主謂一致講解

英語句子中，主語的“人稱”和“數(shù)”要限制，決定謂語動詞的形式變化，這就叫“主謂一致”關系。

它通常依據(jù)三項原則:

1)語法一致; 2)意義一致; 3)就近一致。

【語法一致原則】

Ⅰ.主語的“人稱”決定謂語動詞的形式: e.g.

①I love/She loves music. 我/她愛好音樂。

②Are your mother a worker? (誤)你母親是工人嗎?

Is your mother a worker? (正)(主語your mother是單數(shù)第三人稱)e.g.

Ⅱ.主語的“數(shù)”決定謂語動詞的形式:

1.“不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)、單數(shù)代詞、不定式(短語)、動名詞(短語)”或“從句”等作主語， 用單數(shù)謂語形式。e.g.

①The work is important. 這項工作重要。

②To serve the country is our duty. 為祖國服務是我們的義務。

③How and why he left was a sad story. 他離開的經(jīng)過和原因是一段傷心的經(jīng)歷。

2.復數(shù)的名詞、代詞一般接復數(shù)謂語形式。e.g.

①The children are taken good care of. 孩子們得到很好的照料。

②They have gone to Chengdu. 他們去成都了。

Ⅲ.以“and”或“both…and”連接的并列主語:

1.通常作復數(shù)用。e.g.

①Plastics and rubber never rot. 塑料和橡膠從不腐爛。

②What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。

③Both Tom and I are fond of medicine. 我和湯姆都喜歡醫(yī)學。

2.如果并列主語指的是“同一個”人(事、物、抽象概念)， 作單數(shù)用。e.g.

①The worker and writer has come. 這位工人兼作家來了。

②A cart and horse was seen in the distance. 遠處能看見有一套馬車。

③Truth and honesty is the best policy. 真誠是最好的策略。

3.“and”前、后的單數(shù)詞語都有“each， every， many a， no”等修飾時， 仍作單數(shù)用。e.g.

①Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.

這里每個男孩和每個女孩都享有平等權益。

②No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity.

沒有哪個教師或學生可以免于參加這項活動。

Ⅳ.主語前、后加表“數(shù)、量”等的修飾語時:

1.1)“many a+單名”接單數(shù)謂語;“a good (great) many+復名”接復數(shù)謂語。e.g.

①Many a fine man has died for it. 許多優(yōu)秀戰(zhàn)士為此獻出了生命。

②A great many parents were present at the meeting. 許多家長出席了會議。

2)“a/an+單名+or two”大多接單數(shù)謂語;“one or two+復名”接復數(shù)謂語。e.g.

①Only a word or two is (are) needed. 只需說一兩句。

②One or two reasons were suggested. 提出一兩條理由。

3)“a/an+單名+and a half”常接單數(shù)謂語;“one and a half+復名”多接復數(shù)謂語。e.g.

①A year and a half has passed. 一年半已過去了。

②One and a half tons of rice are sold. 已賣了一噸半大米。

4)“more than one+單名”大多接單數(shù)謂語; e.g.

①More than one person was (were) absent. 不止一個人缺席。

“more+復名+than one”接復數(shù)謂語。e.g.

②More students than one have been there. 不止一個學生去過那兒。

“more than two (three，…)+復名”接復數(shù)謂語。e.g.

③More than one hundred students have attended the concert.

不止一百名學生聽了這場音樂會。

2.主語前加表示“單位、度量”的短語如“a kind (sort/type/form/pair/cup/glass/piece/load/block/box/handful/quantity/ton/metre/…) of”等時， 表示“單位、度量”的這個名詞的單復數(shù)決定謂語的形式。e.g.

a)①There is only a small quantity of paper (books) left. 只剩下少量的紙(書)了。

②Large quantities of water are needed. 需要大量的水。

b)①This kind of apple is sweet. 這種蘋果甜。

②This kind of apples is (are) sweet. (大多依kind， 作單數(shù)用)

③These kind(s) of apple(s) are sweet. (總作復數(shù)用)

但:Apples of this kind are sweet. (總作復數(shù)用)

3.主語后接“with…”等構成的短語修飾成分時:謂語仍須與這類短語前的“主語”一致?？蓸嫵蛇@類短語的常有“with， along with， together with， as well as， but， besides， except， added to， including， like， no less than， rather than， more than”等。e.g.

①A woman with two children has come. 一位婦女帶著兩個孩子來了。

②I as well as they am ready to help you. 不僅他們， 我也愿幫助你。

4.“one of+復數(shù)名詞+定語從句”:

1)定語從句的先行詞通常是這個“復數(shù)名詞”， 因此從句的謂語用復數(shù)形式。e.g.

①This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year.

這是今年出版的最佳小說之一。(關系詞“that”代“novels”)

②He was one of the boys who were praised. 他是受表揚的男孩之一。

2)若“one”前加“this， the， the only”等時， 定語從句的關系詞指代one， 作從句主語時， 接單數(shù)謂語。e.g.

He was the only one of the boys who was praised.

他是男孩中唯一受到表揚的。(關系詞“who”代“the only one”)

【意義一致原則】

Ⅰ. 集合名詞作主語時:(參見“名詞”部分)

1.有些通常作復數(shù)用(不變詞形)。如“people， police， cattle(牛，牲口)， folk， youth， militia (民兵)”等。e.g.

The police have caught the murderer. 警方已捕獲兇手。

2.有些指“整體”時作單數(shù)， 指其中的“成員”時作復數(shù)(不變詞形)。如 “army， audience(聽眾)， class， club(俱樂部)， company(公司)， committee(委員會)， crew， crowd， staff(員工)， family， public， government， group， party， union， couple， population， team”等。e.g.

①Our family is a happy one. 我們有個幸福的家庭。

②The family are early risers. 這家人都起得早。

③The public are (is) requested not to litter. 請公眾不要亂扔廢棄物。

但上述集合名詞也可有復數(shù)形式。如families， two classes等。有些變復數(shù)形式后意義不同。如:peoples多個民族; youths男青年; folks親友。

Ⅱ.代詞作主語時:(參見“代詞”部分)

1.不定代詞“each， one， much， (a) little， neither， another， the other(+單名)”等常作單數(shù)用。它們所修飾的主語也作單數(shù)。e.g.

①Each of the girls (Each girl) has a new hat. 每個女孩都有頂新帽子。

②Neither plan suits me.

③Neither of the plans suits/suit me. 兩個計劃都不適合我。

2.下列復合不定代詞一般作單數(shù)用:“someone， somebody， something， anybody， anyone， anything， everybody， everyone， eveything， nobody， no one， nothing”等。e.g.

①Is everybody here? 都到齊了嗎?

②There was nothing special then. 那時沒什么特別情況。

3.下列不定代詞作復數(shù)用:“(a) few， many， several， both”等。e.g.

①Few (of the guests) were familiar to us. 沒幾個(客人)是我們熟識的。

②Both (of) these are interesting. 兩部影片都有趣。

4.下列代詞須視其“具體所指”來決定單、復數(shù):

1)“what， which， who， whose”等。e.g.

①Who is your brother? 你兄弟是誰?

②Who are League Members? 哪些是團員?

2)“all， some， more， most， any， none， a lot (of)， lots (of)”等。e.g.

①All (of the students) are working hard. (所有的學生)都在用功。

②All (of the paint) is fine. (這些油漆)都很好。

3)“half (of)， plenty (of)， the rest (of)， (a) part (of)， the remainder (of)余下的” 等。e.g.

①Half of the apples are bad. 蘋果中有一半是壞的。

②Half of the apple is bad. 這只蘋果壞了一半。

Ⅲ.“數(shù)詞”、“數(shù)量、單位”等詞語作主語時:(參見“數(shù)詞”部分)

1.表示“運算”的數(shù)詞通常作單數(shù)。e.g.

Ten times four makes(make) forty. 十乘以四得四十。

2.表“時間、距離、金額、度量衡”等的詞語， 作“整體”看時作單數(shù)用， 側重指“若干單位”時作復數(shù)用。e.g.

①Twenty years is not a long time. 二十年光陰， 彈指一揮間。

②Twenty years have passed since he left. 他離開已二十個年頭了。

3.“分數(shù)、百分數(shù)”通常依其“具體所指”來決定單、復數(shù)。e.g.

①About 40 percent/two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading.

這些書中百分之四十/五分之二值得讀。

②Only sixty percent/three-fifths of the work was done yesterday.

昨天只干完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作。

4.“a number of (許多)/a variety of (各式各樣)”+復數(shù)名詞， 常作復數(shù)用。e.g.

①A number of students in this class are from Sichuan.

這個班有不少同學來自四川。

②There are a variety of toys in this shop. 這家商店有各種各樣的玩具。

但是， “the number(數(shù)目)/the variety(種類)”+of+復數(shù)名詞， 作單數(shù)。e.g.

①The number of students in this college has doubled. 這所大學的學生人數(shù)翻了一番。

②The variety of goods in this shop is rich. 這家商店貨物品種豐富。

Ⅳ.單、復數(shù)同形或易混的詞作主語時:(參見“名詞”部分)

1.以“-ics”結尾的學科名詞:指教育、科研的某一學科， 作單數(shù)。e.g.

Mathematics seems easy to me. 我似乎覺得數(shù)學不難。

但是， 表“具體的學業(yè)、活動”等時， 多用作復數(shù)。e.g.

①Her mathematics are weak. 她數(shù)學差。(指“學業(yè)成績、能力”)

②What are your politics? 你的政治觀點如何?

2.“works工廠， means方法， series系列， species物種， aircraft飛機”等名詞單、復數(shù)同形， 要從上下文判斷其具體意義來決定單、復數(shù)。e.g.

①This works was(These works were) built two years ago.

這(幾)家工廠是兩年前修建的。

②Every means has(All means have) been tried. 各種辦法都試過了。

這類名詞通常還有“fish， deer， sheep， headquarters(總部駐地)， bellows(風箱)， plastics， gallows(絞架)， manners(禮貌)， whereabouts(行蹤)”等。(但news是不可數(shù)名詞， 通常只作單數(shù)用。)

Ⅴ.“the+形容詞/分詞”作主語時:

1.指“一類”人或事物時， 常用作復數(shù)用。e.g.

①The English speak English. 英國人講英語。

②The rejected were heaped in the corner. 廢品堆在角落里。

2.指“某一個”人， 或“抽象的”事物時， 作單數(shù)用。e.g.

①The deceased was his father. 去世的是他父親。

②The agreeable is not always the useful. 好看的不一定中用。

③The new and progressive always wins over the old.

新生、進步的事物總是要戰(zhàn)勝舊的東西。

Ⅵ.專有名詞作主語時:

1.“書名、劇名、報刊名、國家名”等通常作單數(shù)用。e.g.

①The United States was founded in 1776. 美國成立于1776年。

②The Arabian Nights is very interesting. 《天方夜譚》很有趣。

2.“書刊名”有時作單數(shù)或復數(shù)均可， 尤其是編成集子的書。e.g.

Dickens’ American Notes were (was) published in 1842.

狄更斯所著的《美國筆記》出版于1842年。

Ⅶ“what等引導的從句”作主語時:

1.大多作單數(shù)用。e.g.

What we need is more practice. 我們需要的是更多的實踐。

2.若從句是含復數(shù)意義的并列結構、或“表語”是復數(shù)時， 謂語動詞用單數(shù)或復數(shù)均可。e.g.

What he bought was/were some books. 他所買的是幾本書。

【就近一致原則】

也稱“鄰近原則”， 即:謂語與靠近的名詞、代詞(有時不一定是主語)在“人稱、數(shù)”上一致。

在正式文體中:

1.由下列詞語連接的并列主語:“or; either…or; nor; neither…nor; whether…or; not…but; not only…but also”等。e.g.

①What he does or what he says does not concern me. 他的行為或言談都與我無關。

②Neither you nor I am wrong. 你和我都沒錯。

③Not you but your father is to blame. 不是你， 而是你父親該受責備。

④Not only you but (also) he is wrong. 不僅你錯了， 他也錯了。

2.在倒裝句中:謂語可與后面第一個主語一致。e.g.

①In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people.

在遠處， 能聽見鼓掌聲和人們的呼喊聲。

②There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk. 桌上有一支鋼筆和幾本書。