摘 要: 英語(yǔ)中but使用的頻率很高,其意義不盡相同,其詞性不光是介詞和連詞,還有關(guān)系代詞、副詞、名詞和動(dòng)詞,用法也比較靈活,故本文總結(jié)了but在英語(yǔ)中各種詞性的使用及其翻譯。
關(guān)鍵詞: 英語(yǔ) but 用法 翻譯
1.but的介詞使用及翻譯
1.1but作介詞時(shí),經(jīng)常與表示否定意義的詞(no,nobody,nothing,nowhere等),表示疑問(wèn)意義的詞(what,who,where,when等),還有表示總體意義的詞(all,any,everything,everybody等)連用。常常翻譯成“除了……”,有時(shí)也翻譯成“只有,僅僅”等。如:
(1)Nobody but him knows the truth.除了他沒(méi)有人知道真相。
(2)I have been to all the places in China but Tibet.除了西藏我到過(guò)中國(guó)所有地方。
(3)Holding any but a very small telescope in the hand is both tiring and difficult.手里拿著除了一小的望遠(yuǎn)鏡之外的任何望遠(yuǎn)鏡是既費(fèi)勁又困難。
(4)We go to school every day but Sunday.我們除了星期日每天都上學(xué)。
1.2用在序數(shù)詞first,next,last之后,but+基數(shù)詞。first but one(two)表示“第二(三)”,last but one(two)表示“倒數(shù)第二(三)”,next but one(two)表示“隔壁第二(三)”。如:
(1)Begin with the last sentence but one.從倒數(shù)的二個(gè)句子開(kāi)始。
(2)My classroom is next door but two the room.我的教室是這個(gè)房間的隔壁第三間。
1.3用在“cannot but+動(dòng)詞”或“cannot help but+動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中,翻譯為“不得不,必然,不禁,勢(shì)必”等。如:
(1)We cannot but finish the task next week.我們必須在下周完成任務(wù)。
(2)He was in great trouble at that time.We could not but help him.當(dāng)時(shí)他遇到了很麻煩的事,我們必須幫他。
1.4 but for翻譯為“要不是,如果沒(méi)有,若非”等,主句常常是虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如:
(1)But for the computer,our life would be more difficult.要是沒(méi)有了電腦,我們的生活會(huì)變得很困難。
(2)But for gravity,there would be no air around the earth.若是沒(méi)有引力,地球周圍就沒(méi)有空氣。
(3)But for your help,they could not have completed it on time.要是沒(méi)有你幫忙,他們不可能按時(shí)完成。
1.5 but前有do作實(shí)意動(dòng)詞,那么“but+動(dòng)詞原形”,翻譯為“只好,只”,如果沒(méi)有do在but前,則是“but+to+動(dòng)詞原形”。如:
(1)We did nothing last night but watch TV.昨晚我們除了看電視什么也沒(méi)干。
(2)There is to be nothing to do in the afternoon but stay at home.下午沒(méi)事干就呆在家了。
(3)We had no choice but to walk home.我們沒(méi)有別的選擇只好走回家。
(4)Nothing remains but to die.除了死沒(méi)有別的辦法。
2.but的連詞使用及翻譯
2.1作并列連詞
作并列連詞時(shí),表示兩種對(duì)立的關(guān)系。既可連接并列成分也可以連接并列句子。通常翻譯為“但是,而,卻”等,也可以翻譯成“雖然……但是……”,有時(shí)可以不翻譯出來(lái)。如:
(1)This kind of metal is expensive,but quite useful in industry.這種金屬很貴,可是在工業(yè)上很有用。
(2)Reading is learning,but teaching is also learning.讀書是學(xué)習(xí),然而教書也是學(xué)習(xí)。
(3)Earthquakes often happen near volcanoes,but this is not always true.地震經(jīng)常在發(fā)生在火山地區(qū),但也不完全如此。
but以“not only...but also”或“not only...but...as well”形式出現(xiàn)時(shí)(有時(shí)but或also可以省略),not only位于句首句子要倒裝,翻譯成“不盡……而且……”。如:
(1)A thermometer tells us not only how hot a thing is,but how cold it as well.溫度計(jì)不僅僅能告訴我們物體有多熱,還能告訴我們物體有多涼。
(2)Not only can the computer gather facts,it can also store them as fast as they are gathered.電腦不僅可以收集資料,而且還可以與收集資料的同樣的速度存儲(chǔ)資料。
(3)Not only is the sun used in cooking,but it also supplies power for such things as cars.太陽(yáng)能不僅可以用來(lái)燒飯,還可以為汽車提供能量。
在“not...but...”的結(jié)構(gòu)中,一般翻譯成“不是……而是,并非……而是……”等。如:
(1)Sugar and alcohol are not electrolytes,but non-electrolytes.糖和酒精不是電解質(zhì),而是非電解質(zhì)。
(2)The mirror at that time was made not of glass but of metal.那時(shí)的鏡子不是玻璃做的而是金屬做的。
(3)John is poor,but he is happy.約翰很窮,但他很快活。
2.2作從屬連詞
2.2.1引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。but引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),可以單獨(dú)使用也可以與that連用,句子謂語(yǔ)經(jīng)常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式,并且經(jīng)常與否定詞not,no,never等否定詞連用,翻譯為“若不,要不是,如果沒(méi)有”等。如:
(1)But that there were sunlight,air and water on the earth, there would be no animal and no plant.地球上沒(méi)有陽(yáng)光、空氣和水,動(dòng)植物也就不存在了。
(2)I would have not passed the English exam but that he had not helped me with my English.要不是他幫我學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ),我不會(huì)通過(guò)英語(yǔ)考試的。
(3)The goal would never be achieved but one does not work hard for his goal.若一個(gè)人不為自己的目標(biāo)努力,他的目標(biāo)是絕不會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
(4)But that I saw it,I wouldn’t have believed it.要不是我親眼目睹,我不會(huì)相信的。
2.2.2but引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。經(jīng)常與that或what連用,并且主句中含有否定詞not,no,never,nothing等,翻譯為“沒(méi)有到……不……”,“無(wú)論……都……”,“一……就……”等。如:
(1)Nothing is so hard but that it becomes easy by practice.沒(méi)有什么事難到通過(guò)練習(xí)不能變得容易。/任何難事,久練自易。
(2)It was not so dark but we could see anything.天還沒(méi)有黑到看不見(jiàn)東西的程度。
(3)It never rains but it pours.天不下雨則已,一下就是傾盆大雨。
(4)I never think of summer but I think of my childhood.我一想到夏天,我就會(huì)想起我的童年。
2.2.3but引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。其結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)常為“not that...but that...”,其含義為“不是……而是……”,“并不是……倒是……”等。如:
(1)Not that he would not like to help me,but that he was quite busy.不是他不樂(lè)意幫我,而是他太忙。
(2)Not that I did not like to email you,but that my computer failed to work.不是我不樂(lè)意給你發(fā)郵件,而是我電腦壞了。
3. but作關(guān)系代詞及翻譯
but作關(guān)系代詞時(shí)用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,經(jīng)常與not,nothing,no one等詞連用,其句式經(jīng)常為“there+be+主語(yǔ)”,翻譯成肯定句,也可以翻譯成雙重否定。如:
(1)There is no one but knows that the moon moves around the earth. 誰(shuí)都知道(沒(méi)有誰(shuí)不知道)月球圍繞地球旋轉(zhuǎn)。
(2)There is no diificult problem but can be solved quickly by the computer.沒(méi)有任何難題是電腦不能快速解決的。
(3)Nobody but knew him but respected him.認(rèn)識(shí)他的人無(wú)不尊敬他。
4.but作副詞及翻譯
but作副詞時(shí)意思相當(dāng)于only,經(jīng)常與數(shù)詞不定冠詞及表量詞的形容詞、副詞連用,翻譯成“僅僅,只有,然而,不過(guò)”,“all but+形容詞或動(dòng)詞”翻譯成“幾乎,差不多”等。
(1)He is but a boy.他只不過(guò)是個(gè)孩子。
(2)The first airplane had an engine developing but 16 horse-power.世界上第一架飛機(jī)上只有一臺(tái)16馬力的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。
(3)Our experiment is all but finished.我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)差不多完成了。
(4)But once in the water, light waves travel in a straight line.然而一旦光線進(jìn)入水中,就一直線傳播。
(5)I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country. 遺憾的是我只有一次生命為國(guó)捐軀。
(6)The film is all but three hours long.電影差不多放了三個(gè)小時(shí)了。
5.but作名詞和動(dòng)詞及翻譯
用作名詞表示“但是”。如:
His suggestion contains too many ifs and buts.他的建議中盡是“假如”和“但是”。
用作動(dòng)詞表示“對(duì)……說(shuō)‘但是’”。如:
But me no buts.別老和我說(shuō)“但是,但是”了。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]陸谷孫主編.英漢大詞典.上海譯文出版社,1994.
[2]董國(guó)忠.英譯漢須知.西北工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,1987.
[3]谷歌金山詞霸(網(wǎng)絡(luò)詞典).