庖丁解“構(gòu)”巧解“完形”

李　民

首先，從命題設(shè)置的立意來講，高考完形填空是從語篇層次來考查考生綜合運(yùn)用英語能力的一種題型；其次，隨著近幾年考查題目語境化因素的增加，對語段結(jié)構(gòu)的把握和層次意義的理解已成為高考完形填空測試的主旋律。因此，把握好整個文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和上下文語境的邏輯關(guān)系，既是完成大綱規(guī)定的“理解文段的基本邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)”這一語用技能的必然要求，更是提高解答完形填空試題的效率和正確率的有效途徑。筆者現(xiàn)以2007年山東省高考英語完形填空試題為例加以分析和說明。

Life is filled with challenges. As we get older we__36__realize that those challenges are the very things that__37__us and make us who we are. It is the same with the challenges that come with__38__.

When we are faced with a challenge, we usually have two__39__. We can try to beat it off, or we can decide that the thing__40__the challenge isnt worth the__41__and call it quits. Although there are certainly__42__when calling it quits is the right thing to do, in most__43__all that is needed is__44__and communication.

When we are committed to something, it means that no matter how__45__or how uncomfortable something is, we will always choose to__46__it and work it through instead of running away from it. Communication is making a__47__for discussion and talking about how you feel as opposed to just saying what the other person did wrong.__48__you can say to a friend, “I got my feelings hurt,”__49__“You hurt my feelings,” you are able to solve the problem much faster.

In dealing with the many challenges that friendship will bring to you, try to see them for__50__they are: small hurdles you need to jump or__51__on your way through life. Nothing is so big that it is__52__to get over, and hurt only__53__to make us stronger. It is all part of growing up, it__54__to everyone, and some day you will__55__all of this and say, “Hard as it was, it made me who I am today. And that is a good thing.”

36. A. seem toB. come to

C. hope toD. try to

37. A. designB. promote

C. directD. shape

38. A. confidenceB. pressure

C. friendshipD. difficulty

39. A. opportunitiesB. expectations

C. choicesD. aspects

40. A. demandingB. deserving

C. predictingD. presenting

41. A. commentB. loss

C. troubleD. expense

42. A. spansB. times

C. datesD. ages

43. A. casesB. fields

C. partsD. occasions

44. A. assessmentB. commitment

C. encouragementD. adjustment

45. A. doubtfulB. shameful

C. harmfulD. painful

46. A. keepB. control

C. faceD. catch

47. A. spaceB. plan

C. topicD. room

48. A. IfB. As

C. WhileD. Unless

49. A. other thanB. rather than

C. or ratherD. or else

50. A. whatB. who

C. whereD. which

51. A. pass byB. come across

C. get throughD. run over

52. A. unnecessaryB. necessary

C. impossibleD. possible

53. A. servesB. means

C. aimsD. attempts

54. A. opensB. appeals

C. goesD. happens

55. A. look down onB. look back on

C. look forward toD. look up to

Keys: 36～40 BDCCD41～45 CBABD

46～50 CAABA51～55 CCADB

一、承接關(guān)系：即語意間的前后照應(yīng)與關(guān)聯(lián)。

1. 第36題：與時間狀語as we get older相承接，填入come to (realize)，取“逐步，逐漸”之意；

2. 第38題：本題所在句子為整個下文的起始句，與下文所述內(nèi)容，尤其是最后一段第一句“In dealing with the many challenges that friendship will bring to you, ...”相照應(yīng)，可選出正確答案friendship，表明人們之間的友誼也會面臨挑戰(zhàn)。

3. 第42題：從其后的關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)的定語從句看，其前應(yīng)填入時間概念的times(時間，時段)作為其先行詞；

4. 第44題：下一段一開始便出現(xiàn)了“When we are committed to something”及對其含義解釋，可知應(yīng)填入commit的名詞形式commitment (答應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé))；

5. 第55題：與some day (將來某一天)相承接，可確定正確答案為look back on (回顧，回想)。

二、并列關(guān)系：上下文中常用and或or等關(guān)聯(lián)詞體現(xiàn)出來。

1. 第37題：與and后的“make us who we are”相并列，填入shape (us)，意為“把我們塑造成為現(xiàn)在這個樣子”；

2. 第41題：and后的“call it quits”意為“各退一步，停止?fàn)幷摗保砻鳌皌he challenge isnt worth the trouble”(這種挑戰(zhàn)不值得費(fèi)心勞神)；

3. 第45題：or后的uncomfortable表明此處應(yīng)填入與此意義最接近的感覺形容詞painful；

4. 第51題：or前后的語意為：“你要設(shè)法弄明白，這些小障礙是你需要跳過(jump)的，還是需要終生經(jīng)歷（get through）的”；

5. 第53題：and前句子“Nothing is so big that it is impossible to get over”，表明“沒有任何事情嚴(yán)重到不能被克服的程度”，自然后面說成“hurt only serves to make us stronger”（傷害只會使我們更堅(jiān)強(qiáng)）。

三、總分關(guān)系：行文時，先用總括句概括說明，然后再加以例釋或闡述。

1. 第39題：其后語句“We can try ... call it quits.”具體說明了“面對挑戰(zhàn)，我們通常有兩種選擇（choices）”，前后為總分關(guān)系；

2. 第43～44題：本句與下一段呈現(xiàn)總分式語段關(guān)系，下文具體解釋了commitment和communication的含義及作用。

四、轉(zhuǎn)折對比關(guān)系：以轉(zhuǎn)折、對照、反襯方式銜接上下文，前后常有but, yet, while, though， instead (of), on the contrary, at the same time等連接性詞語。

1. 第43題：although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時，存在轉(zhuǎn)折對比關(guān)系，把“大多數(shù)場合（most cases）”與其它一些“時候（times）”相對比；

2. 第46題：由instead of之后的running away from it (逃避)可知前面應(yīng)為轉(zhuǎn)折意義的內(nèi)容face it (勇敢面對它)；

3. 第47題：通過as opposed to (與……相對，與……成對比)形成的前后對比關(guān)系表明了作者的觀點(diǎn)：我們不應(yīng)只說別人做錯的事，而應(yīng)通過交流留出商討的余地（space）；

4. 第49題：填入rather than使前后形成取舍對比關(guān)系，表明比起后者“You hurt my feelings”，作者贊成前面的表述方式“I got my feelings hurt”。

五、解說關(guān)系：后句是對前句所描述的事物或觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行例證或具體說明。

1. 第48題：后文是對前文觀點(diǎn)的例證性說明，應(yīng)填入表“假如”意義的關(guān)聯(lián)詞if或when；

2. 第50題：句中的冒號體現(xiàn)了前后內(nèi)容的解說關(guān)系，因此這里的賓語從句應(yīng)填入連接詞what，意為“你要設(shè)法弄明白這些到底是什么樣的挑戰(zhàn)”。

六、因果關(guān)系：常由because (of), so, therefore, as a result等連接語銜接。

1. 第52題：這里是由so ... that連接的因果關(guān)系句，填入impossible，意為“沒有什么事情如此嚴(yán)重以致于不能被我們克服”。

誠然，上下文語意關(guān)系的劃分不是絕對的，比如說解說關(guān)系往往呈現(xiàn)為總分關(guān)系，并列、因果等關(guān)系也是廣泛意義上的承接關(guān)系；再者，語句之間的關(guān)系不是截然分開的，在語言實(shí)踐中，往往更多的是幾種語句關(guān)系的錯綜使用，比如第46題的face (it)，既通過and與work it through構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，又通過instead of與running away from it構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。但不管怎樣，只要我們循著這一思路加強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練，成為善于破解語段結(jié)構(gòu)，理清語句關(guān)系之“庖丁”，做好完形填空題應(yīng)當(dāng)不會是可望而不可及的。