摘 要:特許期作為BOT項(xiàng)目特許經(jīng)營(yíng)協(xié)議中的一項(xiàng)重要條款,一直是學(xué)術(shù)界和實(shí)務(wù)界共同關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。通過(guò)對(duì)特許期影響因素和決策方法相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的回顧,歸納出建設(shè)期、建設(shè)成本、交通量、收費(fèi)價(jià)格、運(yùn)營(yíng)和維護(hù)成本等關(guān)鍵風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,采用符合項(xiàng)目實(shí)踐運(yùn)作規(guī)律的概率分布函數(shù)進(jìn)行擬合,構(gòu)建了項(xiàng)目收入函數(shù)和成本函數(shù),根據(jù)對(duì)建設(shè)期、建設(shè)成本和運(yùn)營(yíng)期內(nèi)收益凈現(xiàn)值進(jìn)行Monte Carlo模擬的結(jié)果,求解出在給定投資回報(bào)水平下的特許期區(qū)間,并結(jié)合一個(gè)實(shí)際案例對(duì)特許期模擬求解流程進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,為不確定收益下公路BOT項(xiàng)目特許期決策提供了一種可借鑒方法。
關(guān)鍵詞:BOT;特許期;公路項(xiàng)目;蒙特卡羅模擬;不確定性
中圖分類號(hào):F294.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1003-5192(2010)02-0058-06
A Methodology for Determining the Concession Period of BOTHighway Projects under Uncertainty of Revenue
WANG Dong-bo, SONG Jin-bo, DAI Da-shuang, LI Zheng
(School of Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China)
Abstract:Concession period is one of the most important issues through the concession agreement of build-operate-transfer (BOT) projects, and has been the focus in fields of both academy and practice. Through the review of relevant literatures on influencing factors and decision methods for concession period, several key risks including construction period, construction cost, traffic volume, price and operation and maintenance cost are concluded. Each risk is measured with a kind of probability distribution function according to the practical regulations, and further income function and cost function are established respectively. According to the results of Monte Carlo simulation to construction period, construction cost and net present value in the operation period, a reasonable interval of concession period could be determined at required rate of return on investment, and a case study is provided to demonstrate the application of the proposed methodology and simulation techniques. It provides a referential methodology for determining the concession period of BOT highway projects under uncertainty of revenue.
Key words:build-operate-transfer (BOT); concession period; highway project; Monte Carlo simulation; uncertainty
1 引言
近年來(lái),采用BOT(Build-Operate-Transfer)方式運(yùn)作基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施交通項(xiàng)目成為減輕政府財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)、提高項(xiàng)目運(yùn)營(yíng)效率的重要手段,這一領(lǐng)域的研究也迅速引起國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者和實(shí)務(wù)界的廣泛關(guān)注。然而,由于針對(duì)特許期這一特許協(xié)議中的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)缺乏科學(xué)的決策方法,導(dǎo)致許多BOT項(xiàng)目運(yùn)作失敗[1,2]。公路BOT項(xiàng)目投資高、特許期長(zhǎng)、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大,收益具有較高不確定性,不合理的特許期設(shè)定將導(dǎo)致投資者獲得超額利潤(rùn)或者無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)期收益,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致項(xiàng)目失敗。據(jù)國(guó)家審計(jì)署2008年《18個(gè)省市收費(fèi)公路建設(shè)運(yùn)營(yíng)管理情況審計(jì)調(diào)查結(jié)果》顯示,在山東省、北京市等12個(gè)省市35條經(jīng)營(yíng)性公路中,由于政府批準(zhǔn)的特許期過(guò)長(zhǎng)且交通量過(guò)高,許多項(xiàng)目(如濟(jì)青高速公路等)的運(yùn)營(yíng)收入竟然達(dá)到投資的數(shù)倍甚至10倍以上。與之相反,另一些項(xiàng)目(如西安至寶雞高速公路等)由于忽視了交通量低、運(yùn)營(yíng)成本高等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,導(dǎo)致投資者在相對(duì)較短的特許期內(nèi)無(wú)法收回投資,更面臨嚴(yán)峻的償債危機(jī)。由此可見(jiàn),深入分析各類關(guān)鍵風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素對(duì)特許期的影響,進(jìn)而在收益不確定條件下確定合理的特許期,對(duì)于保障公路BOT項(xiàng)目的成功實(shí)施至關(guān)重要,這也成為理論研究中亟待解決的重要課題。
許多學(xué)者針對(duì)公路BOT項(xiàng)目特許期影響因素展開(kāi)了研究。國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者普遍指出,交通量需求風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和完工風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(包括建設(shè)期拖延和建設(shè)成本超支等情況)是影響公路BOT項(xiàng)目特許期的關(guān)鍵風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。Roger和Donald調(diào)查了60個(gè)大型BOT項(xiàng)目,認(rèn)為交通量需求風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最為關(guān)鍵[3]。Ye、李啟明和楊宏偉等也指出,交通BOT項(xiàng)目特許期的影響因素主要包括交通量、建設(shè)期、建設(shè)成本、運(yùn)營(yíng)和維護(hù)成本等[4~8]。收費(fèi)價(jià)格直接決定運(yùn)營(yíng)期內(nèi)的現(xiàn)金流,是影響特許期的又一重要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。李啟明、楊宏偉和Shen等在價(jià)格作為外生變量條件下,探討了特許期決策問(wèn)題[6~9]。Nombela等以社會(huì)福利最大化為目標(biāo),建立了公路BOT項(xiàng)目最優(yōu)特許期與最優(yōu)收費(fèi)價(jià)格之間的函數(shù)關(guān)系[10]。此外,成本超支也是關(guān)鍵風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素之一。Bent等調(diào)查了歐洲、北美等地區(qū)的167個(gè)公路項(xiàng)目、58個(gè)軌道項(xiàng)目和33個(gè)隧道橋梁項(xiàng)目,指出90%的交通項(xiàng)目都存在成本超支風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[11,12]。
為了衡量和評(píng)價(jià)這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素對(duì)特許期的影響,Monte Carlo模擬方法被引入到相關(guān)研究中。該方法能夠根據(jù)BOT項(xiàng)目實(shí)踐運(yùn)作規(guī)律,采用特定的概率分布函數(shù)擬合建設(shè)期、建設(shè)成本、交通量、收費(fèi)價(jià)格、運(yùn)營(yíng)和維護(hù)成本等關(guān)鍵風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,進(jìn)而模擬出項(xiàng)目公司的NPV曲線,在給定的置信水平下求解特許期。Malini以特許期作為內(nèi)生決策變量,以交通量、建設(shè)成本、運(yùn)營(yíng)和維護(hù)成本作為隨機(jī)變量,分別模擬出項(xiàng)目在不同融資方案中的經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)[13];Shen等將項(xiàng)目公司與政府的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)承擔(dān)比例定義為各自對(duì)運(yùn)營(yíng)期內(nèi)NPV的置信水平,在不同風(fēng)險(xiǎn)承擔(dān)比例下,預(yù)測(cè)出NPV曲線和投資回報(bào)[9,14];Zhang通過(guò)對(duì)建設(shè)期和建設(shè)成本的模擬計(jì)算,在給定投資回報(bào)和置信水平下求解特許期[15];進(jìn)一步地,Thomas等定義了項(xiàng)目公司可接受的最低回報(bào)率、項(xiàng)目公司期望回報(bào)率、政府允許的最高回報(bào)率三個(gè)基準(zhǔn)值,對(duì)特許期的模擬結(jié)果表明,合理的特許期應(yīng)該同時(shí)滿足實(shí)現(xiàn)三個(gè)回報(bào)率的累積概率相對(duì)較高、適中和較低[16]。
通過(guò)對(duì)已有研究的分析可以發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)影響公路BOT項(xiàng)目特許期的關(guān)鍵風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素主要包括建設(shè)期、建設(shè)成本、交通量、收費(fèi)價(jià)格、運(yùn)營(yíng)和維護(hù)成本等;(2)應(yīng)用Monte Carlo模擬方法可以較為系統(tǒng)地反映這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素對(duì)特許期的影響。然而,目前各類風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素對(duì)特許期的影響研究仍然不夠完整,針對(duì)公路BOT項(xiàng)目實(shí)際風(fēng)險(xiǎn)特征、收入函數(shù)與成本函數(shù)構(gòu)成特點(diǎn)展開(kāi)深入探討十分必要。因此,本研究以公路BOT項(xiàng)目為對(duì)象,構(gòu)建了收益不確定條件下的特許期決策方法,采用Monte Carlo模擬技術(shù)求解特許期,并結(jié)合實(shí)際案例數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行應(yīng)用分析,希望能為此類BOT項(xiàng)目的特許期決策提供一定依據(jù)。
2 特許期決策模型構(gòu)建
2.1 收入函數(shù)(I)
公路BOT項(xiàng)目收入函數(shù)包括交通量(Q)和收費(fèi)價(jià)格(P)兩個(gè)變量。
(1)交通量
4 結(jié)論
特許期是BOT項(xiàng)目特許經(jīng)營(yíng)協(xié)議中的重要決策參數(shù)。本研究將建設(shè)期、建設(shè)成本、交通量、收費(fèi)價(jià)格、運(yùn)營(yíng)和維護(hù)成本等關(guān)鍵風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素定義為隨機(jī)變量,采用符合項(xiàng)目實(shí)踐運(yùn)作規(guī)律的概率分布函數(shù)來(lái)反映這些因素對(duì)特許期的影響,在此基礎(chǔ)上構(gòu)建了不確定收益下公路BOT項(xiàng)目特許期決策方法,通過(guò)對(duì)建設(shè)期、建設(shè)成本和運(yùn)營(yíng)期內(nèi)NPV的模擬,在給定凈現(xiàn)值率的條件下,確定出較為合理的特許期區(qū)間。結(jié)合某公路BOT項(xiàng)目的數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)該方法進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證分析,研究表明,在統(tǒng)籌設(shè)計(jì)建設(shè)期和運(yùn)營(yíng)期基礎(chǔ)上確定的特許期,不僅可以激勵(lì)項(xiàng)目公司節(jié)約建設(shè)成本、縮短工期以獲得更多的運(yùn)營(yíng)收入,還可以兼顧政府與項(xiàng)目公司雙方的利益,從而提高特許期決策的合理性。
公路BOT項(xiàng)目成本函數(shù)構(gòu)成復(fù)雜,除運(yùn)營(yíng)和維護(hù)成本外,還受到融資結(jié)構(gòu)、還貸方式、利率變動(dòng)等多種因素的影響。不僅如此,本研究將大中修成本設(shè)定在運(yùn)營(yíng)期第10年、第20年一次性支出,因而表6中第20年的累積概率值較上一年度略有下降;而實(shí)踐中還可以采用分年提取、集中使用的記賬方式,應(yīng)結(jié)合這些情況對(duì)特許期決策方法加以完善。
另外,在BOT項(xiàng)目特許經(jīng)營(yíng)協(xié)議談判中,經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)收費(fèi)價(jià)格低而特許期長(zhǎng)、或者收費(fèi)價(jià)格高而特許期短等多組方案的比選問(wèn)題。為了在多目標(biāo)組合決策方案中選擇全局最優(yōu)策略,可以將Monte Carlo模擬方法與優(yōu)化理論相結(jié)合,探討多目標(biāo)均衡條件下的特許期決策方法。這些都有待后續(xù)研究進(jìn)一步深化。
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