模塊１０　Ｕｎｉｔ?。舱Z法：段落結(jié)構(gòu)

吳　蝶

高考閱讀理解的文章一般由3—5段構(gòu)成，如何把握它們之間的關(guān)系以及段落內(nèi)部的邏輯對于理解全文有很大關(guān)系。本文只討論段落內(nèi)部的邏輯。理解了這種邏輯，閱讀時(shí)就能抓住重點(diǎn)，關(guān)注次重點(diǎn)，忽略次要細(xì)節(jié)，從而提高做題的正確率。段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：段落主題句（簡稱為TS，即topic sentence）；段落支持句（簡稱為SS，即supporting sentences）；段落總結(jié)句（CS，即concluding sentence）。有時(shí)，段落沒有總結(jié)句，那么段落的結(jié)構(gòu)就簡化為：TSSS。還有的時(shí)候，段落開始沒有主題句，而在段末有總結(jié)句，那么段落的結(jié)構(gòu)就簡化為：SSCS。使情況更為復(fù)雜的是：有時(shí)整個(gè)段落中沒有明顯的主題句和總結(jié)句，其主題是通過閱讀者自己總結(jié)出來的。如:

A

Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer.Besides the most serious and terrible disease (illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems.For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”.Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds.Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful.Is it worth it?

這一段文章中主題句(topic sentence)是：Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.

支持句(supporting sentences):Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer.Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer， cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems.For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”.Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds.其中…show…, Besides,…, For example,… Finally,…等都是用來舉例進(jìn)一步陳述事實(shí)的。

總結(jié)句(concluding sentences) :Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful.Is it worth it?

這篇文章的機(jī)構(gòu)是：TS-SS-CS 即：

B

Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent.On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal.And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness.So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.

這段文章沒有主題句，它的主題是通過總結(jié)句體現(xiàn)出來的。

支持句：Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent.On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal.And the man who knows“everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness.其中often, And, On the other hand 等都是用來陳述或強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí)。

總結(jié)句：So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.

這篇文章的機(jī)構(gòu)是：SS-CS. 即：

C

Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation.He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors.Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background.He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.

The main idea of this paragraph is that _________________ .

A.Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.

B.Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.

C.Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.

D.Tom received an excellent education.

答案是：D。

該篇文章中既沒有主題句，也沒有總結(jié)句，所提供的都是一些細(xì)節(jié)性的內(nèi)容，但通過這些細(xì)節(jié)我們可以總結(jié)出它的主題。

練習(xí):閱讀下列短文，從每篇短文后所給各題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

A

Modern day horse breeds come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes.This variety didnt exist in the horse population before domestication.The Shetland horse is one of the smallest breeds-typically reaching only one meter tall.With short, strong legs, the animals were bred to pull coal out of mine shafts (礦井) with low ceilings.Huge horses like the Clydesdale came on the scene around 1700.People bred these heavy, tall horses to pull large vehicles used for carrying heavy loads.(2008年北京卷)

The author uses the Shetland horse as an example to show________________.

A.it is smaller than the Clydesdale horse

B.horse used to have gentle personalities

C.some horses have better shaped than others

D.horses were of less variety before domestication

B

Advertisers (廣告商) will sometimes use half-truths.Its against the law to make false statements so they try to mislead you with the truth.An advertisement might say, “Nine out of ten doctors advised their patients to take Yucky Pills to cure toothache.” It fails to mention that they only asked ten doctors and nine of them work for the Yucky Company.(2008年全國II)

What can we know from the example of the Yucky Pill advertisement?

A.False statements are easy to see through.

B.Half-truths are often used to mislead people.

C.Doctors like to act in advertisements.

D.Advertisements are based on facts.

C

If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention:“Color TV.Only ＄79.Two days sale.Hurry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy.You may discover that they are sold out.But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model.A much better set which is “just right for you”.It costs ＄395.This sales method is called “bait and switch”.Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one.Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.

The paragraph could be entitled ______________________ .

A.Buying A TV Set

B.A Selling Method

C.Buyer Beware

D.TV On Sale

答案:A篇：D； B篇：B； C篇：B