概括、轉(zhuǎn)換、推斷

2008年高考英語試題江蘇卷考查任務(wù)型閱讀題，要求考生先閱讀一篇短文，然后根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容在短文后面的表格上填寫十個(gè)單詞。概括、轉(zhuǎn)換、推斷是解題的關(guān)鍵三步。

請先看一則任務(wù)型閱讀題:

Last month， my Dad and Mom went on a business trip to Beijing together， so I was alone at home for a week. At first， it seemed wonderful because I could do everything I wanted.

After finishing my homework， I did some reading.

But the happy times did not last long. On the fourth evening， while I was busy with my homework， the lights in my house went out suddenly. I couldn’t see anything. Being a girl， I felt very frightened. Slowly I got used to the darkness and saw some weak light coming from the street lamps (燈). I realized the electricity (電) in my house was out.

I decided to go outdoors to see what was happening. As I walked out， I fell over an object (物體) I put down earlier.

Standing outside， I found the whole district(地區(qū)) dark. I knew the whole electric system(系統(tǒng)) had broken down. I was frightened and sorry， so I quickly picked up the phone and wanted to call my parents in Beijing， but I hesitated(猶豫) for a moment. I thought I had grown up and should learn to deal with some problems on my own.

When I thought of this， I hung up. A second later， I picked up the phone again. But this time I phoned the electric company. They told me they were repairing the system.

Half an hour later， everything turned back to normal.

A week passed quickly， then Dad and Mom came back. I told them everything that had happened in that week except this matter. I believe I have grown up and I will not depend on my parents as much as before.

Key:1.difficult 2.free 3.going 4.sudden 5.writer’s 6.Afraid 7.Thinking 8.repaired 9.returned 10.herself

第一步:概括

因?yàn)樵囶}首先要求考生在標(biāo)題下面的主題上填寫一個(gè)反映主題內(nèi)容的關(guān)鍵詞，因此概括全文大意是解題第一步?？忌鷳?yīng)先通讀短文，了解其主旨大意、作者寫作意圖和主人公情緒情感，再在標(biāo)題的進(jìn)一步提示之下提煉文章主題。由于主題上所填詞匯往往直接反映主題，因此考生對在全文中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的反映話題的詞匯應(yīng)特別重視，它很有可能就是空檔要填的詞匯。認(rèn)真閱讀分析原文不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，本文通過介紹主人公在父母不在家時(shí)學(xué)會(huì)應(yīng)對突如其來的停電事件說明在成長的過程中學(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立應(yīng)對困難處境的重要性，這與標(biāo)題Learn to deal with problems十分吻合，因此第一空應(yīng)填difficult。

第二步:轉(zhuǎn)換

接著試題要求考生填寫大量細(xì)節(jié)性信息，這些細(xì)節(jié)性信息通常都是對原文內(nèi)容的變換，方式有:一詞轉(zhuǎn)換成它詞;一詞性轉(zhuǎn)換成它詞性;主動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài);謂語動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成非謂語動(dòng)詞。因此考生應(yīng)增強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)換意識(shí)，熟悉轉(zhuǎn)換角度?？忌鷳?yīng)分析比較空檔所在句信息與原文信息的不同之外，以確定空檔信息是對原文什么信息的轉(zhuǎn)換。如果空檔所在句信息與原文信息只差一個(gè)詞或短語，很可能空檔是對原詞的同義轉(zhuǎn)換，如原詞為set up空檔可轉(zhuǎn)換成found或establish;原詞為go up空檔可轉(zhuǎn)換成increase;原詞為go down空檔可轉(zhuǎn)換成decrease;原詞為result in空檔可轉(zhuǎn)換成lead (to)或contribute (to)。如果原詞為及物動(dòng)詞，空檔前面有be動(dòng)詞但又不屬進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，空檔可能填過去分詞，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，如publish (a book)可轉(zhuǎn)換成 (a book be) published; promote (sb.)可轉(zhuǎn)換成(sb. be) promoted; burn sth.可轉(zhuǎn)換成(sth. be/get) burnt。如果空檔與原詞意義相同但成分不同，空檔可能是原詞的詞性變化詞，如(be) responsible (for)可轉(zhuǎn)換成(take) responsibility (for); celebrate (sth.)可轉(zhuǎn)換成 (in) celebration (of sth.); visit可轉(zhuǎn)換成(pay a) visit (to)。當(dāng)然空檔也可能是對原文中幾個(gè)有聯(lián)系的單詞意義的轉(zhuǎn)換，如be unable to sleep at night可以轉(zhuǎn)換成stay awake; give up one’s study可以轉(zhuǎn)換成drop out; after finishing one’s middle school可以轉(zhuǎn)換成graduate from middle school。如果空檔信息表達(dá)原動(dòng)詞含義，但不再是謂語，這是對原動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行的非謂語轉(zhuǎn)換，解題時(shí)應(yīng)分析空檔成份及意義，確定應(yīng)用何種非謂語動(dòng)詞形式進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。

本題第二空應(yīng)填free，它是對could do everything I wanted的意義轉(zhuǎn)換;第4題應(yīng)填sudden，它所在短語all of a sudden是對原詞suddenly的同義轉(zhuǎn)換;第6題應(yīng)填A(yù)fraid，它所在短語afraid of是對frightened的同義轉(zhuǎn)換:第7空應(yīng)填Thinking，它是對原詞thought的非謂語轉(zhuǎn)換:第8空應(yīng)填repaired，它所屬的謂語動(dòng)詞was being repaired是對原信息were repairing的語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換;第9空應(yīng)填returned，它是對原詞came back的同義轉(zhuǎn)換;第10空應(yīng)填herself，它所在短語live by herself 是對not depend on my parents的意義轉(zhuǎn)換。

第三步:推斷

接著應(yīng)填寫分論點(diǎn)空缺信息，解題時(shí)應(yīng)將該分論點(diǎn)所屬細(xì)節(jié)性與論點(diǎn)(主題)結(jié)合起來思考，看這些細(xì)節(jié)性信息介紹論點(diǎn)的哪一個(gè)角度。然后再在分論點(diǎn)已知信息的提示之下，推斷分論點(diǎn)未知信息。如果分論點(diǎn)空缺信息為名詞，應(yīng)注意其應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式還是復(fù)數(shù)形式，方法是先確定其是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞。如果是不可數(shù)名詞無復(fù)數(shù)，但如果是可數(shù)名詞，應(yīng)看細(xì)節(jié)性信息有幾個(gè)角度的介紹，如果有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上角度的介紹應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果空缺信息為動(dòng)詞，應(yīng)分析其成分確定其是謂語動(dòng)詞還是非謂語動(dòng)詞。如果是非謂語動(dòng)詞，應(yīng)根據(jù)成分及意義確定非謂語形式;如果是謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)考慮時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂語一致。本題第三空應(yīng)填going，因?yàn)榭諜n所在分論點(diǎn)的細(xì)節(jié)性信息介紹燈熄掉這一角度，且該空相當(dāng)于名詞，因此應(yīng)填動(dòng)名詞;第5空應(yīng)填writer’s，因?yàn)槠渌诜终擖c(diǎn)所屬細(xì)節(jié)性信息介紹作者對停電的反應(yīng)。該空空檔詞性屬名詞所有格，第一個(gè)、第二個(gè)分論點(diǎn)首單詞是一個(gè)提示。

鞏固性練習(xí):

請認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文，并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個(gè)最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。

注意:每個(gè)空格只填一個(gè)單詞。

From June 1， plastic bags were no longer free in stores and supermarkets. What do people use to hold their shopping now? What do they think of the new rule?

The students of Beijing 101 Middle School did a survey(調(diào)查) to find the answer. With the help of the Sony Company， they designed a questionnaire(問卷) and made their own shopping bags. On June 5， the students gave the bags away to people in the street. Anyone who wanted a free bag had to fill in a questionnaire.

“The people were very enthusiastic(熱心的) about the bags，” said Li Xuan， 14， one of the students. “It only took us 40 minutes to give away about 800 bags.”

Li said that most of the people were middle-aged or elderly. They said they were “optimistic (樂觀的)” about the future of shopping bags.

But these people also said there was a problem with getting a bag if you couldn’t make one yourself.

“They said that shopping bags in supermarkets are too expensive，” said Li. “Many just carry their shopping in their hands.”

They said a reasonable price for a shopping bag is about two yuan， Li said.

Zhang Yue， 16， another student， said that people also care about the quality of the shopping bag and how much it can hold.

Young people， however， want their bags to be nice and to look cool.

“I fully agree with them，” said Zhang. “I would like pictures of my favorite cartoon character on my shopping bag.”

All the students said the new rule would greatly improve the environment because most of the customers understood and supported the new rule.

Key:1.different 2.rule 3.throughout 4.Helped 5.free 6.findings 7.only 8.so 9.prefer 10.understanding