“四法”巧辨ｔｈａｔ從句

劉新會

that引導的從句是歷年高考考查的重點和熱點，尤其是that引導的強調(diào)句型、定語從句、主語從句和同位語從句更是重中之重。不少同學由于混淆它們之間的概念與用法，導致出現(xiàn)一些不該出現(xiàn)的錯誤。下面筆者結(jié)合近年高考題，談談如何運用以下“四法”對that引導的從句類型進行分辨。

一、運用“試減法”，區(qū)別強調(diào)句型和其他從句

區(qū)別強調(diào)句型和其他從句的最好方法是“試減法”。也就是說，如果把句子中“It be…that…”這一框架去掉，句子的剩余部分（可以進行位置上的調(diào)整）結(jié)構(gòu)完整，意思通順，合乎邏輯，則that引導的是強調(diào)句型，否則為其他從句。例如：

It was at nine yesterday that we met the film star.

（運用“試減法”，此句可改寫為：We met the film star at nine yesterday. 顯然，句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整，意思通順，故為強調(diào)句型。）

[考例]

It was not until she got home ____ Jennifer realized she had lost her keys. （2006全國Ⅱ）

A. when B. that C. where D. before

解析：根據(jù)“試減法”，此題可改寫為：Jennifer didnt realize she had lost her keys until she got home。故應為強調(diào)句型。答案為B。

二、運用“成分法”，區(qū)別定語從句和其他從句

分析that引導的從句的句子成分，如果that在從句中充當主語或賓語，則此從句為定語從句。例如：

We must do everything that the teacher tells us to do.

（運用“成分法”，例句中的that在從句中充當賓語，故that引導的從句為定語從句。）

[考例]

1. Is this the reason ____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?（2002上海春季）

A. that he explained B. what he explained

C. how he explained D. why he explained

解析：該題中的that充當explained的賓語，故that引導的從句為定語從句。答案為A。

2. Ill remember 2004 forever ____ is full of happiness.

A. when B. that C. it D. what

解析：這里的2004雖表示時間但不在句中作時間狀語，而在從句中作主語，屬于關(guān)系代詞范疇，因此應填關(guān)系代詞that引導定語從句。答案為B。

三、運用“還原法”，區(qū)別主語從句和其他從句

即去掉句首的It，把that引導的從句放置句首，如果新句子意思不變，合乎邏輯，則該從句為主語從句，否則為其他從句。例如：

Its clear that hes round and tall like a tree.

（運用“還原法”，該句可改寫成：That hes round and tall like a tree is clear. that引導的從句為主語從句。）

[考例]

____ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy. （2006浙江）

A. As B. That C. This D. It

解析：依據(jù)“還原法”，本題可改寫成：That improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy is our belief. 顯然，that引導的從句是主語從句，作真正的主語，而形式主語只能用it。答案為D。

四、運用“試加法”，區(qū)別同位語從句和其他從句

同位語從句是對其前面的名詞的內(nèi)容加以進一步的說明和解釋。若在名詞和從句之間加系動詞be，使該名詞和從句構(gòu)成一個新的句子，如果這個句子通順、合乎邏輯，那么該句就是同位語從句。例如：

A story goes that Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.

(運用“試加法”，該句可寫成：A story is that Elizabeth I of England liked…at court. 顯然，that從句是story的具體內(nèi)容， 二者之間是同位關(guān)系。)

[考例]

1. ——Its thirty years since we last met. （2006四川）

——But I still remember the story, believe it or not, ____ we got lost on a rainy night.

A. which B. that C. what D. when

2. A warm thought suddenly came to me ____ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday. （2006安徽）

A. if B. when C. that D. which

解析：根據(jù)“試加法”，上述句子可寫成：The story was that we got lost on a rainy night. 和A warm thought was that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday. 因此，兩題均考查同位語從句。答案分別為1.B 2.C。

練一練：

1. Can you tell me the reason ____ he told you?

A. that B. why C. what D. it

2. Doris success lies in the fact ____ she is co-operative and eager to learn from others.

A. which B. that C. when D. why

3. It is what you do rather than what you say ____ matters.

A. that B. what C. which D. this

4. There is much chance ____ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.

A. that B. which C. until D. if

5. The Foreign Ministry said, “____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”

A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is

6. Theres a feeling in me ____ well never know what a UFO is—not ever.

A. that B. which C. of which D. what

7. It was in the bookstore ____ I met your brother the other day.

A. where B. that C. in which D. when

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