【摘 要】四級考試作文寫作從結(jié)構(gòu)上舉例分析及邏輯語義關(guān)聯(lián)成分的指導(dǎo)應(yīng)用。
【關(guān)鍵詞】四級考試 寫作 分析 結(jié)構(gòu)
【中圖分類號】G642【文獻標(biāo)識碼】A【文章編號】1006-9682(2009)09-0077-02
大學(xué)英語四級考試的考試大綱是根據(jù)《大學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱》制定的,考試大綱對所考英語語言分別進行了量化描述,并附有樣卷。大學(xué)英語四級考試以此為命題依據(jù)。考試大綱對大學(xué)英語四級寫作的要求如下:寫作(PartⅠ:Writing):共1題,考試時間30分鐘。要求學(xué)生寫出一篇不少于120詞的短文。試卷上可能給出題目,或規(guī)定情景,或要求看圖作文,或給出段首句要求續(xù)寫,或給出關(guān)鍵詞要求寫成短文。要求能夠正確表達思想,意義連貫,無重大語言錯誤。寫作內(nèi)容:日常生活和一般常識。寫作目的:測試學(xué)生運用英語思維進行書面表達的初步能力。
英文寫作對于中國學(xué)生來說是一大薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。由于沒有系統(tǒng)的課堂訓(xùn)練,又無實際的應(yīng)用環(huán)境,絕大多數(shù)人不知道如何去寫一篇好作文。全國大學(xué)英語四級統(tǒng)考要求考生在30分鐘之內(nèi)寫出一篇至少120字以上的滿分為15分的命題作文。并且明確規(guī)定,不能放棄不寫,如果低于6分,則影響其整個試卷的成績。學(xué)生必須掌握基本的寫作技巧,例如,如何選詞、如何組句、如何成段等,要了解各種不同類型的作文題目及其對策。四級考試作文題往往有很大的慣性。因此,復(fù)習(xí)歷年真題在準(zhǔn)備四級考試中具有很大重要性。而相對固定的校園話題,也讓備考相對容易一些。
以本次考試作文為例,筆者從幾篇例文中選擇了一篇來加以分析。
Nowadays many college students prefer to have electives in their spare time because the courses can offer a variety of skills and abundant knowledge apart from what they learn in the daily courses. There are many factors that may account for it, and the following are the most conspicuous aspects.
To start with, many students want to get another degree besides their own, so that they can have more competence when they seek a job. Furthermore, as for me, I don’t care about degree or job, I just want to obtain some necessary skills to make my college life worthwhile. What I’m concerned most is how to own more skills that may be necessary for my future. Finally, some students want to learn anything that is different from what they are learning now. The science students, for example, want to know about Shakespeare while the art students want to tell how a vehicle works and how to deal with it when it breaks down. So, they can all get what they think is useful to their college life.
On the whole, the phenomenon is one of the results of multi-dem and of the employment market. There is still a long way for us to improve the elective itself, but as a student myself, I find it rewarding and interesting.
這篇三段式作文。第一段為引言部分,主要引出文章的話題或要討論的主題(topic),并在段尾寫出文章中心思想句(thesis statement)。第二段為全文的核心部分(main body),闡述第一段提出的中心思想,因此既有主題句(topic sentence)又有闡述理由的句子(supporting sentence)。第三段為結(jié)尾部分(conclusion),對全文進行歸納和總結(jié)。
該篇作文比較突出優(yōu)點和特色表現(xiàn)在結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,條理清楚,層次分明,有很強的邏輯順序感;沒有語言錯誤和表達能力較強。所以從寫作策略上來說,學(xué)生要在高中至大一期間牢固掌握基礎(chǔ)語法知識,從根本上避免發(fā)生語言錯誤,熟練運用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和要點,避免扣分爭取高分。
同時,要牢牢把握寫作的核心元素——詞匯。要從詞性、詞義、語境、近義辨析諸方面來掌握重點詞匯,以課文為范本學(xué)習(xí)運用詞匯,力求做到運用嫻熟,用詞準(zhǔn)確、地道;特別值得注意的是,在寫作中要注意書面語和書面句子結(jié)構(gòu)的同意運用。表達能力偏低的主要表現(xiàn)是口語體的表達方式過多,句子結(jié)構(gòu)也比較單一。作文要求使用書面語,及準(zhǔn)確地使用較多正式的詞匯,同時句子結(jié)構(gòu)也應(yīng)長短結(jié)合。
為了使文章既有書面語體特點,從寫作語體角度而言必須掌握相關(guān)連接詞和連接成分,了解這些連接詞與連接語的不同功能,它們有的用于承上啟下,有的用于思想展開討論,闡述理由。一言概之在文中運用這些成分能夠使文章邏輯性很強、層次分明、條理清楚。一般把連接詞與連接語分為以下三類:
1.表明事件發(fā)生的時間順序:
then, first, at once, next, after that, previously, while, when, the following day, etc.
2.表明文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu):
(1)Listing: firstly, in the first place, secondly, thirdly, my next point is, last/finally, etc.
(2)Illustrating:for example/for instance,to illustrate, an example/ instance of this is, let’s take….., take…. for example, etc.
(3)Re-stating: in other words, that is to say, to put it another way, let me put it this way, or rather, namely, etc.
(4)Referring: in this respect, in that connection, as we said, apart from this, etc.
(5)Resuming: to resume, to return to the previous point, getting back to the argument, etc.
(6)Summarizing: to sum up, in short, it amounts to this, what I have been saying is this, etc.
(7)Emphasizing: it is worth noting, I would like to direct your attention to, let us consider, we must now turn to, I shall begin by, etc.
3.表明作者的觀點、態(tài)度
(1)Introducing(or emphasizing)further evidence: moreover, furthermore, in addition, what’s more, as well, etc.
(2)Cause: because (of), since, owing to, on account of, due to, as a result of, etc.
(3)Effect: as a result, hence, therefore, consequently, thus, so, etc.
(4)Contrasting: in/by contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, nevertheless, whereas, while, yet, however, but, etc.
(5)Comparison: in like manner, likewise, in the same way, similarly, in comparison with, etc.
(6)Purpose: to this end, for this purpose, with this in mind, in order to, so that, etc.
(7)Intensification: indeed, in fact, in any event/case, at no time, to tell the truth, etc
除了平時大量語言的積累外,考生在寫作文的時候一定要抓緊時間。建議在草稿紙上列個outline(框架/提綱),即每段的開頭句、中心句、支持句、甚至是結(jié)尾句,然后直接在答題紙上書寫,按照outline寫,邊寫邊想,邊想邊修改,邊修改邊寫。把握不準(zhǔn)的單詞建議先在草稿紙上寫寫拼拼,再往答題紙上寫。注意書寫規(guī)范和整潔。作文是一種對考生語言表達能力的考試,是一種直接考試。在作文題目所要求的內(nèi)容是考生比較熟悉的話題的前提下,作文對考生書面綜合運用語言能力的測量最準(zhǔn)確、效度最高。作文作為一種主觀題型,較難進行應(yīng)試培訓(xùn),主要靠平時踏踏實實的知識積累和能力的培養(yǎng),通過閱讀、欣賞、模仿等具體手段訓(xùn)練出來的。寫作方面的很多策略和實用技巧,需要考生舍得花時間,花精力,花心思去挖掘,去發(fā)現(xiàn),去實踐。
參考文獻
1 李 瑋、陳榮編著.大學(xué)英語四級寫作.北京大學(xué)出版社,2006
2 董 明.大學(xué)英語四級寫作.浙江工商大學(xué)出版社,2008
3 祝 良.大學(xué)英語四級寫作指南.世界圖書出版社,2006