淺析英語中的省略現(xiàn)象

俞江濤

省略是英語中常見的語法現(xiàn)象，在高考中也曾常考到。它是一種修辭手法，用于避免重復(fù)，目的是突出新的信息，并使上下文連接緊密。筆者結(jié)合自己的教學(xué)實(shí)踐對(duì)此現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了歸納總結(jié)，希望能對(duì)我們的中學(xué)生有所幫助。英語的省略主要有以下幾種情況：

1．在祈使句中常省略主語，如：（You） Come in, please!但如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)主語，也可以不省略。如：You be quiet!

2.在感嘆句中，常省略主語及謂語。如：What a hot day (it is)!

3.疑問句及答語的省略。

(1)當(dāng)雙方都清楚對(duì)方及提出的問題時(shí)，常省略主語及謂語。如：

（Do you have） Any question?

(2)回答疑問句時(shí)，常只對(duì)所提問題作針對(duì)性的回答，而省略其余部分。如：

——How long have you been studying English?

——(I have been studying English) For about five years.

4.并列句中的省略。

當(dāng)并列連詞and, but或相當(dāng)于并列連詞的分號(hào)連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，第二個(gè)分句常省略和第一個(gè)分句相同的成分。如：

①It is one thing to talk, but (it is) another thing to do.

說是一回事，但做是另一回事。

②She has gone to the library, and they have (gone to the library) too.

5.陳述句中的省略。

(1)在“主語+be+表語”結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)主語是表示人的心理狀態(tài)或?qū)θ嗽u(píng)價(jià)夸獎(jiǎng)的詞時(shí)，常省略主語及系動(dòng)詞be。如：

①(You are) Great!

②(I am) Glad to see you again!

(2)在向?qū)Ψ教岢鱿Ｍ虮磉_(dá)祝愿時(shí)，常省略主語。如：

Wish you a pleasant journey!

6.年齡和鐘點(diǎn)的省略。如：

①He is forty (years old).

②It is ten (oclock).

7.所有格后的名詞表示處所時(shí)的省略。如：

My home is near the barbers.

8.動(dòng)詞不定式的省略。

(1)當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)詞（短語）在上文已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過，下文再次以不定式的形式出現(xiàn)時(shí)，常把這個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語省略，只保留不定式符號(hào)to。如：

——Would you like to play football with us?

——Yes, Id like to (play football with you).

但如果動(dòng)詞不定式后接有be或have時(shí)，則要保留be或have。如：

——I havent finished my homework.

——You ought to have.

(2)當(dāng)幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式作為并列成分出現(xiàn)時(shí)，第一個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式的to要保留，其余動(dòng)詞不定式的to可省略。如：

The teacher told us to hand in our homework and (to) clean the classroom before we went home.

但若強(qiáng)調(diào)幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式的對(duì)比時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式的to不能省略。如：

He doesnt know whether to get married now or to wait.

9.賓語從句中的省略。

(1)當(dāng)賓語從句表達(dá)的是上文已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容時(shí)，賓語從句可省略除引導(dǎo)詞以外的部分。如：

He didnt go home last night. I dont know why (he didnt go home last night).

(2)引導(dǎo)賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that?？墒÷浴Ｈ纾?/p>

I think (that) he is a good boy.

10.定語從句中的省略。

(1)在限制性定語從句中，作賓語的關(guān)系代詞that, which, whom?？墒÷?。如：

①The boy (whom) you just refer to is Jim.

②The book (that) you borrowed just now is my sisters.

但在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞不能省略。

(2)在the same…as和such…as引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,可省略與主句相同的部分。如：

①We do the same work as they (do).

②Im using such a pen as he (is using).

(3)當(dāng)定語從句的先行詞為way/time/direction等時(shí)，定語從句的關(guān)系代詞?？墒÷浴Ｈ纾?/p>

①The way (in which/that) he speaks to his mother is impolite.

②The day (when) the murderer was brought to trial finally came.

11.狀語從句中的省略。

(1)在時(shí)間狀語、條件狀語、讓步狀語、方式狀語從句中，當(dāng)從句的主語與主句的主語一致時(shí)，可將從句的主語（及助動(dòng)詞）省略，構(gòu)成“從屬連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞+主句”句型，其中主語也可置于句首。如：

①I wont go unless (I was) invited.

②After graduating from university, he went to work as a lawyer.

=After he graduated from university, he went to work as a lawyer.

(2)在時(shí)間狀語、條件狀語、讓步狀語、方式狀語從句中，當(dāng)從句的謂語有be，且主語又與主句的主語一致或是it時(shí)，從句的主語和be動(dòng)詞常省略。如：

①Though (it is) small, the room is clean and tidy.

②When (I am) in trouble, I always turn to him for help.

(3)比較狀語從句中的省略。

①如從句中含有與主句相同的成分，通常僅保留參與比較的部分，其它部分省略。如：

This film is moving as that one (is moving).

②如從句中含有形式主語it時(shí)，通常省略it和其指代的部分。如：

He spent more money than (it) was intended (that he should spend).

12.虛擬語氣中的省略。

(1)若虛擬語氣條件句中的謂語有were/had/should時(shí)，可省略if，并將were/had/should移到句首。如：

①Were I you, I would get up early every morning.

②Had I time, I would come.

(2)在as if引導(dǎo)的從句中，若從句的主語與主句的主語是同一個(gè)人或物，且從句的謂語含有be的某種形式時(shí)，從句的主語或be的某種形式可省略。如：

He stared at me as if (he were) to beat me.

(3)in case (that), for fear that, its time/important…that及表示建議（如suggest, advise等）、命令（如command, order等）的動(dòng)詞后接從句時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”, should?？墒÷?。如：

He suggested we (should) hold a meeting to discuss the question.

Its important that we (should) have computer classes next term.

13.一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的省略。

(1)在the+比較級(jí)…，the+比較級(jí)…結(jié)構(gòu)中，可省略be或there be。如：

In studying driving, the more practice (there is), the better (it is).

(2)在spend…in doing sth., have difficulty/trouble in doing sth., be busy in doing sth., have a…time in doing sth.等短語中，常省略in。如：

①I have trouble (in) learning Japanese.

②He spends his free time (in) playing computer games.

(3)在so that連接的從句中，常省略so或that。如：

I am very tired (so) that I had better hurry home.

（高考真題再現(xiàn)）

1. Can you tell me the name of factory ____ you visited last week?

(1990MET)

A. what B. where C. / D. when

2. ——Let me introduce myself; Im Albert.

——____.(1993MET)

A. What a please B. Its my please

C. Pleased to meet you D. Im very pleased

3. ——Ill be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my car?

——Not at all. ____. (1995NMET)

A. Ill no time B. Id rather not

C. Id like it D. Id be happy to

4. ——Wasnt it Dr Wang who spoke to you just now?

——____.(1996上海)

A. I didnt know he was B. Yes, it was

C. No, he wasnt D. Yes, he did

5. ——You havent been to Beijing, have you?

——____. How I wish to go there.(1998NMET)

A. Yes, I have B. Yes, I havent

C. No, I have D. No, I havent

6. ——What do you think made Mary so upset?

——____ her new bicycle.(1997上海)

A. As she lost B. Lost

C. Losing D. Because of losing

7. ____ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.(1995 上海)

A. If it is not B. Were it not

C. Had it not been D. If they were not

8. How beautiful she sings!I have never heard ____.(1996NMET)

A. the better voice B. a good voice

C. the best voice D. a better voice

9. ——She isn't a dancing teacher, is she?

——____.(1989MET)

A. Yes, she isn't B. No, she is

C. Yes, she wasn't D. No, but she was

10. ____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.(1990MET)

A. Given B. To give C. Give D. Having given

Key:1.C 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.C 8.D 9.D 10.A