一種新型的獨立預后指標。結論:紫杉醇聯(lián)合蒽環(huán)類的新輔助化療方案在LABC的新輔助化療中療效顯著,CXCR4低表達療效更明顯,更易獲得cCR和pCR。新輔助化療后,CXCR4高表達者遠期生存明顯低于CXCR4低表達者,復發(fā)和死亡的風險更大。CXCR4可作為預測新輔助化療療效和預后的一個重要參考指標。
乳腺癌; 趨化因子受體; CXCR4; 新輔助化療
目前已經確立新輔助化療(neo-adjuvant chemotherapy,NAC)在局部進展期乳腺癌(locally advanced breast cancer,LABC)治療中的肯定地位[1],但仍有大量患者無法從中受益。趨化因子受體CXCR4是1種7次跨膜的G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體,現(xiàn)已經被證實與包括乳腺癌在內的多種腫瘤侵襲和轉移有關[2]。目前有學者對CXCR4的表達與乳腺癌新輔助化療的療效及預后相關因素之間的關系進行了研究,但是尚未形成一個統(tǒng)一的結論。本研究旨在比較乳腺癌新輔助化療前后CXCR4的表達與新輔助化療療效之間的相互關系及預后研究,探討CXCR4能否作為預測乳腺癌新輔助化療療效和預后有效指標,為臨床治療提供指導。
選取2004年1月—2008年12月重慶醫(yī)科大學附屬第二醫(yī)院乳腺外科收治的86例ⅡB~ⅢB期(參照2002年第六版AJCC乳腺癌TNM分期標準)LABC患者進行回顧性研究,患者均為女性,年齡30~75歲,中位年齡48歲,其中浸潤性導管癌52例,浸潤性小葉癌20例,單純癌6例,硬癌4例,髓樣癌4例。所有患者化療前完成空芯針穿刺病理明確診斷,有可評價病灶,無炎性乳腺癌和遠處轉移。所有患者行新輔助化療前均簽署知情同意書,第1天接受蒽環(huán)類藥物表柔比星60 mg/m2或吡柔比星45 mg/m2,靜脈滴注;第二天紫杉醇175 mg/m2,靜脈滴注3 h,每2周重復1次,共4個周期?;熗瑫r給予地塞米松、氯苯那敏及西咪替丁等輔助用藥,以防胃腸道反應。4個周期化療結束后14~21 d,接受乳腺癌改良根治術或根治術,其中改良根治術81例,根治術5例。所有患者的ER、PR和Her-2的免疫組織化學染色由本院病理科按照標準規(guī)程操作。術后給予規(guī)范化化療、內分泌治療及放療。
全部病例新輔助化療前穿刺活檢取出的標本和乳腺癌術后的標本均用免疫組織化學法檢測CXCR4的表達,CXCR4免疫組化染色試劑盒購自北京中杉金橋生物技術有限公司,按試劑盒熱修復法操作。免疫組化結果判定:按腫瘤細胞陽性細胞率和著色強度分別進行記分。按陽性細胞百分率記分:≤5%為0分,>5%~25%為1分,>25%~50%為2分,>50%~75%為3分,>75%為4分。按著色強度記分并分為4個等級:無著色為0分,淡黃色為1分,黃色為2分,棕黃色為3分。兩者積分乘積為0表示陰性(-),大于1為陽性,其中1~2表示弱陽性(+),3~4表示陽性(++),≥5為強陽性(+++)[3]。在本研究中,≤2分記為CXCR4低表達,>2分記為CXCR4高表達。
療效按WHO制定的同一標準,腫瘤完全消失定義為臨床完全緩解(complete clinical response,cCR),腫瘤體積縮小50%以上為部分緩解(partial response,PR),而腫瘤病灶體積縮小不超過50%或體積增大不足25%視為疾病穩(wěn)定(stable disease,SD),腫瘤體積增大超過25%或出現(xiàn)新病灶則認為是疾病進展(progressive disease,PD),總有效率(overall response rate,ORR)為CR+PR患者所占百分比[4]。病理完全緩解(pathologic complete response,pCR)定義為原發(fā)腫瘤及區(qū)域淋巴結均無殘留浸潤性癌細胞,其中殘留原位癌也包括在pCR組[5]。
從治療第1天開始計算,所有患者均隨訪至2010年12月。中位隨訪32(15~72)個月,40例出現(xiàn)復發(fā)或轉移,其中21例因為腫瘤轉移而死亡。復發(fā)指臨床及組織學顯示同側乳腺區(qū)或區(qū)域淋巴結復發(fā),遠處轉移指臨床影像學檢查顯示有遠處轉移病灶。生存率指標采用5年無復發(fā)生存率(relapse-free survival,RFS)與總生存率(overall survival,OS),RFS指從手術后的第1天開始至第1次復發(fā)或末次隨訪為事件終點,在所隨訪觀察的時間內未出現(xiàn)復發(fā)或轉移為終檢值;OS指從治療第1天開始至死亡或末次隨訪為事件終點,生存、失訪或死于其他疾病為終檢值。
采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計軟件對數(shù)據(jù)資料進行統(tǒng)計分析,所有數(shù)據(jù)具體采用χ2檢驗、Fisher精確概率法、Spearman秩相關檢驗,Kaplan-Meier方法和COX比例風險回歸模型分析患者生存情況,用Log-rank檢驗進行比較生存率比較,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
新輔助化療前,86例LABC患者乳腺癌組織中CXCR4蛋白高表達58例(圖1);低表達28例(圖2),高表達率為67.4%。按計劃完成4個療程的新輔助化療后,乳腺癌組織中CXCR4蛋白高表達49例,低表達37例,高表達率為57.0% ,CXCR4由高表達轉為低表達15例,CXCR4由低表達轉為高表達6例,65例化療前后CXCR4的表達無變化,表達率在化療前后無明顯變化(χ2=1.00,P>0.05)。
圖 1 新輔助化療前乳腺癌CXCR4高表達Fig. 1 CXCR4 high expression in breast cancer tissue of pre-NAC
圖 2 新輔助化療前乳腺癌CXCR4低表達Fig. 2 CXCR4 low expression in breast cancer tissue of pre-NAC
全部患者在新輔助化療后均進行了療效評估。ORR為90.7%(78/86),其中cCR占20.9%(18/86),臨床部分緩解(PR)占69.77%(60/86),SD占9.3%(8/86),無進展病例。CXCR4低表達組的ORR與CXCR4高表達組的ORR差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。CXCR4低表達組的cCR(39.3%)和pCR(28.6%)顯著高于CXCR4高表達組的cCR(12.07%)和pCR(8.6%),兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05,表1)。
表 1 CXCR4的表達與新輔助化療療效Tab. 1 Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy between patients with low CXCR4 and high CXCR4
用Kaplan-Meier生存分析發(fā)現(xiàn):新輔助化療后,CXCR4高表達的5年RFS為34%,遠低于CXCR4低表達的5年RFS (59%)(P=0.002 7)。CXCR4高表達的5年OS為57%,也低于CXCR4低表達的5年OS(68%)(P=0.013 9)(圖3、4)。
另外,我們通過Spearman秩相關檢驗發(fā)現(xiàn),CXCR4的高表達與區(qū)域淋巴結狀態(tài)兩者之間無相關性(r=0.14,P=0.19)。同時,我們也比較了CXCR4的高表達是否與已知的臨床病理因素有關,比如腫瘤大小、ER、PR、Her-2狀態(tài)等,結果發(fā)現(xiàn)CXCR4高表達與腫瘤大小(P=0.278 1)、ER(P=0.643 7)、PR(P=0.532 6)及Her-2(P=0.337 4)也沒有相關性,從而證明CXCR4的表達可能是一個獨立的預測結果指標。
為了進一步證明在癌組織中高表達的CXCR4是一種LABC患者在新輔助化療后新型的獨立預后指標,我們對CXCR4高表達與已知的常見臨床病理因素進行了COX比例風險模型比較癌癥復發(fā)和死亡相對風險。新輔助化療后,LABC患者CXCR4高表達的復發(fā)和死亡的相對風險分別是CXCR4低表達的2.923倍(95%CI:1.418~6.023,P=0.003 6)和3.364倍(95%CI:1.190~9.509,P=0.022 1);相比之下,淋巴結陽性的復發(fā)和死亡相對風險分別是淋巴結陰性的是2.346倍(95%CI:1.470~3.745,P=0.000 4)和3.055倍(95%CI:1.484~6.286,P=0.002 4)(表2、3)。
表 2 CXCR4與腫瘤的復發(fā)(COX比例風險模型)Tab. 2 CXCR4 and cancer recurrence (COX proportional hazard model)
表 3 CXCR4與腫瘤相關的死亡(COX比例風險模型)Tab. 3 CXCR4 and cancer death (COX proportional hazard model)
CXCR4屬于GTP-蛋白偶聯(lián)的7次跨膜受體,基質細胞衍生因子-1(stromal cell derived factor-1,SDF-1)是該受體的唯一配體。目前CXCR4已經被證實與多種癌癥的侵襲和轉移有關,包括乳腺癌[6-7]。Muller等[6]利用動物模型篩選了人類乳腺癌細胞中的17種趨化因子受體基因,發(fā)現(xiàn)CXCR4表達水平明顯高于正常乳腺上皮細胞,并且通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在肝臟、骨骼及肺臟等器官中SDF-1有較高的表達,CXCR4通過與SDF-1的特異性結合形成復合物發(fā)揮作用,參與乳腺癌上述器官的轉移。Schmid等[8]采用免疫組織化學方法的研究結果提示,CXCR4在非典型導管上皮增生、導管原位癌及導管原位癌伴浸潤性癌均有表達,提示CXCR4可能是乳腺癌發(fā)生的早期分子事件。
新輔助化療自上世紀70年代開始應用于LABC的臨床治療以來,迅速成為乳腺外科的研究熱點[9]。近年來,新輔助化療在LABC中的治療作用得到了肯定,達到病理完全緩解者可提高生存率[10],因而,臨床上能否找到可以預測新輔助化療效果的指標顯得日益重要。對于趨化因子受體CXCR4的表達與新輔助化療療效之間的相關性,蔡偉等[11]的研究認為,CXCR4在乳腺癌組織中表達的分布狀態(tài)可作為新輔助化療的療效參考指標,CXCR4的表達呈簇狀分布化療療效好于散在分布者。在我們的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),紫杉醇聯(lián)合蒽環(huán)類的新輔助化療方案在LABC的新輔助化療中療效顯著,CXCR4低表達療效更明顯,更易獲得cCR和pCR(P<0.05〉,證實紫杉醇聯(lián)合蒽環(huán)類可能會使CXCR4低表達患者受益更多,CXCR4蛋白低表達的患者化療有效率高。而化療前后,CXCR4蛋白表達差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),說明新輔助化療并不能顯著降低CXCR4在乳腺癌組織中的表達水平。目前大量的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),新輔助化療后,LABC患者5年生存率仍然較低,在20%~55%不等[12-13]。區(qū)域淋巴結是否轉移和能不能獲得pCR是目前最重要的臨床預后指標[14-15],除此之外,無論是臨床或是生物學,目前幾乎已經沒有其他可用的預后指標。達到pCR者可提高生存率,但是研究發(fā)現(xiàn)只有8%~20%的LABC患者在新輔助化療后能達到pCR,這就意味著對于大多數(shù)的LABC患者而言,預后的判斷完全取決于患者的區(qū)域淋巴結狀態(tài)。如果說能找到一個獨立的預后判斷因素,將會協(xié)助臨床醫(yī)師對高風險的識別,有針對性的更深入研究或新型的靶向治療。然而關于在分子水平對LABC進行預測的研究很少,大部分都集中在傳統(tǒng)的臨床病理特征,如區(qū)域淋巴結,炎性乳腺癌,或是在新輔助化療后較差的病理反應[16-17]。目前CXCR4與乳腺癌預后的關系上尚未有定論。Salvucci等[18]對1 808例浸潤性乳腺癌和214例浸潤前乳腺癌患者的分析表明,CXCR4的細胞質著色與腫瘤惡性度有關,并對疾病特異性生存有預后價值。Kang等[19]采用RT-PCR法對乳腺癌的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CXCR4與乳腺癌預后不良有關。但是有些學者認為CXCR4與乳腺癌預后是沒有關系的。很多學者對CXCR4的表達與乳腺癌新輔助化療的療效及預后相關因素之間的關系進行了研究,但是尚未形成統(tǒng)一的結論。Holm等[2]通過對54例LABC患者新輔助化療后的研究認為,新輔助化療后CXCR4的高表達預示著有更差的生存率。Hiller等[20]通過對17例LABC患者的研究認為,新輔助化療后,CXCR4的表達可作為預測生存率的指標。在我們的研究中,對于接受新輔助化療的LABC的患者來說,在新輔助化療后,CXCX4高表達比低表達的患者有更差的生存率,除此之外,CXCR4高表達預示著復發(fā)相對危險度(RR=2.923,95%CI:1.418~6.023,P=0.0036)和癌癥死亡相對危險度(RR=3.364,95%CI:1.190~9.509,P=0.0221)明顯高,新輔助化療后CXCR4的表達也似乎是一種比淋巴結狀態(tài)更強的預測指標,這一結果與Holm等[2]的研究較為一致。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)具有極大的重要性,因為這是一個獨立的預測結果指標,而且是一個比區(qū)域淋巴結狀態(tài)更強的預測乳腺癌的結果指標。雖然我們的數(shù)據(jù)只有86例,但我們相信從這些數(shù)據(jù)產生的結果是可靠的,因為我們能夠驗證的結果是依賴于1個已經比較確定的預后指標:區(qū)域淋巴結狀態(tài)。雖然本研究取得了一些進展,但是我們也不能夸大其重要性,CXCR4表達作為LABC患者在新輔助化療預后指標還應通過未來的前瞻性臨床試驗。因此,本研究結果提示CXCR4的表達狀態(tài)可能是預測新輔助化療療效和預后的1個重要的獨立參考指標。
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Expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 in locally advanced breast cancer patients with the efficacy and prognosis correlation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy
YANG Yong-de, YIN Guo-bing, ZENG Xiao-hua(Department General Surgery, the Second Hospital, Chongqing University of Medical Science, Chongqing 400010, China)
ZENG Xiao-hua E-mail:qq-zxh@126.com
Background and purpose:The effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) has been proved and that pathologic complete response (pCR) after NAC could improve survival has been proved either. Regardless of treatment, the majority of patients with LABC continues to recur and die from this disease. A molecular predictor to predict the effect of NAC and identify at-risk patients is sorely needed.CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor that has been linked to breast cancer invasion and metastasis, but the mechanism of it's translating into clinical practice is still unclear. No study to date has examined the expression of CXCR4 as an indicator of the efficacy of NAC as a prognosticator for LABC patients who have undergone NAC. Therefore, we used taxanes and anthracyclines for LABC and compared the expression of CXCR4 before and after chemotherapy and the relationship of effectiveness and survival.Methods:Eighty-six patients with Ⅱb–Ⅲbstage LABC treated with 4 cycles of neoadjuvant taxanes and anthracyclines chemotherapy were included in this retrospective study. Expression of CXCR4 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry method. The clinical and pathologic response to neoadjuvant taxanes and anthracyclines chemotherapy, and the relationships of response and survival between high CXCR4 and low CXCR4 patients were analyzed.Results:Of the 86 patients, 28 (32.6%) with low the CXCR4 expression and 58 (67.4%) with high CXCR4 expression. After NAC, 37 (43.0%) had low CXCR4 expression, 49 (57.0%) had high CXCR4 expression,which showed no significant changes (P>0.05). The overall response rate (ORR) was 90.7% (78/86), including 20.9%clinical complete response (cCR) and 69.8% clinical partial response, and the pathologic complete response (pCR) was 15.1%. The cCR and pCR were 39.3% and 28.6% in patients with low CXCR4, significantly higher than that in patients with high CXCR4 respectively (12.07% and 8.6%) (P<0.05). After NAC, the relative risks for recurrence and death in the high CXCR4 group were 2.923-fold (95%CI: 1.418–6.023,P=0.0036) and 3.364-fold (95%CI: 1.190–9.509,P=0.0221) higher, respectively than those in the low CXCR4 group. High CXCR4 group had worse 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) (34%) than that in low CXCR4 group (59%,P=0.0027). The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 57% for high CXCR4 and 68% for low CXCR4 (P=0.0139). COX proportional hazard model analysis further strengthened our hypothesis that high CXCR4 expression in cancer specimens following NAC is a novel independent prognostic indicator of poor cancer outcome in patients who had LABC.Conclusion:Patients with low CXCR4 are more sensitive to taxane and anthracycline neoadjuvant chemotherapy than those with high CXCR4. Patients with low CXCR4 have increased cCR and pCR rates compared with those with high CXCR4. After NAC, low CXCR4 patients have a good prognosis than those with high CXCR4. Detecting expression of CXCR4 in LABC tissue would be an important index for predicting the effects of NAC and as a prognosticator for LABC patients who have undergone NAC.
Breast cancer; Chemokine receptors; CXCR4; Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
10.3969/j.issn.1007-3969.2011.06.005
R737.9
A
1007-3639(2011)06-0446-06
曾曉華 E-mail:qq-zxh@126.com
2011-03-28
2011-05-15)