高考完形填空解題技巧“透析”

田蘇春　牛緒梅

完形填空是一種集知識(shí)和能力考查為一體的綜合性試題，它既考查學(xué)生的語言知識(shí)，又考查學(xué)生的閱讀能力和邏輯思維能力。好的完形填空語義連貫、層次分明、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，給人一種“渾然一體”的感覺，因此它是學(xué)生普遍感到很難的一類題型。但是再巧妙的題目都有“懈”可擊，有“章”可循，有“法”可依。本文將結(jié)合07年全國各省市的完形填空題，對應(yīng)考技巧進(jìn)行分析和點(diǎn)撥，以幫助廣大考生順利地備考。為方便查閱，文中保留了原題號。

【技巧一】利用邏輯關(guān)系語，定位相關(guān)選項(xiàng)

邏輯關(guān)系語指表示各種邏輯意義的連句手段，主要有：（1）詞（包括連詞、副詞和少數(shù)介詞），如and, but, or, because, though, however, yet, therefore, otherwise, despite等；（2）短語，如in other words, or rather, in addition, as a result, so that, on the contrary, instead of等；（3）分句和獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，如that is to say, what is more, all things considered等。邏輯關(guān)系語對準(zhǔn)確理解語篇意義能夠起到很強(qiáng)的提示作用。完形填空中很多題目都圍繞它們而設(shè)?？忌诮忸}時(shí)要充分利用這些邏輯關(guān)系語，找到與文中某些詞、短語有密切關(guān)系的選項(xiàng)，如其同義詞、近義詞或反義詞等，有時(shí)這些詞、短語甚至復(fù)現(xiàn)在文中。

【例】 The girl became increasingly worried about this, both when__46__and in her dreams. （07全國卷I）

46. A. asleepB. away

C. aroundD. awake

【析】本句的邏輯關(guān)系語是both ... and ...，它表示并列關(guān)系。and后出現(xiàn)了in her dreams，故此空必定和其有關(guān)。選項(xiàng)中只有awake和in her dreams構(gòu)成反義關(guān)系，因此D項(xiàng)正確。

【例】 Before leaving, I had turned the heater__48__in the roadhouse, so that when we went in, it was nice and__49__.（07湖北卷）

48. A. onB. off

C. inD. over

49. A. neatB. hot

C. warmD. attractive

【析】本句的邏輯關(guān)系語是so that和and。連詞and表并列關(guān)系，但要注意，nice and后接形容詞或副詞，大多意為“很”，如：The room is nice and warm. （這個(gè)房間很暖和。） / The breeze is nice and cool. （這陣微笑很涼爽。） / The car is going nice and far. （這輛轎車跑得很快。）發(fā)熱器只能使房間變暖或變熱，因此49 選C；so that表因果關(guān)系，根據(jù)句意“為了我們進(jìn)來時(shí)室內(nèi)很溫暖”，只有turn on the heater才合乎邏輯，因此48選A。

【技巧小試】

① ... those challenges are the very things that__37__us and make us who we are ... （07山東卷）

37. A. designB. promote

C. directD. shape

②Its a little funny seeing friends in clean shoes and trousers or colorful__36__, instead of the usual school uniform. （07北京卷）

36. A. shapesB. dresses

C. flowersD. pictures

③“You need__36__,” his father said. “But if you dont work hard, no fortune will come.” （07遼寧卷）

36. A. exerciseB. fortune

C. knowledgeD. wealth

答案：① D② B ③ B

【技巧二】通曉上下文意，注意習(xí)慣搭配

詞匯的習(xí)慣用法或固定搭配，特別是動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、介詞等的搭配在完形填空題中出現(xiàn)的比例很大。如果考生在備考時(shí)對常用的習(xí)慣用法或固定搭配能牢固地掌握，并在解題時(shí)靈活運(yùn)用，就能達(dá)到事半功倍的效果。

【例】 A young man, wet from__42__to toe, explained that he had__43__out of petrol about 30 km up the road. （07湖北卷）

42. A. fingerB. shoulder

C. headD. hand

43. A. drivenB. used

C. comeD. run

【析】本句中兩個(gè)考點(diǎn)都是固定搭配。第一個(gè)from head to toe / foot意為 “從頭到腳，全身上下”；第二個(gè)run out of意為 “用完，耗盡”。答案分別為C和D。

【例】 Java began to enjoy one of the years greatest event: “the Night of the Full Moon”, a festival（節(jié)日）that is especially popular__44__young people.（07安徽卷）

44. A. forB. toC. withD. in

【析】 be popular with為固定詞組，意為“受……歡迎”。其它選項(xiàng)均不能和popular構(gòu)成固定搭配，故答案為C。

【技巧小試】

①He tried to__31__a telephone call, but was unable to__32__. （07浙江卷）

31. A. makeB. fix

C. useD. pick

32. A. get on B. get up

C. get throughD. get in

②He got good grades in the school, especially__43__biology and chemistry, which was a great comfort.（07重慶卷）

43. A. inB. about

C. ofD. for

答案：① A; C ② A

【技巧三】明確文章語境，搞清詞語差異

高考完形填空選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置一般均屬于同一詞類，有的甚至在意義上也非常接近。為了順利解答此類問題，考生在平時(shí)記憶單詞時(shí)，要在例句中把握其用法并能在考試中結(jié)合語境，比較四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的細(xì)微差別，推敲什么是最佳答案。

【例】 I felt the__48__of a lifetime had come.（07江西卷）

48. A. momentB. period

C. whileD. date

【析】 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均有“日期、時(shí)期”之意，但仔細(xì)辨析可知，moment 意為“時(shí)刻、契機(jī)”，“轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)”；period意為“時(shí)期、階段”；while意為“一會(huì)兒”；date意為“日期”。根據(jù)of a lifetime had come（一生的……到了）設(shè)置的語境，可知moment為最佳選項(xiàng)。

【例】 ... the lady didnt take a bite. She sat there__34__her husband eat, and taking turns (輪流) sipping the drink.（07陜西卷）

34. A. seeingB. noticing

C. watchingD. finding

【析】四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有“看”之意。see sb. do sth.意為“看見了某人做了某事”；notice sb. do sth. 意為“（無意中）注意到某人做了某事”；watch sb. do sth. 意為“注視 / 觀看某人做某事”，find后不接動(dòng)詞原形作賓補(bǔ)。通過語境可知，女士自己不吃，只是看著丈夫吃，因此C項(xiàng)正確。

【技巧小試】

①The doors had been shut. They__30__be opened from the inside. He was trapped（被困） in a library. （07浙江卷）

30. A. wouldntB. shouldnt

C. couldntD. neednt

②I was so nervous that my hands shook, and I__47__a cup into pieces. （07湖南卷）

47. A. damagedB. destroyed

C. brokeD. ruined

答案：① C ② C

【技巧四】探究前后邏輯，確定連接詞匯

連接詞是構(gòu)成語篇的紐帶，也是相關(guān)語句信息的結(jié)合點(diǎn)。命題人常在這些“關(guān)節(jié)”上設(shè)置題目，考查學(xué)生的語用能力。因此，考生在解題時(shí)，要仔細(xì)分析，推理前后的邏輯關(guān)系，確定最佳選項(xiàng)。

【例】 She had excellent grades,__24__she always thought that something was missing.（07天津卷）

24. A. orB. soC. forD. but 【析】 根據(jù)空前的excellent grades和空后的always和something was missing，可推知“她”成績雖突出，可對生活仍不滿足，故選擇轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but，即答案為D。

【例】 ...“Would you mind telling me when you are thinking of leaving?__40__are you going to sit in your car all day?” （07全國卷II）

40. A. ForB. OrC. ButD. So

【析】根據(jù)空前的leaving和空后的sit in your car all day，說明對方在詢問并讓“我”做出選擇，從而推知答案為表示選擇關(guān)系的連詞or。

【技巧小試】

①M(fèi)y body had long since used up all its energy__50__it went on running just the same.（07江西卷）

50. A. soB. butC. orD. as

②I told her I would mess it up__37__I had never worked at the bar before.（07湖南卷）

37. A. because B. though

C. until D. while

答案：① B ② A

【技巧五】利用語法關(guān)聯(lián)，推理最佳選項(xiàng)

雖然高考完型填空的考查越來越淡化語法，但一個(gè)語義連貫的語篇必須通過省略、指代、時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)關(guān)聯(lián)等語法關(guān)系來實(shí)現(xiàn)。因此，命題人常利用這些關(guān)聯(lián)“制造語境”，設(shè)置考點(diǎn)?？忌忸}時(shí)可利用這些語法關(guān)系對句子進(jìn)行分析、判斷并推理出最佳選項(xiàng)。

【例】 I was too busy__55__the restaurant I would open one day.（07湖南卷）

A. imaginingB. preparing

C. examiningD. describing

【析】如果不看下文時(shí)態(tài)，很難確定選項(xiàng)。但空后would表明“我”將在未來某一天開自己的飯店，從而推知現(xiàn)在只是在忙著“想像”將來的情景，故答案為A。

【例】 That day, he(Lang Lang) told his father__45__he had been waiting to hear—that he wanted to study with a new teacher.（07遼寧卷）

45. A. thatB. what

C. whichD. when

【析】 07遼寧卷講述了青年鋼琴家郎朗年幼時(shí)學(xué)鋼琴的故事。解答此題的關(guān)鍵在于確定第二個(gè)he的指代對象。如果他指Lang Lang，則句子不但在語法上錯(cuò)誤，而且在語義上也講不通?？梢?5空要選一個(gè)既能引導(dǎo)賓語從句，又能在從句中當(dāng)hear的賓語的詞，在四個(gè)待選詞中只有what才能勝任，所以應(yīng)選B。破折號之后的that從句是what的同位語從句。

【技巧小試】

① ... he would say, “If you want them, make the money and buy them__39__.”（07福建卷）

39. A. themselvesB. ourselves

C. yourselfD. myself

②In dealing with many challenges that friendship will bring to you, try to see them for50they are: small hurdles you need to jump ... . （07山東卷）

50. A. whatB. who

C. whereD. which

答案：① C ② A

【技巧六】聯(lián)系生活常識(shí)，再現(xiàn)相關(guān)情景

完形填空題所選的文章多是具有一定故事情節(jié)和教育意義的記敘文或敘議結(jié)合、富有哲理的論說文，這些語篇都非常貼近學(xué)生生活?？忌诮忸}時(shí)，可以根據(jù)生活常識(shí)或結(jié)合常識(shí)充分地想像當(dāng)時(shí)的情景，從而達(dá)到去“偽”存“真”的目的。

【例】 ... the girl was able to lead her birds to run across the grass, but she could not teach them to__45__.（07全國卷I）

45. A. flyB. race

C. swimD. sing

【析】 根據(jù)常識(shí)，人類可以race、swim或sing，但是不會(huì)直接像鳥一樣振翅飛翔，因此小女孩不能教給鳥兒“飛翔”，故答案為A。

【例】 Everywhere, there were the paper remains of usedfireworks lying on the ground. Little boys__39__more and covered their ears as they waited__40__for the explosions.（07安徽卷）

39. A. litB. bought

C. piled D. removed

40. A. patientlyB. calmly

C. worriedly D. excitedly

【析】語境中的Everywhere, there were the paper remains of (used) fireworks lying on the ground.和covered their ears使我們聯(lián)想起節(jié)日放鞭炮或觀看別人放鞭炮的情景，即點(diǎn)上鞭炮后興奮地跑開，捂著耳朵等著其爆炸。因此39題答案為A，40題為D。

【技巧小試】

①Well, less than a week after my arrival in Manila, I was already carpeted with a__43__of mosquito bites. I took many measures to keep myself from being__44__, but they all proved useless. （07四川卷）

43. A. shadeB. pile

C. cloudD. blanket

44. A. touchedB. bitten

C. defeated D. discovered

②By midnight, the fireworks had stopped shooting up from the__55__city in the valley below them. But during the night, the sound continued to be heard from the distance.（07安徽卷）

55. A. cleanB. gray

C. peacefulD. empty

答案：① D; B ② B

【技巧七】突破句子的束縛，捕捉篇章信息

每篇完形填空都圍繞一個(gè)主題展開，其結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，上下文互為映襯，前后照應(yīng)，所以解題時(shí)考生不要只局限在句子層面上，而要從段落或整篇文章入手，整體把握文章的內(nèi)容，結(jié)合上下文，尋找答案的線索。

【例】 In the clinic, I asked if Michael could be retested, so the specialist tested him again. To my__36__, it was the same score.

Later that evening, I__37__told Frank what I had learned that day. After talking it over, we agreed that we knew our__38__much better than an IQ(智商) test.

... After the ceremony, we told Michael about the__47__IQ score he got when he was six. Since that day, Michael sometimes would look at us and say jokingly,“My dear mom and dad never told me that I couldnt be a doctor, not until after I graduated from medical school!”

... We went to the same clinic where he had receive the test eighteen years before. This time Michael scored 126, an increase of 36 points.（07重慶卷）

36. A. joyB. surprise

C. dislikeD. disappointment

37. A. tearfullyB. fearfully

C. cheerfullyD. hopefully

38. A. studentB. son

C. friendD. doctor

47. A. highB. same

C. lowD. different

【析】 07重慶卷的完形填空以第一人稱講述了如何對待孩子的成長問題。開頭就提到Michael的智商測試，隨之設(shè)置的幾個(gè)題目都和此有關(guān)，可是在本段沒有線索。但讀到文章最后，“This time Michael scored 126, an increase of 36 points.”，我們茅塞頓開，原來Michael是“我們”的兒子（38. B），六歲時(shí)接受了一次智商測試，分?jǐn)?shù)很低（47. C），“我”很失望（36. D），所以“我” 眼含淚水告訴丈夫Frank測試結(jié)果（37. A）。

【技巧小試】

①（首段） Carolyn Stradley is the founder of C & S Paving In C. （鋪路公司） in Atlanta, USA. In the following account, she recalls the job that challenged her__36__and skill but left her flying high.

（尾段） ...“The key to our success was having the courage to take on any job and then being creative in our approach to getting it done.” （07江蘇卷）

36. A. kindnessB. patience

C. imaginationD. experience

②（首段）... All you need is a webcam and your pretty face to access your PC.

（尾段） ... If the system__29__to recognize your__30__, you can recall the Windows user name and password by using a hot-key combination.（07廣東卷）

29. A. beginsB. tries

C. failsD. stops

30. A. accountB. name

C. passwordD. face

答案：① C ② C; D

【技巧八】了解文化背景，排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)

完形填空的語篇信息常交織滲透著各類相關(guān)的文化背景知識(shí)。有些選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置與文化背景有關(guān)，這就要求考生有較寬的知識(shí)面，同時(shí)具備一定的文化意識(shí)，特別要有對英語國家文化的敏感性和鑒別力，只有這樣才能既快又準(zhǔn)確解題。

【例】 We arrived in Spain for the first time a few weeks ago. I decided to buy a car because we had sold the one we had in England. ... But when I turned into the main road I suddenly saw a lot of cars racing__31__me.（07全國卷II）

31. A. afterB. with

C. aroundD. towards

【析】從語篇提供的信息看，“我”來自英國。在英國開車要靠左行駛，那么可以推知作者來到西班牙后，行駛方向出了問題，以致于造成一系列的錯(cuò)誤。如果了解此文化知識(shí)，對全文的把握就會(huì)更加準(zhǔn)確。答案為D。

【技巧小試】

①Now she was Portia, a strong-willed__17__in Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice. ...（07天津卷）

17. A. memberB. actress

C. playerD. character

② ... On the day of the audition（選拔試演）, she__34__two of Portias famous speeches for the auditors. When she had finished, the head of the Drama Club announced the__35__was hers. （07天津卷）

34. A. practicedB. planned

C. performedD. delivered

35. A. partB. play

C. speechD. position

答案：①D ②C; A