奧運(yùn)盛會(huì)已經(jīng)落下帷幕,北京也恪守舉辦“最干凈”奧運(yùn)會(huì)的承諾,在奧運(yùn)期間進(jìn)行了嚴(yán)格的興奮劑檢測(cè),立志鏟除興奮劑這顆 “毒瘤”。值得欣慰的是,大多數(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)員經(jīng)受住了來(lái)自賽場(chǎng)和興奮劑的雙重考驗(yàn)。本屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)共出現(xiàn)六例興奮劑檢測(cè)呈陽(yáng)性事件,而中國(guó)軍團(tuán)則無(wú)一例檢查呈陽(yáng)性,做到了干干凈凈參賽。
零容忍
北京承諾承辦一屆 “最干凈”奧運(yùn)會(huì),北京奧組委與國(guó)際奧委會(huì)和世界反興奮劑機(jī)構(gòu)(World Anti-Doping Agency, 簡(jiǎn)稱WADA)通力合作,在奧運(yùn)會(huì)期間進(jìn)行了有史以來(lái)最嚴(yán)格、規(guī)模最大的興奮劑檢測(cè),對(duì)興奮劑采取“零容忍”措施(zero tolerance policy)。
北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)期間進(jìn)行了約4500例興奮劑檢測(cè)(doping controls),創(chuàng)歷屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)之最。作為慣例,組織者將對(duì)獲得每項(xiàng)比賽前5名的選手進(jìn)行藥檢,并隨機(jī)抽檢另兩名選手(As a general rule, all top five finishers plus a further two will be tested.)。
北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)還實(shí)行有史以來(lái)最嚴(yán)格的藥檢程序。檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目多了數(shù)百項(xiàng),除賽前檢測(cè)(pre-competition controls),尿檢(urine test)和血檢(blood tests)外,還增加賽外檢測(cè)(out-of-competition checks),并加強(qiáng)了對(duì)促紅細(xì)胞生成素(erythropoietin, 簡(jiǎn)稱EPO)和人類生長(zhǎng)激素(human growth hormone, 簡(jiǎn)稱HGH)的檢測(cè)。
興奮劑小百科
起源
關(guān)于“興奮劑(doping)”一詞的起源有很多說(shuō)法,一說(shuō)原為18世紀(jì)南非在跳盛典舞蹈時(shí)飲用的起刺激興奮作用的酒(One is that it is derived from \"dop\", an alcoholic drink used as a stimulant in ceremonial dances in 18th century Southern Africa),一說(shuō)起源于荷蘭語(yǔ)Doop(Another suggestion is that the word comes from the Dutch word \"doop\")。
現(xiàn)在,興奮劑演變?yōu)閲?guó)際體育界違禁藥物的總稱。被國(guó)際奧委會(huì)認(rèn)可的“使用興奮劑”的定義為:
The administration of or use by a competing athlete of any substance foreign to the body or any physiological substance taken in abnormal quantity or taken by an abnormal route of entry into the body with the sole intention of increasing in an artificial and unfair manner his/her performance in competition.
參加比賽的運(yùn)動(dòng)員使用任何體外異物,或任何異常劑量的或通過(guò)任何異常途徑攝入體內(nèi)的生理物質(zhì),其唯一目的在于以人為的不正當(dāng)手段提高競(jìng)賽中的運(yùn)動(dòng)成績(jī)。
死亡定義
前國(guó)際奧委會(huì)主席薩馬蘭奇曾對(duì)興奮劑的本質(zhì)下過(guò)著名的“死亡定義”:
Doping is cheating. Doping is akin to death. Death physiologically, by profoundly altering, sometimes, irreversibly, normal processes through unjustified manipulations. Death physically, as certain tragic cases in recent years have shown. But also death spiritually and intellectually, by agreeing to cheat and conceal one's capabilities, by recognizing one's incapacity or unwillingness to accept oneself, or to transcend one's limits. And finally death morally, by excluding oneself de facto from the rules of conduct required by all human society.
服用興奮劑是欺騙,也是走向死亡。它引起生理上的死亡——通過(guò)使用不正當(dāng)?shù)牟僮魇址▏?yán)重(有時(shí)是不可逆地)改變?nèi)梭w正常的生理作用;造成肉體上的死亡,正如近年來(lái)一些悲劇性事件所表明的那樣;導(dǎo)致精神上和理智上的死亡,即同意進(jìn)行欺騙和隱瞞自身的能力,承認(rèn)在正視自我和超越自身極限方面的無(wú)能和不求進(jìn)??;還有道德上的死亡——拒絕接受整個(gè)人類社會(huì)所公認(rèn)的行為準(zhǔn)則。
丑聞
奧運(yùn)史上最大的一宗興奮劑丑聞(scandal)是 “約翰遜” 事件(The most notorious case of doping occurred during the 1988 Seoul Games when Canada's 100-meter gold medalist Ben Johnson was found to have taken anabolic steroids.)。牙買加出生的加拿大男子短跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員本#8226;約翰遜,在1987年世界田徑錦標(biāo)賽(the World Championships in Athletics)上獲100米跑冠軍,打破了世界紀(jì)錄,成為世界第一飛人。1988年漢城(Seoul)奧運(yùn)會(huì)100米賽中,他再次奪冠并打破世紀(jì)紀(jì)錄,為世人矚目。在人們向他投去欽佩的目光時(shí),國(guó)際奧委會(huì)做出了約翰遜藥檢不合格,收回金牌,取消紀(jì)錄的決定。
而近年來(lái)興奮劑丑聞不斷爆出,女飛人瓊斯服禁藥震驚世界,百年環(huán)法也是丑聞不斷,而新飛人加特林也被爆出服用禁藥。這些世界丑聞都可算是重量級(jí)的國(guó)際欺騙了。
而最臭名昭著的興奮劑機(jī)構(gòu)是巴爾科實(shí)驗(yàn)室。巴爾科實(shí)驗(yàn)室(Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative)為轟動(dòng)國(guó)際體壇的THG興奮劑制造者和發(fā)放者,多名體育巨星與巴爾科有染。因此巴爾科實(shí)驗(yàn)室也成了服用禁藥的代名詞。
活學(xué)活用
Tina: Premier Wen Jiabao promised to maintain a clean, green and beautiful Beijing during and after the Olympic Games.
蒂娜:溫總理承諾無(wú)論是奧運(yùn)期間還是奧運(yùn)會(huì)后,北京都會(huì)干凈、環(huán)保又美麗。
Eva: Really? Terrific! Speaking of “clean”, the IOC promises to carry out the most rigorous and comprehensive anti-doping program ever during the Beijing Olympics.
伊娃:是嗎?太好了。說(shuō)到“干凈”,國(guó)際奧委會(huì)也許諾在北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)期間實(shí)行最嚴(yán)厲最全面的反興奮劑計(jì)劃。
Tina: Yes I heard. Athletes who have failed doping tests get suspended from all competition for a period of four years! What's more, any records and medals achieved are removed.
蒂娜:是的,使用興奮劑的運(yùn)動(dòng)員將被全面禁賽四年。另外,還會(huì)被取消成績(jī),收回獎(jiǎng)牌。
Eva: However, with the comprehensive and new doping test methods, we believe Beijing Olympics will be cleanest ever.
伊娃: 但是,有著既全面又新型的檢測(cè)方法,相信北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)將成為最“干凈”的奧運(yùn)會(huì)。