圖表分析類作文寫作技巧點(diǎn)撥

王琴芳

圖表分析類作文要求學(xué)生通過觀察圖表，將數(shù)據(jù)、文字內(nèi)容及圖表所包含的信息進(jìn)行分析，將它們系統(tǒng)準(zhǔn)確地轉(zhuǎn)化為表意的說明文字，從而得出令人信服的結(jié)論。由于圖形、圖表能更加直觀、實(shí)用，同時(shí)能更好地考查學(xué)生的觀察能力、分析問題及語言駕馭能力而倍受高考青睞。

【圖表分類】

圖表示作文有以下幾種形式：①以坐標(biāo)軸的形式出現(xiàn)的表示數(shù)據(jù)大小或數(shù)量差異或變化的柱狀圖（bar graph）或出現(xiàn)時(shí)間參照的曲線圖（line graph）；②以圓內(nèi)扇形大小表示總體與內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)變化的圓型或餅形圖（pie graph）；③以表格形式將統(tǒng)計(jì)的數(shù)據(jù)體現(xiàn)出來的統(tǒng)計(jì)表（statistical graph）；④兩圖或多圖組合的綜合圖形（compound / complex graph）。

【信息的提取】

圖表分析類作文不像文字提示或表格作文那樣信息點(diǎn)明顯，它的特點(diǎn)是提示語言少，信息點(diǎn)分散，數(shù)據(jù)多，因此審題時(shí)一定要針對不同的圖形進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)姆治?。如柱狀圖或曲線圖，則一定要運(yùn)用坐標(biāo)刻度及數(shù)軸所提供的信息點(diǎn)來分析幾組數(shù)據(jù)間的變化，抓住主要特點(diǎn)及規(guī)律進(jìn)行說明。對餅形圖則一定要根據(jù)百分比搞清部分與整體、部分與部分的關(guān)系。對綜合圖要說明幾個(gè)大的問題，而且往往是第一圖表達(dá)現(xiàn)狀，第二圖表達(dá)原因或解決辦法，要把它們?nèi)嗪显谝黄饘懗梢黄Z義連貫的文章。

【體裁特點(diǎn)】

①說明文：單純描述解釋圖表信息，按照圖表所展示內(nèi)容如實(shí)表述，不加評論。

②議論文：通過敘述圖表中的信息及數(shù)據(jù)間的變化，找規(guī)律，分析原因，發(fā)表評論或解決辦法。

【寫作三部曲】

第一步：開門見山點(diǎn)明本圖所反映的主題。常用的句型有：

As can be seen from the graph / table / chart ...; As is shown in the graph ...; The graph / table / chart tells / shows the changes in ... between ... and ... / from ... to ...; This is a line graph which describes the general trend of ...; The pie graph represents ...

第二步：分析數(shù)據(jù)間的主要變化、差異及趨勢，然后敘述并闡明必要的理由或原因。

在敘述數(shù)據(jù)間的變化及總體趨勢特征時(shí)，為了使層次清楚，對比鮮明，常采用分類式或?qū)Ρ仁奖磉_(dá)以支持主題。常用的詞匯及句型有：rise, drop, fall, reduce, decrease, increase, while, but, on the contrary, however, in contrast to, compared ... with / to, between ... and ..., from ... to ..., among, less than, more than, as ... as ..., the same as, similar ... to, equal ... to ...; be twice / three times more than ...; be half as ... as ...

The number / figure sharply went up to ... from ... to ...; The percentage of ... stays the same between ...; The figures have reached the peaks / bottom ...; There are a lot of similarities / differences between ... and ...; There are more A in ..., reaching ... %, compared with ... % of B; There are some reasons for that; The reasons are as follows; Here are some reasons which cause ...

第三部：歸納總結(jié)、發(fā)表評論或提供解決的辦法（在說明文中沒有必要發(fā)表評論或解決辦法）

常用的詞匯及句型有：in a word, in short, to sum up, in all, altogether, generally speaking, in my opinion / view ...

Its clear from the chart that ...; From the graph we can learn / know ...; As is described above, we can draw a conclusion that ...; From the graph / date / results / information above, it can be seen / concluded / shown / estimated ...; There is no doubt that ...; It is clear that ...

所使用的承接詞還有：besides, in addition (to), Whats more, moreover ...

【注意事項(xiàng)】

①在敘述數(shù)據(jù)間的發(fā)展變化時(shí)，如果數(shù)據(jù)特別多就沒有必要對每組數(shù)據(jù)一一陳述，應(yīng)避免啰嗦、重復(fù)、流水賬式的寫法，應(yīng)該抓住突出特征進(jìn)行描述，這樣才能給人留下深刻的印象。

②這類作文行文的順序和層次一定要清楚明了，尤其是在描寫數(shù)據(jù)變化時(shí)，一定要按照一定的順序，如時(shí)間順序、邏輯順序或數(shù)據(jù)由大到小或由小到大等等，切忌毫無章法。

③時(shí)態(tài)的變化。此類作文主要使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，在描寫過去情況時(shí)使用過去時(shí)態(tài)，在發(fā)表看法或做評論時(shí)應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。

【經(jīng)典回放】

你們班最近舉行了一次討論，討論主題是“上大學(xué)是高中生唯一的出路嗎?”請你根據(jù)下面圖表及漢語提示，寫一篇短文并闡述你的個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)。

提示：

1. 增長學(xué)識(shí)，提高素養(yǎng)，利于擇業(yè)。

2. 成功的路不止一條。

3. 學(xué)費(fèi)高，就業(yè)難。

要求：

1.詞數(shù)：100-120左右。

2. 開頭語已為你寫好(不計(jì)入總詞數(shù))。

3. 參考詞匯： tuition n． 學(xué)費(fèi)qualities n． 素養(yǎng)

【解題指導(dǎo)】

本題要求學(xué)生通過柱狀圖的分析，就圖中數(shù)據(jù)和提示內(nèi)容用英語寫一篇“上大學(xué)是高中生唯一的出路嗎?”的議論文?？刹扇∪问綄懛▉硇形模?/p>

第一段：根據(jù)本圖內(nèi)容，提煉討論的觀點(diǎn)。

第二段：緊扣主題，根據(jù)圖表所顯示的三種人所占的人數(shù)比例進(jìn)行比較并分析原因。

第三段：發(fā)表議論，提出自己的看法。

提煉要點(diǎn)：根據(jù)柱狀圖提供的數(shù)據(jù)信息可以看出，黑色代表想上大學(xué)，在比例上占大多數(shù)，約60%；淺黑色代表無所謂，在比例上約占30%；白色代表不想上大學(xué)，約占10%。

One possible version:

Is It The Only Way Out To Go To College ?

We had a discussion about whether it is the only way out for senior students to go to college． Views vary from person to person.

The majority of us consider it very necessary to go to college． They think it can widen their knowledge and improve their qualities．Only in this way can they find better jobs after graduation． Very few students, who make up about ten percent of the students, think it no use going to university, because the tuition is too high for their family to afford． Whats more, its rather hard for college graduates to find satisfactory jobs． Thirty percent of the students, however, believe “All roads lead to Rome．” Therefore, it doesnt make any difference whether they go to college or not．

In my opinion, we had better go to college because we can receive a better education at college so as to serve our motherland better．

【精彩點(diǎn)擊】

1. 范文開宗明義，中心突出，就“上大學(xué)是高中生唯一的出路嗎?”展開論述，最后得出結(jié)論“最好上大學(xué)接受更好的教育來報(bào)效祖國”。

2. 行文上采用了三段論，文字流暢，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，短小凝練，體現(xiàn)了作者英語較強(qiáng)的寫作基本功。

3. 語言亮點(diǎn)。

①高級(jí)詞匯及短語。②復(fù)雜句式，如：形式賓語，倒裝，主語從句，主從句，諺語等。