王對成
1. —Were there any sharks? 里面有鯊魚嗎?
—No, there werent any sharks, but there were some really clever seals. (P47) 沒有,但里面有些確實聰明的海貂。
【難點釋疑】 這里用的是“there be”句型。這種句型表示“某地(或某時)有某人(或某物)”,其形式為“there be + 代詞或名詞(短語) + 地點/時間狀語”。這里there是引導(dǎo)詞,沒有詞義, be是謂語動詞, be后面的代詞或名詞(短語)是主語。 be的形式要和與其鄰近的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。 be后面加not可構(gòu)成否定形式;將be放在there前面可構(gòu)成一般疑問句; “be(或其否定式) + there”可構(gòu)成附加句中的簡短問句。例如:
There were eight thousand students in our school last year. 去年我們學(xué)校有8,000名學(xué)生。
There are 60 minutes in an hour. 一小時有60分鐘。
There is some meat on the plate. 碟子里有些肉。
There will be an English evening next Tuesday. 下周二有一個英語晚會。
【知識拓展】 在使用“there be”句型時,要記住:如果作主語用的名詞是可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,其前可用“any, some, few, a few, many”或“數(shù)詞 + hundred/thousand/million, hundreds/thousands/millions of, no”等修飾;若主語是不可數(shù)名詞則可用“any, some, no, little, a little, much”等詞修飾。例如:
There is much water here. You neednt get some more. 這兒有很多水了,你不需要再去取了。
There is no food at home. You have to buy some at once. 家里沒有吃的了,你得趕快去買一些。
2. —Did you go to the zoo? 你去動物園了嗎?
—No, I went to the aquarium. (P47) 沒有,我去了水族館。
【難點釋疑】 這是以實義動詞作謂語的一般過去時的一般疑問句和陳述句。在英語中,表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)時,謂語動詞要用“一般過去時”。例如:
My mother was here five minutes ago. 我母親五分鐘前在這兒。
There were a lot of trees in front of our classroom before the earthquake. 地震前我們教室前有許多樹。
We had a good time in the park yesterday. 昨天我們在公園里玩得很開心。
They worked here in 2002. 他們2002年在這兒工作。
3. Class 9 had a great time on the school trip. (P49) 9班的同學(xué)在學(xué)校組織的旅游活動中玩得很開心。
【難點釋疑】 句中的have是實義動詞,不是助動詞。如果把本句變?yōu)榉穸ň?,?yīng)改為: Class 9 didnt have a great time on the school trip. 改為一般疑問句時,應(yīng)為: Did Class 9 have a great time on the school trip? 再如:
We had a meeting yesterday. 昨天我們開了一個會。
Did you have a meeting yesterday? 昨天你們開會了嗎?
We did not have a meeting yesterday. 昨天我們沒有開會。
4. Finally, tired but happy, they took the bus back to school. (P49) 最后,他們非常疲憊但開心地乘車返回了學(xué)校。
【難點釋疑】 句中的形容詞tired but happy用作狀語。再如:
Sad and tired, she slept the whole day. 又難過又疲憊,她睡了整整一天。
Young, rich and pretty, Rose has a lot of boy friends. 露絲年輕、富裕又漂亮,所以她有很多男朋友。
Large or small, all countries are equal. 國家無論大小,都是平等的。
【知識拓展】 ① 形容詞除了用作狀語外,還常用作補語、表語、定語等。例如:
I think youd better not marry young. 我認(rèn)為你最好不要早婚。
He came home sick. 他帶病回了家。
Her voice is very sweet. 她的嗓音很甜美。
② 形容詞修飾something, nothing, anything, everything等不定代詞時要后置。例如:
I have to speak to the man loudly because theres something wrong with his ears. 我不得不大聲對這個人講話,因為他的耳朵有毛病。
5. That sounds interesting. What did you see? (P49) 那聽起來很有趣。你看到些什么了?
【難點釋疑】 ① sound在句中用作系動詞,后面要跟形容詞作表語。例如:
The music sounds sweet. 這音樂聽起來真悅耳。
The idea sounds nice. 這主意聽起來不錯。
② “What did you see?”是以實義動詞作謂語的特殊疑問句, did在句中用作助動詞,沒有任何意義。再如:
Where did you go last week. 上周你到哪里去了?
What did they do a moment ago? 剛才你做了什么?
【知識拓展】 常見的系動詞有以下幾種:
① 狀態(tài)系動詞be用來表示主語所處的狀態(tài)或身份。例如:
He is a teacher. We are students. 他是一名教師。我們是學(xué)生。
② 表像系動詞,用來表示“看起來像”這一意義,主要有seem, appear, look等。例如:
He looks tired. 他看起來很累。
She seems (to be) very sad. 她看起來很傷心。
③ 感官系動詞,這種系動詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste等。例如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft. 這種布摸起來很軟。
This flower smells very sweet. 這朵花聞起來很香。
④ 持續(xù)系動詞,用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度,這種系動詞主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand等。例如:
He always kept silent at meeting. 他開會時總是保持沉默。
⑤ 變化系動詞,這些系動詞表示主語變成什么樣,它們主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run等。例如:
He became mad after that. 自那之后,他瘋了。
6. On my next day off, I dont want to go for a drive. (P50) 我下一個假期,不想去開車了。
【難點釋疑】 本句中的to go for a drive用作賓語。 decide, hope, agree, choose, fail, wish, learn, refuse, pretend等動詞后只能跟動詞不定式作賓語而不能跟動名詞。例如:
He agreed to get someone to help us. 他同意找人來幫我們的忙。
Mr White is on the phone, wishing to speak to you. 懷特先生來電話,要跟你講話。
They decided to leave here the next week. 他們決定下周離開這里。
【知識拓展】 值得注意的是:動詞know后面不能直接跟動詞不定式或動名詞作其賓語,而要跟“連接代詞/連接副詞 + 動詞不定式”構(gòu)成的短語作賓語。例如:
I really dont know what to do next. 我真地不知道下一步該怎么辦。
Do you know where to find him? 你知道在哪兒能找到他嗎?
Im sorry, I really dont know how to mend the clock. 很抱歉,我真地不知道如何修理鐘表。
7. Luckily, we brought our umbrellas and raincoats, so we didnt get wet. (P51) 幸運的是,我們帶了雨傘和雨衣,所以我們沒有淋濕。
【難點釋疑】 本句中的謂語動詞用的也是一般過去時。句中的get用作系動詞,后面可接形容詞、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞等作表語。例如:
It gets warmer and warmer. 天氣變得越來越暖和。
The boy got hurt on his way home from school. 放學(xué)回家的路上那個男孩受了傷。
get用作使役動詞時,常接形容詞、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和不定式作賓語補足語。例如:
Dont get your room dirty. 別把你的屋子搞臟了。
Ill get her to help you with your maths. 我將叫她幫你學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)。
Can you get the clock going again? 你能讓這鐘走起來嗎?
She got her leg broken while playing basketball. 她打籃球時把腿摔斷了。